门诊老年慢性肾功能不全患者营养状况评价及健康教育

目的 了解门诊老年慢性肾功能不全患者营养状况、营养素摄入量及膳食结构,为饮食治疗提供依据.方法 对57例60岁以上长期门诊老年CRF患者、30例肾功能正常老年人进行膳食调查、直接人体测量和生化参数测定.结果 调查的老年CRF患者普遍存在营养不均衡.53.2%患者热能摄入不足具有潜在营养不良,46.8%热能摄入基本正常;营养素摄入不均衡,蛋白质摄入基本正常,碳水化合物的摄入量偏低,占总热能的(52.1±12.0)%;脂肪摄入偏高,占总热能的(35.0±11.9)%.老年CRF患者同时还患有其他多种慢性病.结论 营养不良及营养过剩都将对肾功能产生不良影响.门诊医护人员应根据每个老年CRF患者的具体情况,为老年CRF患者确定每日热能和营养素供给量以及各种食物的合理搭配,并在随诊时给予指导调整.     

门诊老年慢性肾功能不全患者营养状况评价及健康教育

目的 了解门诊老年慢性肾功能不全患者营养状况、营养素摄入量及膳食结构，为饮食治疗提供依据。方法 对57例60岁以上长期门诊老年CRF患者、30例肾功能正常老年人进行膳食调查、直接人体测量和生化参数测定。结果 调查的老年CRF患者普遍存在营养不均衡。53．2％患者热能摄入不足具有潜在营养不良，46．8％热能摄入基本正常;营养素摄入不均衡，蛋白质摄入基本正常，碳水化合物的摄入量偏低，占总热能的（52．1±12．0）％；脂肪摄入偏高，占总热能的（35．0±11．9）％。老年CRF患者同时还患有其他多种慢性病。结论 营养不良及营养过剩都将对肾功能产生不良影响。门诊医护人员应根据每个老年CRF患者的具体情况，为老年CI心患者确定每日热能和营养素供给量以及各种食物的合理搭配，并在随诊时给予指导调整。     

持续性非卧床腹膜透析患者膳食调查及营养状况

目的通过膳食调查了解持续性非卧床腹膜透析(continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis,CAPD)患者食物和膳食营养素摄入量,评估膳食营养素摄入量对CAPD患者营养需求的满足程度,为合理营养干预提供科学依据。方法采用24h膳食回顾法对70例CAPD患者进行膳食调查。根据每日蛋白质摄入量(daily protein intake,DPI)水平将患者分为膳食蛋白摄入正常组[DPI≥1.08g/(kg·d)]和膳食蛋白摄入不足组[DPI1.08g/(kg·d)],评价2组患者每日食物及营养素摄入量并进行营养不良的评定。结果 70例CAPD患者中有54例(77.1%)膳食蛋白质摄入量不足。与膳食蛋白摄入不足组相比,膳食蛋白摄入正常组的谷薯类、蔬菜类、禽畜类的摄入量多(Z值分别为-3.089,-2.088,-3.465;P值分别为0.002,0.037,0.001)。膳食蛋白摄入正常组的每日能量摄入量(daily energy intake,DEI)及DPI高于膳食蛋白摄入不足组(t值分别为4.400,8.562;P值分别为0.001,0.001)。与膳食蛋白摄入不足组相比,膳食蛋白摄入正常组的总蛋白和动物蛋白摄入量多(t值分别为6.171,5.246;P值均为0.001),植物蛋白摄入量少(t=3.387,P=0.001),动物蛋白占总蛋白比例超过60%(t=2.216,P=0.031)。与膳食蛋白摄入不足组相比,膳食蛋白摄入正常组的维生素A、维生素B_1、维生素B_2、维生素C、维生素PP(t值分别为2.841,4.821,4.314,2.480,5.109;P值分别为0.006,0.001,0.001,0.016,0.001)、钾、钠、钙、镁、铁、锰、锌、铜、磷、硒(t值分别为5.003,2.500,2.593,4.359,5.660,3.443,5.721,4.480,5.789,3.065;P值分别为0.001,0.016,0.012,0.001,0.001,0.001,0.001,0.001,0.001,0.003)摄入量多。结论 CAPD患者普遍存在膳食摄入不足的问题,膳食蛋白质摄入量不能满足CAPD患者营养需求,膳食蛋白摄入不足组患者膳食营养摄入状况较膳食蛋白摄入正常组差,建议加强营养宣教和个体化的饮食指导。     

