^18F-FDG PET/CT双时相显像鉴别诊断肺良恶性病变的临床研究

[目的]探讨18F-FDGPET/CT双时相显像鉴别诊断肺良恶性病变的临床价值。[方法]65例肺病变患者（80个病灶）行18F-FDGPET/CT双时相显像,计算最大标准化摄取值SUVmax及早期、延迟显像SUVmax的变化幅度（ΔSUVmax）,并与病理及随访结果对比。利用ROC曲线计算SUVmax和ΔSUVmax诊断肺病变的最佳阈值。比较PET/CT与PET及CT的诊断效能。[结果]（1）65例共计80个肺内结节中良性结节38个,恶性结节42个。恶性结节组早期相SUVmax值为5.35（4.6）,高于良性结节组的1.75（2.0）,差异有统计学意义（Z=-4.846,P=0.0001）。恶性结节组双时相ΔSUVmax值为30.54（2.0）,高于良性结节组的16.84（2.0）,差异有统计学意义（Z=-2.861,P=0.0042）。（2）ROC分析显示早期显像SUVmax值〉2.45和双时相显像ΔSUVmax值〉24.66%是两者鉴别诊断肺良恶性结节时的最佳阈值。早期相SUVmax值〉2.45诊断肺恶性病变的灵敏度、特异性、准确率、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为88.10%、63.16%、76.25%、72.55%、82.76%,双时相ΔSUVmax值〉24.66%时,分别为64.29%、71.05%、67.50%、71.05%、64.29%。（3）PET/CT诊断肺病变的准确率优于PET和CT（P〈0.05）,诊断灵敏度优于CT（P〈0.05）。[结论]18F-FDGPET/CT诊断肺恶性病变,早期相SUVmax值及双时相ΔSUVmax值的最佳阈值为〉2.45和〉24.66%;并需结合病灶CT形态学特征及临床病史进行综合诊断。     

Noninvasive diagnosis of solitary pulmonary lesions in cancer patients based on 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose avidity on positron emission tomography/computed tomography

BACKGROUND: 2-Fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) imaging is highly accurate for assessing solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs) in patients without known malignancy. In the current study, the authors evaluated FDG-positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) for the characterization of SPN in cancer patients. METHODS: FDG-PET/CT was performed in 56 cancer patients to evaluate SPNs that measured 15 +/- 8 mm in greatest dimension. The diagnosis was confirmed by histology (n = 34 patients), or by CT or clinical follow-up (n = 22 patients). The performance of PET/CT was calculated for visual and semiquantitative assessment and was related to SPN size, location, histology, and time after initial cancer diagnosis. RESULTS: Malignancy was diagnosed in 27 of 56 SPNs (48%; 18 second primary tumors and 9 metastases). There were 26 true-positive PET/CT studies (17 second primaries and 9 metastases), 5 false-positive studies, 24 true-negative studies, and 1 false-negative study. The sensitivity of PET/CT for diagnosing malignant SPN in patients with cancer was significantly greater for visual analysis than for semiquantitative analysis (96% vs 89%, respectively; P < .05). Specificity and accuracy were similar for both methods (83% and 89% vs 93% and 91%, respectively). The presence of low-intensity FDG uptake increased the detection rate of malignancy from 4% in non-FDG-avid SPNs to 40%, mainly in second primary tumors. False-positive results were more frequent with lower than mediastinal uptake versus higher than mediastinal uptake (3 of 5 SPNs vs 2 of 26 SPNs, respectively; P < .01) and in SPNs >10 mm. CONCLUSIONS: FDG imaging was highly accurate for the diagnosis of malignant SPNs in patients with cancer, similar to the general population. The presence of any FDG avidity had significantly greater sensitivity than semiquantitative analysis. The current results indicated that lower than mediastinal uptake should be explored cautiously, particularly for second primary tumors, whereas no FDG avidity was a better predictor of SPN benignity than very low uptake.     

