三维超声评价胎儿小脑体积

目的应用三维超声建立不同孕周胎儿小脑体积正常范围参考值。方法对16～40周正常单胎胎儿283例进行小脑三维超声容积扫查,采用VOCAL程序30°旋转法测定小脑体积,应用相关回归分析拟合小脑体积随孕周增长的回归模型。结果正常妊娠胎儿小脑体积三维超声测量值与孕周高度相关(r=0.924,P<0.0001)。小脑体积随孕周增长的最适方程为幂曲线方程(R2=0.975,F=10751.86,P<0.0001)。结论三维超声不同孕周胎儿小脑体积正常值的建立将为产前判断小脑发育不良及相关异常,准确推算孕周提供有价值的参考。     

三维超声对胎儿肺体积的研究

目的 应用三维超声建立不同孕周胎儿左肺、右肺及总肺体积的正常参考值范围.方法 对正常单胎妊娠16～37周324例胎儿进行肺三维超声体积扫查,采用VOCAL分析软件30°旋转法分别测定左肺及右肺体积,应用相关回归分析拟合左肺、右肺及总肺体积随孕周增长的回归方程.结果 正常妊娠胎儿左肺、右肺及总肺体积三维超声测量值均与孕周高度相关(左肺:r=0.966,P＜0.001;右肺:r=0.973,P＜0.001;总肺:r=0.990,P＜0.001).左肺、右肺及总肺体积随孕周增长的最适方程均为指数曲线回归方程(左肺:y=0.207exp~(0.143X),右肺:y=0.301exp~(0.14X),总肺:y=0.508exp~(0.142X)).结论 三维超声测量16～37周胎儿肺体积的正常参考值为产前诊断肺发育不良提供有价值的参考指标.     

三维超声测量胎儿胼胝体体积

目的：应用三维超声体积自动测量技术建立不同孕周胎儿胼胝体的正常范围参考值。方法：对筛选出的21~36周正常胎儿共160例进行颅脑三维超声容积扫查,采用VOCAL技术测量胎儿胼胝体体积,并分析其与孕周的关系。结果：应用VOCAL技术可以测量胎儿胼胝体的体积,正常胎儿胼胝体体积与孕周高度相关（r＝0.956,P<0.001）。结论：建立孕周胼胝体体积正常参考值将有利于评价正常神经系统发育以及协助诊断胼胝体发育不全。     

三维超声旋转技术监测妊娠中晚期胎儿肺容积评估发育的价值

目的探讨妊娠中晚期三维超声虚拟器官计算机辅助分析(VOCAL)旋转技术,监测胎儿生物参数对胎肺发育状况的评估价值。方法选取妊娠中晚期正常单胎妊娠的胎儿200例(正常组)和同期10例胎肺发育不良(PH)高危胎儿(PH高危组),采用三维超声VOCAL旋转技术测定胎儿左肺容积(LLV)、右肺容积(RLV)、总肺容积(TLV)。结果正常组三维超声图像满意率为98.50%(197/200),LLV、RLV及TLV均随着孕周增加而增大,且与孕周、胎儿体质量呈显著正相关性(P0.05),TLV/体质量比值(FLB)维持稳定。PH高危组9例(90.00%)获得满意三维超声图像,TLV及FLB均低于正常组。结论三维超声VOCAL旋转技术能够较好地测量胎儿肺容积,对胎儿肺发育状态的评价及PH预测或诊断具有重要参考价值。     