120例社区老年人膳食中三大产热营养素摄入情况调查分析

目的提高老年人生活质量,防止热能摄入比例不合理,预防心、脑血管疾病及并发症的发病率.方法对120例社区老年人进行了3天膳食调查对其热能的摄入是否平衡进行了分析.结果发现三大产热营养素所产热能占总热能比例均不合理,占调查总数的22%.脂肪占总热能30%以上者占70%,蛋白质占总热能15%以上占88.3%,碳水化合物占总热能55%以下占75%(有14例在40%以下).肥胖者占12.5%.冠心病患者占调查人数65%,高血压患者占调查人数42.5%,糖尿病患者占调查人数33%等.并发现部分老年人对饮食结构不合理未引起足够的重视,其原因主要是观念陈旧及缺少正确信息来源.结论对患慢性病恢复期的社区老年人在进行健康教育时应加强三大产热营养素摄入平衡的指导.     

106例慢性心力衰竭患者营养及膳食结构调查

目的 了解经口进食的慢性心力衰竭患者的营养状态、膳食结构及部分微量营养素摄入状况,为指导其合理膳食及制订相关营养干预措施提供依据。方法 调查在某三级甲等医院心力衰竭中心住院的106例经口进食的慢性心力衰竭患者,通过心力衰竭特异性微型营养评价量表评估患者的营养状况,并采用24 h膳食回顾法记录患者3 d的早、中、晚3餐及加餐情况。计算膳食中的各类营养素含量,与《中国居民膳食指南（2016）》《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量（2013）》及2010年—2012年江苏省膳食调查数据进行比较。结果 106例经口进食的慢性心力衰竭患者存在营养风险,营养不良的发生率约61.32%。心力衰竭患者蔬菜类、大豆类及坚果类食物的每日人均摄入量符合中国居民膳食指南推荐要求;谷类薯类及杂豆、水果类、奶类及奶制品尚未达到推荐要求;畜禽肉类、水产类、蛋类、油脂类、盐类均超过推荐要求。每日人均摄入能量为（5 316.66±659.15） kJ,每日人均摄入蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物分别为（62.27±23.24） g、（51.27±37.81） g、（140.28±47.46） g,供能比分别为20.34%、33.42%、46.15%。每日人均摄入钠和铁高于推荐摄入量;每日人均摄入维生素B1和钾低于推荐摄入量。结论 经口进食的慢性心力衰竭患者营养及膳食状况不容乐观。护士应加强对慢性心力衰竭患者营养风险的筛查和膳食指导工作,并对存在营养风险或营养不良的患者制订相关干预措施。     

膳食结构对老年心脑血管疾病影响的探讨

为了探讨老年心血管病人临床治疗与营养膳食治疗的可行性和效果,我院对2005年2~9月住院的30例老年心脑血管病人进行了膳食调查研究。1资料与方法1.1临床资料心脑血管病人30例,男性15例,女性15例,平均年龄65±4.5岁,病情基本稳定,体重指数(BMI)>25%(超重)。1.2方法膳食调查采用登记法和称重法相结合,详细记录病人5 d膳食摄入情况,计算出平均每人每日各种营养素的摄入量,并与中国营养学会制定的中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量(DRIs)为标准[1]进行比较。2结果2.1被调查者的膳食结构与我国人民膳食结构基本相同,主要以谷类为主,副食有蔬菜、水…     