动态增强CT鉴别诊断孤立性肺结节的临床意义

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT动态增强成像诊断孤立性肺结节(SPN)的临床应用价值.方法 应用Toshiba Aquilion 16层螺旋CT扫描机对SPN行平扫和增强后20、30、45、60、75、90、120、180、300、540、720、900、1200 s等13个序列扫描,计算结节增强参数、观察结节形态学征象,并进行差异统计学分析,筛选有诊断意义的参数,用ROC曲线分析其鉴别诊断恶性结节的敏感性和特异性.结果 良、恶性肺结节CT动态增强参数中,120 s强化值[(29.5±30.2)HU、(32.5±14.7)HU,P=0.023]、20 min廓清值[(36.5±24.6)HU、(15.6±16.6)HU,P=0.044]、20 min廓清率[(36.5±24.6)%、(17.8±14.5)%,P=0.006]和20 min廓清率线性斜率[(0.006±0.005)%/s、(0.002±0.0016)%/s,P=0.001]等4个参数及Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型时间-密度曲线频率(24/42、4/21,P=0.004;5/42、9/21,P=0.005)差异有统计学意义,联合运用上述指标,ROC曲线分析诊断恶性结节的敏感性为64.3%,特异性为84.2%.在形态学征象中,良恶性结节中的类圆形、类三角形、多角形、毛刺、浅分叶、边缘锐利、清楚、模糊、血管集束征、空泡征、支气管充气征、典型胸膜凹陷征、支气管截断、支气管穿过和支气管压迫等征象的表现率差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).联合运用形态学征象诊断恶性结节,敏感性为92.9%,特异性为100%.综合使用上述动态增强参数和形态学征象对SPN进行评估,诊断恶性结节的敏感性为95.2%,特异性为100%.结论 动态增强CT扫描可以同时观察结节的形态和强化特征,结节的形态学特征在鉴别诊断中有重要意义,综合运用动态增强参数和形态学征象能提高恶性结节的诊断效率.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the value of dynamic enhanced-CT in differential diagnosis of solitary pulmonary nodules.Methods Sixty-three solitary pulmonary nodules were evaluated by dynamic enhanced multi-slice CT.Images were obtained before and at 20 s, 30 s, 45 s, 60 s, 75 s, 90 s, 120 s,180 s, 300 s, 540 s, 720 s, 900 s and 1200 s after the injection of contrast media.All lesion enhanced parameters and morphological features were recorded.The differences between benign and malignant nodules were analyzed.The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of solitary pulmonary nodules were evaluated by receiver operator characteristic analysis.Results CT enhancement value at 120 s [(29.5 ± 30.2) HU vs.( 32.5 ± 14.7) HU, P = 0.023], washout at 20 min [(36.5 ± 24.6) HU vs.( 15.6 ± 16.6) HU, P =0.044], washout ratio at20 min[(36.5 ±24.6)% vs.(17.8±14.5)% ,P=0.006], slope of washout at 20 min[(0.006 ±0.005)%/s vs.(0.002 ±0.0016)%/s,P=0.001], type Ⅱ (24/42 vs.4/21, P=0.004 ) and Ⅲ (5/42 vs.9/21, P = 0.005 ) curves were significantly different between benign and malignant nodules.Using the above mentioned parameters, the results of receiver operator characteristic analysis had a sensitivity of 64.3% and specificity of 84.2% for identification of malignant tumors.The morphological features including round-like, triangle-like, multi-angle, spiculation, light lobulation, the degree of edge (sharp, clear, blur), vessel convergence sign, vacuole sign, airing of bronchi, cut-off of the bronchi and depression of pleura were significantly different between benign and malignant nodules.The results of ROC analysis showed that the above mentioned morphological features had a sensitivity of 92.9%and specificity of 100% for differentiating malignant tumors from benign nodules.The results of ROC analysis showed that combination of morphological features and dynamic enhancement parameters had a sensitivity of 95.2% and specificity of 100% for identification of malignant tumors.Conclusions Dynamic enhanced CT images can evaluate morphological and enhancement features of solitary pulmonary nodules.Combination of morphological features and enhancement characteristics can improve the accuracy of diagnosis.     