三维超声体积自动测量技术对胎儿肺体积的研究

目的：探讨正常孕中晚期胎儿肺体积随孕周、胎儿体重的变化规律,以及超声肺重比（UFLB）对胎儿肺发育不良（PH）的诊断价值。方法：超声检查315例正常胎儿和28例PH高危胎儿,应用三维超声体积自动测量（VOCAL）技术测量胎儿肺体积,采用二维超声测得的生物参数经Hadlock方程系统获得胎儿质量,计算得到胎儿UFLB,随访胎儿产后及引产结果,并与产前诊断结果作对照。结果：正常胎儿肺体积与胎儿质量（r=0.97,P<0.05）的相关性高于胎儿肺体积与孕周（r=0.93,P<0.05）的相关性。28例PH高危胎儿中,2例因羊水过少未能获得满意的三维图像,PH高危胎儿应用VOCAL技术获得肺体积的成功率为92.90%。在成功获得肺体积的26例胎儿中,应用UFLB诊断胎儿PH的敏感度为89.47%,特异度为85.71%,阳性预测值为94.44%,阴性预测值为75.00%,诊断准确率为88.46%。结论：正常胎儿的肺体积随孕周、胎儿体重的增加而增大,应用UFLB可以较准确的诊断PH。     

三维超声容积自动测量技术评价胎儿胃泡发育

目的应用三维超声体积自动测量(VOCAL)技术检测胎儿胃泡的发育,建立不同孕周胎儿最大、最小胃泡容积正常范围参考值,并评价其与孕周的关系。方法对筛选出的16～38周正常胎儿共345胎,应用经腹三维超声VO-CAL技术估测胎儿最大、最小胃泡容积,并分析其与孕周的关系。结果应用VOCAL技术可近似测量胎儿最大、最小胃泡容积。正常胎儿最大、最小胃泡容积与孕周呈曲线相关(R2max=0.98、0.96,P均<0.001)。结论三维超声VOCAL技术测量胎儿胃容积有助于评价胎儿胃泡的发育。     

三维超声检测双胎输血综合征胎儿产尿率比值的价值

目的 探讨双胎输血综合征(TTTS)胎儿产尿率(UPR)比值的临床价值.方法 8例TTTS胎儿为病例组,选择同期进行连续性超声检查的22例单绒毛膜双羊膜腔(MCDA)双胎作为正常对照组.采用三维超声计算机辅助虚拟脏器分析(VOCAL)测量两组胎儿UPR并计算双胎间UPR比值.结果 ①不同孕周正常MCDA双胎UPR比值较恒定,为0.97±0.28;胎儿UPR比值与孕周的相关系数为0.13,UPR比值与孕周无明显相关性.②与正常MCDA双胎比较,TTTS胎儿UPR受/UPR供比值明显增高(7.83±2.61,t=6.19,P＜0.05).结论 胎儿UPR比值是评估TTTS胎儿的一项重要指标.     

三维超声检测先天性心脏病胎儿的产尿率

目的尝试建立国人胎儿产尿率(UPR)的正常值,并以此评估先天性心脏病(CHD)胎儿的UPR改变情况。方法选择连续检测的49胎CHD胎儿作为病例组,将其分为左心梗阻性病变组、右心梗阻性病变组和混合心脏畸形组;根据胎儿CHD有无合并充血性心力衰竭(CHF)再分为合并CHF组和未合并CHF组。选取同期正常21～40孕(GA)周单胎妊娠胎儿314胎作为正常对照组。采用三维超声体积自动测量(VOCAL)技术测量各组胎儿UPR并进行比较。结果①胎儿UPR随GA增大而增加(r2=0.92,P<0.05),相关方程为:ln(UPR)=-4.7480+(0.3975×GA)+(-0.0044×GA2);②胎儿UPR的改变与胎儿有无CHD及其CHD类型无关(P>0.05);③胎儿UPR与胎儿CHD的心脏功能有关,CHD胎儿合并CHF时UPR下降(P<0.01)。结论 UPR可能是判断胎儿心力衰竭的一项有价值的指标。     

双胎中一例十二指肠闭锁超声表现及妊娠结局

孕妇,34岁,末次月经不详,初孕22岁,孕4产1,此次怀孕期间无病毒感染及放射线接触史,未服用药物,无家族遗传病史,孕20周曾于外院产前检查,超声提示:宫内妊娠(双活胎),羊水多。孕32周来我院产前常规超声检查显示:宫内妊娠,双活胎(1个胎儿羊水量正常,另1个胎儿羊水过多,最大深度15.2cm,     