某高校大学生营养状况调查分析

目的了解大学生营养状况，为大学生提出科学饮食的方法。方法采用问卷法、个别询问等对200例在校大学生进行营养状况调查。结果膳食结构不合理主要表现在食物来源在质和量方面较差，营养素来源以碳水化合物所占比例偏多，其中蛋类、鱼类、奶类、豆类等优质蛋白丰富的食物摄入量明显低于标准供给量（RDA）；男、女生蛋白质、脂肪、钙、维生素B、维生素C和维生素A的摄入明显不足，蛋白质摄入量男、女生分别占RDA的81．1％和71．5％；三大热能营养素比例失衡，男、女生均存在蛋白质占热能比不足（为10．6％），而碳水化合物占热能比偏高的问题（70.3％）；三餐热能比分配不合理，表现为早餐能量摄入偏低，占全日总能量的22％；而晚餐摄入量偏高，占全日总能量的44％。造成部分大学生出现肥胖或慢性营养不良性疾病。结论大学生营养状况较差。应全面增加各种营养素摄入量，努力改善膳食结构，以提高营养水平。     

120例社区老年人膳食中三大产热营养素摄入情况调查分析

目的 提高老年人生活质量，防止热能摄入比例不合理，预防心、脑血管疾病及并发症的发病率。方法 对120例社区老年人进行了3天膳食调查对其热能的摄入是否平衡进行了分析。结果 发现三大产热营养素所产热能占总热能比例均不合理，占调查总数的22％。脂肪占总热能30％以上者占70％，蛋白质占总热能15％以上占88．3％，碳水化合物占总热能55％以下占75％(有14例在40％以下)。肥胖者占12．5％。冠心病患者占调查人数65％，高血压患者占调查人数42．5％，糖尿病患者占调查人数33％等。并发现部分老年人对饮食结构不合理未引起足够的重视，其原因主要是观念陈旧及缺少正确信息来源。结论 对患慢性病恢复期的社区老年人在进行健康教育时应加强三大产热营养素摄入平衡的指导。     

高胰岛素血症患者膳食调查45例分析

目的了解高胰岛素血症患者膳食结构,探讨饮食与高胰岛素血症的关系,指导高胰岛素血症患者合理饮食。方法根据体质量指数(BM I)将45例高胰岛素血症患者分为正常体型组12例,超重体型组33例。采用24小时膳食回顾法,分析患者的膳食能量、三大产能营养素及其他营养素的摄入情况。结果正常体型组蛋白质摄入量高于推荐摄入量(P<0.05),纤维素和钙摄入量低于推荐摄入量(P<0.01);超重体型组热能、蛋白质、碳水化合物、脂肪和胆固醇摄入量均超过推荐摄入量(P<0.01),纤维素和钙摄入量低于推荐摄入量(P<0.01)。结论高胰岛素血症患者的膳食结构不合理,需要合理调整。     

广州城乡结合部50岁以上2型糖尿病病人膳食现状

[目的]了解广州城乡结合部2型糖尿病病人(T2DM)膳食现状,为合理的膳食指导提供参考依据。[方法]在登记在册的50岁以上病人中抽取236例,采用膳食回顾法调查其膳食情况,并通过《营养之星专家系统》软件计算每例病人每日营养素摄入量。[结果]调查对象年龄(66.56岁±7.93岁);工作以农民为主,占62.29%(149/236)。每日营养素摄入的总能量过多和不足者分别占46.19%(109/236)和19.92%(47/236)。统计结果显示,男性的总热量、蛋白质、脂肪摄入异常者所占的比例均高于女性,女性的糖类摄入异常者所占比例高于男性;不同年龄的调查对象总热量、蛋白质、脂肪摄入过多者及糖类摄入过少者所占的比例不同,其中50岁≤年龄65岁中总热量、蛋白质、脂肪摄入过多者和糖类摄入过少者所占比例最高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。[结论]目前广州城乡结合部50岁以上T2DM病人膳食结构普遍不合理,研究如何在为糖尿病病人提供随访服务过程中,通过开展更具针对性、简便易行的糖尿病饮食知识宣传教育具有重要的现实意义。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.