叶酸受体阳性循环肿瘤细胞检测对肺部亚厘米结节的诊断价值

目的探讨叶酸受体(FR)阳性循环肿瘤细胞(CTC)检测在肺部亚厘米结节(结节最大径≤10mm)良恶性诊断中的价值。方法选择2018年7月至12月首都医科大学宣武医院收治的胸部CT检查显示有最大径≤10 mm的肺小结节患者37例,包括术后病理诊断为早期肺腺癌22例、肺良性病变15例。患者术前均留取静脉血,应用新型配体靶向聚合酶链反应(LT-PCR)检测FR+CTC水平(以自定义的FU/3 ml为单位),应用酶联免疫吸附试验检测癌胚抗原(CEA)、神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)、细胞角蛋白19片段CYFRA21-1、糖类抗原125(CA125)、CA199、胃泌素释放肽前体(pro-GRP)等肿瘤标志物水平。计量资料两组间比较采用t检验,以检测试剂盒说明书指定的CTC值8.70 FU/3 ml为临界值,应用二元logistic回归法分析肺结节为恶性的危险因素;采用kappa一致性检验分析以FR+CTC水平诊断与手术切除标本的病理结果诊断的一致性;绘制受试者工作特征曲线(ROC),评估各指标对肺部亚厘米结节良恶性的诊断效能。结果早期肺腺癌患者FR+CTC表达水平高于肺良性病变患者,差异有统计学意义[(11.0±3.0)FU/3 ml比(7.0±3.7)FU/3 ml,t=-3.327,P=0.001];FR+CTC水平与患者的年龄、性别、吸烟史均无相关性(均P>0.05)。经logistic回归分析显示,FR+CTC水平高为肺结节恶性的危险因素(OR=37.333,95%CI 3.994~349.010,P=0.002)。kappa一致性检验结果显示FR+CTC诊断肺亚厘米结节性质具有一定的准确性(κ=0.627,P<0.01)。ROC分析显示,FR+CTC作为诊断肺结节恶性的指标时,其诊断价值优于CEA、NSE、CYFRA21-1三者联合;FR+CTC的曲线下面积(AUC)为0.830(95%CI 0.639~0.968),诊断灵敏度为72.7%(95%CI 49.6%~88.4%),特异度为93.3%(95%CI 66.0%~99.7%);将FR+CTC、CEA、NSE、CYFRA21-1四者联合诊断肺癌时,AUC为0.776(95%CI 0.614~0.938),诊断灵敏度为86.4%,特异度为73.3%。结论FR+CTC检测对肺部亚厘米结节的良恶性诊断具有较高的价值。     

18F-FDG PET/CT显像联合血清肿瘤标志物组合在孤立性肺结节诊断中的价值

目的:评价18F-FDG PET/CT显像联合血清肿瘤标志物检测在孤立性肺结节诊断中的价值.方法:总结2012年7月至2015年7月间的95例孤立性肺结节(SPN)病例,所有结节均行18F-FDG PET/CT扫描及肺癌肿瘤标志物四项组合[癌胚抗原(CEA)、神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)、鳞状上皮细胞癌抗原(Scc)、细胞角蛋白19片段抗原21-1(CYFRA21-1)]检测,所有检测在10天内完成,分别计算18F-FDG PET/CT显像、肺癌肿瘤标志物四项组合、18F-FDG PET/CT联合肺癌肿瘤标志物四项组合3种方法的灵敏性、特异性、精确度、PPV、NPV,并分析病理类型对糖代谢的影响及相互之间的关系.结果:在95例病例中,67例确诊为肺癌,28例为良性病变.单项18F-FDG PET/CT检查的灵敏性、特异性、精确度分别为88.1％、85.7％、87.4％,肺癌肿瘤标志物四项组合诊断分别为35.8％、82.1％和49.5％,联合诊断分别为91.0％、82.1％和88.4％.联合诊断、单项18F-FDG PET/CT诊断SPN灵敏性、精确度显著高于单项肺癌肿瘤标志物四项组合检测(P＜0.05),而联合诊断与单独18F-FDG PET/CT诊断相比,特异性低,而灵敏性、精确度高于18F-FDGPET/CT.结论:与单纯肺癌肿瘤标志物四项组合比较,单纯18F-FDG PET/CT显像、联合诊断对SPN诊断价值明显优于前者,肺癌肿瘤标志物四项组合可以作为18F-FDG PET/CT对SPN诊断及鉴别诊断的补充,可为无法获得病理结果的患者提供理想的诊断手段.     