规范化早孕期超声筛查单胎胎儿巨膀胱的临床价值

目的探讨规范化早孕期超声筛查单胎胎儿巨膀胱的方法及临床价值。 方法2009年1月至2016年5月在南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院产前诊断中心检查的单胎妊娠孕妇16 586例,于妊娠11~13^＋6周行规范化早孕期超声筛查,并测量胎儿膀胱大小,彩色多普勒显示双脐动脉;对超声检出巨膀胱的胎儿均追踪妊娠过程及临床结局。 结果产前超声检出单胎巨膀胱胎儿8例,5例胎儿染色体检查,1例核型为18-三体,4例核型均正常;早孕期超声检查合并的畸形为颈项部透明层增厚、胎儿中肠疝、右上肢腕关节过度屈曲、未见胃泡;超声随访至中孕期检查合并的畸形为先天性心脏病、肾积水、无羊水;3例胎儿早孕期引产终止妊娠,1例孕15周胎儿自然胎死宫内,4例胎儿中孕期引产终止妊娠;引产胎儿病理检查诊断：梅干腹综合征2例,尿道闭锁1例,后尿道瓣膜1例。 结论规范化早孕期超声结构筛查可检出胎儿巨膀胱,早孕期检出的巨膀胱胎儿妊娠结局较差。     

Measurement of fetal urine production by three-dimensional ultrasonography in normal pregnancy.

OBJECTIVES: Measurement of fetal urine production may provide a means of evaluating amniotic fluid volume, which is difficult to measure directly, and predicting fetal hypoxia. Although there have been some reports on fetal urine production, most of these have used two-dimensional (2D) ultrasonography to measure bladder volume. Three-dimensional (3D) ultrasonography is, however, known to be superior to 2D ultrasonography in some organ volume measurements. Thus, we undertook this study to measure bladder volumes using 3D ultrasonography and to establish a nomogram of fetal urine production rate (UPR) according to gestational age (GA). METHODS: One hundred and fifty-four women with a normal singleton pregnancy at 24 to 40 weeks' gestation were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. The women had no medical or obstetric complications affecting amniotic fluid volume. Fetal bladder volume was measured using 3D ultrasound imaging and Virtual Organ Computer-aided AnaLysis (VOCAL) with a rotational angle of 30 degrees and manual surface tracing technique. Bladder volume was measured two or three times within a 5-10-min interval and fetal UPR was calculated from serial measurements. When measurements were performed more than twice, we used the mean rate of calculated UPRs. UPR was then plotted against GA to establish the nomogram. RESULTS: Fetal UPR increased with GA from a median value of 7.3 mL/h at 24 weeks' gestation to 71.4 mL/h at term, and could be calculated from GA using the formula: Ln(UPR) = - 6.29582 + (0.43924 x GA) + (0.000432 x GA2), r2 = 0.63, P = 0.0046. Growth percentiles of UPR according to age are presented. CONCLUSIONS: Fetal UPR can be easily measured by 3D ultrasound assessment of bladder volume. This modality may be a promising alternative to conventional methods of amniotic fluid volume measurement such as amniotic fluid index and single deepest pocket, and might be an alternative option for predicting fetal hypoxia.     

High perinatal survival in monoamniotic twins managed by prophylactic sulindac, intensive ultrasound surveillance, and Cesarean delivery at 32 weeks' gestation.