^18F-FDGPET/CT对孤立肺结节伴空洞鉴别诊断价值分析

目的：探讨^18F-FDG PET/CT对良恶性孤立肺结节伴空洞鉴别诊断可行性。方法：回顾性分析2009-08-06-2012-03-15华中科技大学附属协和医院50例单发肺结节伴空洞患者临床资料。根据结节CT特征和摄取FDG情况,并在PET图像中获取半定量指标最大标准摄取值（maximum Standardized uptake value,SUVmax）。分别计算CT、PET及PET/CT对病变良恶性诊断的准确性、敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值（positive predictive value,PPV）和阴性预测值（negative predictive value,NPV）,并进行χ^2检验,受试者工作特征（receiver operating characteristics,ROC）曲线进行分析。结果：50例患者中,23例证实为恶性病变,其中腺癌9例,鳞癌14例;27例为良性病变,其中肺脓肿14例,肺结核13例。CT诊断肺结节伴空洞良恶性敏感性为82.6%（19/23）,特异性为74.0%（20/27）,准确性78.0%（39/50）,PPV为73.0%（19/26）,NPV为83.3%（20/24）;PET诊断的敏感性为95.6%（22/23）,特异性为44.4%（12/27）,准确性为68.0%（34/50）,PPV为59.4%（22/37）,NPV为92.3%（12/13）;当选取SUVmax4.5为截断值时,敏感性为86.9%（20/23）,特异性为48.1%（13/27）,准确性为68.0%（34/50）,PPV为58.8%（20/34）,NPV为81.2%（13/16）;PET/CT联合诊断时敏感性为95.6%（22/23）,特异性为92.5%（25/27）,准确性为94.0%（47/50）,PPV为91.7%（22/24）,NPV为96.2%（25/26）。PET/CT对恶性和良性肺结节伴空洞诊断的准确率高于单独使用CT或PET,P〈0.01。结论：^18F-FDG PET对鉴别良恶性孤立肺结节伴空洞有较高的假阳性率,结合PET和CT形态学分析有助于提高病灶的诊断准确率。     

氟脱氧葡萄糖PET-CT常规及双时相显像检测食管癌术后复发转移的价值

目的 评价氟脱氧葡萄糖(FDG)PET-CT常规及双时相显像在监测食管癌术后复发转移中的应用价值.方法 回顾分析食管癌术后临床怀疑复发转移而行FDG PET-CT检查的48例患者临床资料,根据细胞学、病理或随访结果分析FDG PET-CT检查结果.两样本率比较采用Fisher's精确概率法检验.结果 48例患者中位随访21.5个月,34例出现复发转移,确定复发转移灶61处.FDG PET-CT常规显像对全部病灶诊断的敏感性、特异性和准确性分别为93.44%、74.29%和86.46%;对局部复发和区域淋巴结转移的敏感性、特异性、准确性分别为91.67%、57.14%、78.95%和90.48%、77.78%、84.62%.FDG PET-CT双时相显像诊断局部复发+区域淋巴结转移的敏感性、特异性、准确性均高于常规显像,分别为96.97%∶90.90%(P=0.613)、96.00%∶72.00%(P=0.049)、96.55%∶82.76%(P=0.029).结论 FDG PET-CT常规显像虽然检测食管癌术后局部复发及区域淋巴结转移的特异性和准确性较低,但仍是检测其术后复发转移的有效手段;双时相显像较常规显像更具优势,可有效提高检测的特异性及准确性.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the clinical value of regular and dual-time-point 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-CT(FDG PET/CT)imaging for recurrence and metastasis in esophageal carcinoma(EC)after curative esophagectomy. Methods A retrospective study was done on 48 patients received curative esophagectomy, who underwent FDG PET/CT scans to detect doubtful recurrent or metastatic lesions. The diagnostic accuracy of FDG PET-CT was assessed with the help of pathological findings as well as clinical or follow-up data. Using Fisher's Exact Test from SPSS 11.5 to analyze the data.Results Of the 48 patients, after a median follow-up of 21.5 months, 61 sites of local and regional recurrence or metastasis were finally confirmed in 34 patients. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of regular FDG PET/CT imaging in detecting recurrence of all sites were 93.44%, 74.29% and 86.46%respectively. The specificity and accuracy of local recurrence and regional metastasis were 57.14% ,78.95% and 77.78% ,84.62%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of dual-time-point FDG PET/ CT imaging in detecting local and regional recurrence(96.97% ,96.00% and 96.55%)were higher than those of regular FDG PET/CT(90.90%, 72.00% and 82.76%)and there were significant differences of specificity and accuracy(P = 0.049, P = 0.029). Conclusions Regular FDG PET/CT imaging is highly effective in detecting recurrence and metastasis in EC patients after curative esophagectomy despite the low specificity and accuracy. Dual-time-point FDG PET/CT imaging can elevate the specificity and accuracy.     

肺内10 mm以内孤立结节的临床分析

背景与目的：肺癌是目前发病率和死亡率较高的恶性肿瘤,其预后很大程度上取决于早期诊断和治疗,而放射影像学如X线平片和CT是发现和诊断肺癌最重要的手段之一．但是对于30mm以内肺周围孤立结节（solitary puhnonary nodules．SPN）的诊断较难．尤其对10mm以内SPN的影像诊断更难。本研究拟对CT影像学10mm以内SPN进行分析总结。方法：对CT影像学上直径〈10mm且最终通过各种方法获得病理学证据的102例SPN进行分析。比较良恶性病变的差异,总结小结节肺癌的影像学特征。结果：肺内〈10mm的SPN中,以良性病变为主,占64．7％。分别是炎性假瘤、良性肿瘤、结核等;原发性肺癌占24．5％,其中分期较晚肺癌（ⅡA期及以上）占5．9％,影像学上可藉边缘不齐、有毛刺衙、气管和血管受累、强化值羞异等特点与良性病变鉴别;肺转移癌占10.8％,其影像学表现与原发性肺癌相似,结论：肺内〈10mm的SPN中。以良性肿瘤为主。其次为肺癌。     