OBJECTIVES: Increased perinatal mortality in monoamniotic twin pregnancies is attributed to cord accidents in utero and at delivery. We evaluated the following parameters in monoamniotic pregnancies: (1) the incidence of cord entanglement; (2) the effect of sulindac on amniotic fluid volume and stability of fetal lie; and (3) the perinatal outcome with our current management paradigm. METHODS: This is a retrospective review of monoamniotic pregnancies of >or=20 weeks' gestation managed with serial ultrasound surveillance, medical amnioreduction and elective Cesarean delivery at 32 weeks' gestation. Mean amniotic fluid index (AFI) and change in AFI in monoamniotic pregnancies managed with oral sulindac was compared with 40 gestation-matched monochorionic-diamniotic controls. RESULTS: Among 44 monoamniotic pregnancies, 20 with two live structurally normal twins at 20 weeks' gestation satisfied the inclusion criteria. All fetuses survived to 28 days postnatally despite early prenatal cord entanglement in all but one case. Whereas AFI remained stable throughout gestation in the controls, the AFI fell in those patients on sulindac from a mean value of 21.0 cm (95% CI, 18.5-23.6 cm) at 20 weeks to a mean of 12.4 cm (95% CI, 10.1-14.6 cm) at 32 weeks (ANOVA P across gestation = 0.001) but mainly remained within normal limits. Fetal lie was stabilized in 11/20 cases in the monoamniotic group compared with 13/40 in the control group (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Cord entanglement appears unpreventable, as it typically occurs in early pregnancy. Sulindac therapy reduces AFI, leads to more stable fetal lie, and may prevent intrauterine death by diminishing the risk of constricting cords that are already entangled. Perinatal survival in monoamniotic pregnancies managed by a regime of sulindac from 20 weeks' gestation, close ultrasound surveillance and elective abdominal delivery at 32 weeks' gestation seems empirically higher than that in the literature.     

Three-dimensional multiplanar ultrasound for fetal gender assignment: value of the mid-sagittal plane.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility and accuracy of fetal gender assignment from three-dimensional ultrasound (3D US) data at 10-24 weeks' gestation. METHODS: Three-dimensional ultrasound volume data on 47 fetuses were reviewed and divided into groups: 10-14, 15-18, and 19-24 weeks. Fetal genitalia were studied in axial and sagittal planes for gender assignment, using published criteria. The most valuable plane for assignment was noted. Gender assignment was compared with gender at birth. RESULTS: Gender assignment was possible in 44 of 47 fetuses; 25 assigned male and 19 female. Between 10 and 14 weeks the mid-sagittal plane alone was diagnostic for all fetuses. Accuracy of assignment between 11 and 14 weeks was 100%. Between 15 and 18 and 19 to 24 weeks, male assignment was 100% accurate. Female assignment was 100% accurate between 15 and 18 weeks. Accuracy decreased to 60% in the 19 to 24 week group, however, in two of the five cases in which gender was wrongly assigned to be male, the assignment was prospectively considered doubtful due to poor resolution of volume data. Excluding these two cases, accuracy for female assignment in the 19-24 week group was 100%. CONCLUSION: Using 3D US, gender assignment was possible in 44 of 47 of fetuses, as early as 11 weeks' gestation. In early gestation, 11-14 weeks, accuracy of male and female gender assignment was 100%.     