Diagnostic value of computed tomography scanning in differentiating malignant from benign solitary pulmonary nodules: a meta-analysis

An early diagnosis of lung cancer is crucial for early treatment and management. The objective of this systematic review was to assess the overall diagnostic accuracy of chest computed tomography (CT) scanning in differentiating malignant from benign solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs) with meta-analysis. The PubMed and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database were searched for eligible studies published up to March 2014. The sensitivity, specificity, and other measures of accuracy of chest CT scanning in the diagnosis of SPNs were pooled along with 95 % confidence intervals (CI). Summary receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to summarize overall test performance. Thirty-two studies met our inclusion criteria. The summary estimates for chest CT scanning in the diagnosis of SPNs in the meta-analysis were as follows: pooled sensitivity, 0.89 (95 % CI, 0.88 to 0.91); pooled specificity, 0.70 (95 % CI, 0.68 to 0.73); positive likelihood ratio, 2.88 (95 % CI, 2.46 to 3.37); negative likelihood ratio, 0.16 (95 % CI, 0.12 to 0.21); and diagnostic odds ratio, 23.83 (95 % CI, 16.18 to 35.11). The results indicate that CT scanning has relatively high sensitivity and moderate specificity for the diagnosis of SPNs. Given the low cost and growing prevalence of the technology, CT scanning should be recommended as the initial test for the evaluation of SPNs.     

螺旋CT肺三期扫描对直径≤3 cm周围型肺癌的诊断价值

目的 探讨螺旋CT肺三期扫描对直径≤3cm周围型肺癌的诊断价值。方法 仪60例患者的孤立性肺结节(sPNs,直径均≤3cm)病灶行螺旋CT动态强化扫描,根据主动脉、肺动脉强化CT值的特点,建立螺旋cr肺三期扫描时相,分析60例SPNs肺三期扫描强化形态与程度。结果 螺旋凹肺三期扫描延迟时间：肺动脉期15s,支气管动脉期36s,平衡期9HDs。肺癌螺旋CT肺二期扫描病灶强化变化的主要形式为无明显强化、显著强化和中等强化,肺炎性结节肺三期扫描病灶强化变化的主要形式为轻度或中等强化、显著强化和显著强化。肺结核球及转移瘤肺二期扫描密度变化较小。本组82,9％的肺癌支气管动脉期可见不规则条状及斑点状强化血管影。结论 螺旋CT肺三期扫描能反映直径≤3cm周围型肺癌支气管动脉供血及其强化的变化状况,有助于病变的早期诊断与鉴别诊断。     

18F-FDG PET/CT代谢参数对ⅡB期宫颈癌放化疗疗效的预测价值

目的 探讨18F-FDG PET/CT代谢参数在ⅡB期宫颈癌放化疗疗效中的预测价值。方法 回顾性队列分析29例行同步放化疗的ⅡB期宫颈癌患者,治疗前均行18F-FDG PET /CT全身显像检查,并获取代谢参数如最大标准摄取值（maximum standardized uptake values,SUVmax）、平均标准摄取值（average standardized uptake values,SUVavg）、最小标准摄取值（minmum standardized uptake values,SUVmin）、峰值标准摄取值（peak standardized uptake values,SUVpeak）、肿瘤代谢体积（metabolic tumor volume,MTV）、病灶糖酵解总量（total lesion glycolysis,TLG）,根据疗效评价标准分为放化疗敏感组和放化疗抵抗组,分析18F-FDG PET/CT代谢参数与ⅡB期宫颈癌放化疗疗效的关系 ,并采用受试者工作特征（receiver operating characteristic,ROC）曲线评估其预测放化疗疗效的价值。结果 放化疗敏感组的SUVmax、SUVavg、SUVpeak、SUVmin值与放化疗抵抗组比较差异无统计学意义（均P>0.05）,放化疗敏感组与放化疗抵抗组的TLG、MTV比较差异有统计学意义（P=0.025,0.009）。TLG和MTV的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.753和0.793,MTV预测放化疗疗效的敏感度、特异度和准确度分别为77.8％、81.8％和79.3％;TLG分别为66.7％、81.8％和75.3％。结论 18F-FDG PET/CT代谢参数在ⅡB期宫颈癌放化疗疗效中具有良好的预测价值。     

乳腺癌患者肺内孤立性结节CT征象：肺原发性腺癌和转移性乳腺癌的鉴别

背景与目的：乳腺癌患者CT上表现为孤立性的肺结节（solitary pulmonary nodule,SPN）可能是原发性肺癌（primary lung cancer,PLC）也可能是乳腺癌肺转移（metastatic pulmonary breast cancer,MBC）,明确诊断对于患者的个性化诊疗具有重要意义。该研究回顾性分析CT上表现为SPN的PLC和MBC的高分辨率CT（high resolution CT,HRCT）特征,探讨其诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析2007年10月—2013年9月经胸外科手术获得病理证实的116例乳腺癌患者的孤立性肺结节,通过Logistic回归模型和受试者工作特征（receiver operating characteristic,ROC）曲线分析结节CT征象鉴别MBC和PLC。结果：116例结节中,PLC为77例（66.4%）,MBC为39例（33.6%）。MBCs与PLCs在圆形或椭圆形、亚实性结节、分叶征、毛刺征、空泡征、支气管充气征、胸膜凹陷征、结节最大径及实性成分体积比等征象上差异有统计学意义。多变量分析显示,毛刺征、支气管充气征和非实性成分体积比≥24%是PLC的独立预测因子,相应的比值比（odds ratio,OR）分别为0.219（95%CI：0.069~0.638）、0.061（95%CI：0.009~0.240）和0.972（95%CI：0.951~0.990）。该多因素回归模型对PLC与MBC的鉴别具有良好的性能,ROC曲线的曲线下面积（area under curve,AUC）为0.903（95%CI：0.838~0.969）,准确率为86.2%,灵敏度为88.3%,特异度为82.1%。结论：乳腺癌患者孤立性肺结节中原发性肺腺癌概率高。实性成份体积比＜24%、有支气管充气征和有毛刺征等CT征象提示原发性肺癌的可能大。     

Ⅲ期非小细胞肺癌FDG PET-CT定位三维适形放疗的预后分析

目的 观察Ⅲ期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)经氟标记脱氧葡萄糖(18FDG)PET-CT定位后行三维适形放疗的疗效、副反应及失败原因.方法 64例Ⅲ期NSCLC(临床Ⅲa、Ⅲb期)患者用信封法随机分为PET-CT定位三维适形放疗(3DCRT)组(PET-CT组)和普通CT定位3DCRT组(普通CT组).PET-CT组将PET和CT图像融合后进行靶区和重要脏器勾画,制定治疗计划后进行常规分割3DCRT 40 Gy左右,然后适当缩野针对残存肿瘤病灶放疗至总剂量65 Gy左右.普通CT组用普通CT定位设野,3DCRT至相同剂最.所有病例均用TP方案(紫杉醇175 mg/m2第1天,顺铂40 mg第2～4天)辅助化疗6个周期.结果 随访率100%.随访满1、2、3年者分别为40、20、11例,PET-CT组和CT组分别为23和17例、11和9例、7和4例.PET-CT组中13例靶区有改变.PET-CT组和普通CT组完全缓解、部分缓解率分别为13%、66%和19%、53%(x2=0.33,P=0.564),1、2、3年局部控制率分别为84%、66%、53%和72%、59%、44%(x2=2.36,P=0.124),1、2、3年生存率分别为72%、34%、22%和53%、28%、13%(x2=2.46,P=0.117).PET-CT组1、2级肺晚期放射损伤发生率低于普通CT组,分别为28%、53%(x2=4.14,P=0.042).PET-CT组肺门、纵隔淋巴结复发率低于普通CT组,分别为3%和25%(P=0.026)、6%和28%(P=0.043);治疗失败主要原因相似均为远处转移,分别为56%和47%(x2=0.56,P=0.453).结论 PET-CT定位可以优化Ⅲ期NSCLC放疗设野计划,减少肺门和纵隔复发率,但远期生存率无明显提高,远处转移为主要失败原因.