Nomograms of sonographic measurements throughout gestation of the fetal hard palate width, length and area.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility of sonographic depiction of the fetal hard palate and secondarily to create nomograms throughout gestation of its sonographic width, length and area. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of pregnant patients between 15 and 41 weeks' gestation. Inclusion criteria consisted of well-established dates (confirmed by early ultrasound), and singleton, non-anomalous fetuses. Sonographic measurements obtained included biparietal diameter, head circumference, abdominal circumference and femur length. Fetal hard palate measurements included maximum width, maximum length and the calculated area. Tables were prepared depicting the estimated mean +/- SD and 5(th), 50(th) and 95(th) centiles at each gestational week between 15 and 41 weeks. Pearson's correlation coefficient and associated P-values for the relationships between fetal hard palate measurements and other sonographic measurements and coefficients of variation for each of the fetal hard palate measurements were calculated. RESULTS: The study included 602 consecutive patients. The mean maternal age was 28.7 +/- 6.3 years, with median gravidity of 2 (range, 1-12) and parity 1 (range, 0-8). All attempts at obtaining fetal hard palate ultrasound measurements were successful. Mean fetal hard palate width (cm) = -0.73579345 + 0.11370432 x GA - 0.00083919 x GA(2) and SD = -0.017842055 + 0.005142475 x GA, where GA is gestational age in weeks. Mean fetal hard palate length (cm) = -0.82020463 + 0.11767777 x GA - 0.00092801 x GA(2) and SD = -0.043064317 + 0.006378869 x GA. Mean fetal hard palate area (cm(2)) = -2.40090641 + 0.17136556 x GA + 0.00097308 x GA(2) and SD = -0.603647741 + 0.040740282 x GA. Sonographic measurements of the fetal hard palate width, length and area correlated significantly and strongly with gestational age (all P < 0.001) and significantly but less strongly with femur length (P = 0.004). CONCLUSION: The fetal hard palate may be depicted sonographically with relative ease between 15 and 41 weeks' gestation and measurements of the fetal hard palate width, length and area correlate well with gestational age, biparietal diameter, abdominal circumference, sonographic estimated fetal weight, and femur length.     

Sonographic assessment of normal fetal palate using three-dimensional imaging: a new technique.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to describe a novel three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound rendering technique to examine the normal fetal posterior palate and to assess its correspondence with the real fetal anatomy. METHODS: A prospective longitudinal study was conducted from January to October 2005 and included 100 fetuses in a low-risk population. Fetal ultrasound examinations were performed at 17, 22, 27 and 32 weeks' gestation to determine the normal 3D ultrasound view of the fetal palate at different gestational ages. The ultrasound scans were performed using the strict anterior axial plane of the starting reconstruction volume and the underside 3D view of the fetal palate. The 3D view of the fetal palate was compared with the normal anatomical view of the fetal palate obtained by surgical fetopathological examination of fetuses at the same gestational ages. The sonographic visualization rates of seven defined anatomical landmarks of the fetal palate were computed for each gestational age. The visualization rates across gestational ages were compared by use of the Cochrane Q test. The reliability of detection of each anatomical landmark across gestational ages was determined by Cronbach's Alpha. RESULTS: In all cases a 3D ultrasound view of the fetal maxilla and secondary palate was obtained at each period of gestation and corresponded well to the fetal anatomical specimens. The seven defined anatomical landmarks of the fetal palate were identified in 42-100% of cases. The visualization rates across gestational ages were significantly different in five of these anatomical landmarks. These differences can be explained by different developmental processes of these anatomical structures. The overall reliability of visualization across the gestational ages for the anatomical landmarks was medium to very high (0.73-0.96), except for the landmark interpalatal suture which was low (0.48). CONCLUSIONS: This technique of anterior axial 3D view reconstruction of the fetal palate seen by an underside view can provide unique diagnostic information on the integrity of the secondary palate. This innovative, simple and rapid technique may become the reference technique in ultrasound investigation of the fetal palate, and should be of value in diagnosing isolated secondary cleft palate or palatal involvement when cleft lip and alveolus are diagnosed.     

三维超声容积自动测量技术评价胎儿小脑蚓部发育

目的 应用三维超声容积自动测量技术检测胎儿小脑蚓部的发育,为产前筛查胎儿小脑发育异常提供理论依据.方法 选择20～36孕周正常胎儿387例,应用经腹三维容积自动测量技术(VOCAL)测量小脑蚓部体积,观察胎儿小脑蚓部发育规律.结果 应用VOCAL软件测量胎儿小脑蚓部体积成功率为98%.胎儿小脑蚓部体积与孕周及小脑横径呈正相关,r分别为0.98、0.98(P<0.0001).以孕周为自变量X,小脑蚓部体积测量值为因变量Y,直线回归分析认为X与Y之间有直线关系,方程为Y=-2.17 0.12X.以小脑横径为自变量,小脑蚓部体积测量值为因变量,直线回归分析认为X与Y之间有直线关系,方程为Y=-0.94 0.06X.结论 三维超声容积自动测量技术测量胎儿小脑蚓部体积有助于评价胎儿小脑蚓部的发育.     