Abstract：

Objective To analyse the long-term result and prognosis of 18 FDG PET/CT positioning three - dimensional conformal radiotherapy ( 3 DCRT ) for stage Ⅲ non - small cell lung cancer. Methods Sixty-four cases with stage Ⅲ non-small cell lung cancer (clinical stage Ⅲa- Ⅲb ) were randomly divided into two groups: PET/CT positioning three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy group (PET/CT group) and the conventional CT positioning three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy group (conventional CT group). In the PET/CT group, the target volume and critical organs were sketched according to PET/CT after fusion of the PET and the CT images; the treatment plan was worked out, then conventional fractionated 3DCRT ( total dosage around 40 Gy) followed by field-shrinked radiotherapy to a total dose of 65 Gy or sowas performed ;in the conventional CT group, the target volume and critical organs were sketched according to CT and 3DCRT were performed to the same total dose; All cases were treated with the TP scheme (paclitaxel 175 mg/m2,d1 ,cisplatin 40 mg,d2-4) adjuvant chemotherapy for 6 cycles after the radiotherapy. Results The followup rate was 100%. The number of patients who completed the 1-,2-and 5-year follow-up were 40,20 and 11 respectively ;The number of patients of the PET/CT group and conventional CT group were 23 and 17,11 and 9,7 and 4 respectively. Target volumes of 13 cases in the PET/CT group were changed. The complete remission and partial remission rates of the two groups were 13% 、66% and 19% 、53% (x2 = 0. 33, P =0. 564), respectively. The 1-,2-and 3-year local control rates of the PET/CT group and conventional CT group were84 % 、66% 、53 % an d72% 、59% 、44% ( x2 = 2.36, P = 0. 124 ) respectively. The1 -, 2-and 3-year survival rates were 72% 、34% 、22% and 53% 、28% 、13% (x2 =2. 46,P =0. 117) respectively. The level-1 and level-2 lungs' and trachea's late radiation injury of the PET/CT group and the conventional CT group were 28% and 53% ( x2 = 4. 14, P = 0. 042 ), respectively. The hilar and mediastinal lymph node recurrence rates of the PET/CT group were lower than those of the conventional CT group, were 3% ,25%(P = 0. 026) and 6%, 28% ( P = 0. 042 ), respectively. The main reason for treatment failure was distant metastasis both in the PET/CT group and conventional CT group,56% and 47% (x2 = 0. 56,P = 0. 453 ),respectively. Conclusions PET/CT, as a method of sketching the target of stage Ⅲ non-small cell lung cancer, can improve the radiation treatment plan, reduce the recurrence rate of hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes, meanwhile it can not improve the long-term survival rate; Distant metastasis was the main reason of failure.     

Impact of combined (18)F-FDG PET/CT in head and neck tumours

To compare the interobserver agreement and degree of confidence in anatomical localisation of lesions using 2-[fluorine-18]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ((18)F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) and (18)F-FDG PET alone in patients with head and neck tumours. A prospective study of 24 patients (16 male, eight female, median age 59 years) with head and neck tumours was undertaken. (18)F-FDG PET/CT was performed for staging purposes. 2D images were acquired over the head and neck area using a GE Discovery LS PET/CT scanner. (18)F-FDG PET images were interpreted by three independent observers. The observers were asked to localise abnormal (18)F-FDG activity to an anatomical territory and score the degree of confidence in localisation on a scale from 1 to 3 (1=exact region unknown; 2=probable; 3=definite). For all (18)F-FDG-avid lesions, standardised uptake values (SUVs) were also calculated. After 3 weeks, the same exercise was carried out using (18)F-FDG PET/CT images, where CT and fused volume data were made available to observers. The degree of interobserver agreement was measured in both instances. A total of six primary lesions with abnormal (18)F-FDG uptake (SUV range 7.2-22) were identified on (18)F-FDG PET alone and on (18)F-FDG PET/CT. In all, 15 nonprimary tumour sites were identified with (18)F-FDG PET only (SUV range 4.5-11.7), while 17 were identified on (18)F-FDG PET/CT. Using (18)F-FDG PET only, correct localisation was documented in three of six primary lesions, while (18)F-FDG PET/CT correctly identified all primary sites. In nonprimary tumour sites, (18)F-FDG PET/CT improved the degree of confidence in anatomical localisation by 51%. Interobserver agreement in assigning primary and nonprimary lesions to anatomical territories was moderate using (18)F-FDG PET alone (kappa coefficients of 0.45 and 0.54, respectively), but almost perfect with (18)F-FDG PET/CT (kappa coefficients of 0.90 and 0.93, respectively). We conclude that (18)F-FDG PET/CT significantly increases interobserver agreement and confidence in disease localisation of (18)F-FDG-avid lesions in patients with head and neck cancers.     