Fetal renal volume in normal gestation: a three-dimensional ultrasound study

To establish a reference chart of fetal kidneys in normal pregnancy, we performed a prospective and cross-sectional study. A total of 152 singleton fetuses ranging between 20 and 40 weeks' gestation and meeting the criteria of normal pregnancies were included. Three-dimensional ultrasound (3-D US) was used to measure the fetal renal volume. Our results revealed that both renal volumes are highly correlated with the fetal gestational age. Using gestational age (GA) as the independent variable and right renal volume (RRV) as the dependent variable, the best-fit regression equation was RRV (mL)=0.74053xGA (week)-13.318 (r = 0.89, p < 0.001). Similarly, the best-fit equation for the left renal volume (LRV) was LRV (mL)=0. 76093xGA (week)-13.421 (r = 0.86, p < 0.001). The normal growth centiles of both kidneys were established based on these two equations. There were no significant differences of the volumes between bilateral kidneys. In conclusion, our data of fetal renal volumes assessed by 3-D US may serve as a reference in evaluating fetal renal growth.     

Assessment of umbilical arterial and venous flow using color Doppler.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the umbilical artery and vein blood volume flow using B-mode and Doppler ultrasound in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study of 129 singleton, healthy pregnancies at 23-33 weeks' gestation. The umbilical artery and vein cross-sectional area, time-averaged velocity and pulsatility index were measured in a free loop of cord, and the fetal weight was estimated. Ranges for each parameter were obtained; from these the blood flow for the vein and artery was calculated, and the average flow corrected for fetal weight was derived. RESULTS: The median time for examination was 6 min. The mean cross-sectional area and time-averaged velocity for both the vein and artery increased linearly with gestation. The umbilical artery flow correlated closely with the average vein flow (r = 0.9, p < 0.001). There was a significant, though poor, inverse correlation between the umbilical artery pulsatility index and the average umbilical flow (r = -0.25, p < 0.05). The average umbilical flow (calculated from the mean of arterial and venous flow), corrected for estimated fetal weight, decreased from 189.2 ml/kg per min at 23 weeks to 176.2 ml/kg per min at 33 weeks' gestation. CONCLUSION: The estimates of fetal umbilical flow obtained by this Doppler method are consistent with previously published data. Averaging the arterial and venous flow is theoretically advantageous in reducing the inherent errors in estimating either the arterial or the venous flow. This method of measuring umbilical flow may have clinical potential in assessing fetal health and disease processes.     

Contribution of three-dimensional volume contrast imaging to the sonographic assessment of the fetal uterus.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the contribution of volume contrast imaging (VCI) in assessing the fetal uterus in normally developed female fetuses. METHODS: The pelvis of 38 normal female fetuses was examined at 20-22 and 32-34 weeks' gestation using both conventional two-dimensional (2D) ultrasound and VCI on the same transverse or oblique longitudinal view of the fetal pelvis. Two experienced sonographers evaluated the ability of both techniques to image the fetal uterus. Results were compared by kappa index to evaluate the interobserver variability. RESULTS: A clear picture of the fetal uterus was obtained in 50% and 82-87% of the cases at 20-22 weeks' gestation and in 80-85% and 95-100% of the cases at 32-34 weeks' gestation using conventional 2D ultrasound and VCI, respectively. There was moderate to good agreement of uterus visualization between the two observers, with kappa values ranging from 0.43 to 0.65. The lower level of agreement was obtained for conventional 2D ultrasound during the second trimester. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that VCI may be successfully applied to prenatal ultrasonography of the fetal pelvis anatomy. By enhancing the contrast between the intrapelvic organs, VCI provides a clearer picture of the fetal uterus.