Evaluation of F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET scanning for pulmonary nodules less than 3 cm in diameter, with special reference to the CT images

BACKGROUND: While pulmonary nodules can be substantially divided into solid and ground-glass opacity (GGO) ones on CT image, they have different biological natures which could cause false positive or false negative to diagnose malignancy on positron emission tomography with fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG-PET). To determine the effectiveness of PET for small pulmonary nodules, the nodules were classified into solid and GGO ones, of which results were compared with the data of PET scans. The lower limit size of nodules for PET imaging was also evaluated. METHODS: Prospective FDG-PET scans were undertaken for 136 non-calcified nodules less than 3 cm in diameter. CT density histograms were made for each nodule to classify into solid and GGO ones. RESULTS: Eighty-one nodules were malignant and 55 were benign. All of the 20 nodules less than 1 cm in diameter (n = 8 in malignant, n = 12 in benign), were negative on PET regardless of the histology. In the 116 nodules 1-3 cm in diameter (n = 73 in malignant, n = 43 in benign), there were 15 false negative and 15 false positive nodules, with a sensitivity of 79% and specificity of 65%. CT density histograms showed 101 solid nodules (n = 63 in malignant, n = 38 in benign) and 15 GGO nodules ( n = 10 in malignant, n = 5 in benign). All of the 10 malignant nodules with GGO images were histologically well-differentiated adenocarcinoma and 9 of them (90%) were false negative on PET. Four of the 5 (80%) benign nodules with GGO images were focal pneumonia with well-preserved air spaces, causing false positive on PET. Sensitivity and specificity for nodules with GGO images were 10 and 20%, respectively, which were significantly lower than 90 and 71% for nodules with solid images (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Pulmonary nodules which are less than 1cm in size or show GGO images on CT cannot be evaluated accurately by PET.     

CT增强动态扫描区分肺部良恶性病变的作用

目的：探讨ＣＴ增强动态扫描区分肺部良恶性病变的意义。材料与方法：收集肺部结节样病变５９例，增强前后于病灶中部分别作系列薄层扫描，在各层面病灶密度偏高、中等、偏低处分别作进行ＣＴ值测量；强化明显的标准为ＣＴ值升高＞２０Ｈｕ。结果：恶性病变（４３例）多为强化明显，良性病变（１６例）多为强化不明显。统计学分析提示恶性病变增强前后之间的ＣＴ值差异有显著性意义（Ｐ＜０．００１）。而良性病变增强前后之间的ＣＴ值差异无显著性意义（０．１０＜Ｐ＜０．２０）。结论：ＣＴ增强薄层扫描之强化程度对区分肺部良恶性病变具有重要意义。     

Development and Validation of a 18F-FDG PET/CT-Based Clinical Prediction Model for Estimating Malignancy in Solid Pulmonary Nodules Based on a Population With High Prevalence of Malignancy

PurposeTo develop a prediction model based on ¹⁸F-fludeoxyglucose (¹⁸F-FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) for solid pulmonary nodules (SPNs) with high malignant probability.Patients and MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the records of CT-undetermined SPNs, which were further evaluated by PET/CT between January 2008 and December 2015. A total of 312 cases were included as a training set and 159 as a validation set. Logistic regression was applied to determine independent predictors, and a mathematical model was deduced. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was compared to other models. Model fitness was assessed based on the American College of Chest Physicians guidelines.ResultsThere were 215 (68.9%) and 127 (79.9%) malignant lesions in the training and validation sets, respectively. Eight independent predictors were identified: age [odds ratio (OR) = 1.030], male gender (OR = 0.268), smoking history (OR = 2.719), lesion diameter (OR = 1.067), spiculation (OR = 2.530), lobulation (OR = 2.614), cavity (OR = 2.847), and standardized maximum uptake value of SPNs (OR = 1.229). Our AUCs (training set, 0.858; validation set, 0.809) was better than those of previous models (Mayo: 0.685, P = .0061; Peking University People’s Hospital: 0.646, P = .0180; Herder: 0.708, P = .0203; Zhejiang University: 0.757, P = .0699). The C index of the nomogram was 0.858. Our model reduced the diagnosis of indeterminate nodules (26.4% vs. 79.2%, 53.5%, 39.6%, and 34.0%, respectively) while improved sensitivity (81.3% vs. 16.4%, 49.2%, 62.5%, and 68.0%, respectively) and accuracy (65.4% vs. 16.4%, 39.6%, 52.8%, and 58.5%, respectively).ConclusionOur model could permit accurate diagnoses and may be recommended to identify malignant SPNs with high malignant probability, as our data pertain to a very high-prevalence cohort only.     

Accuracy of whole-body dual-modality fluorine-18-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography and computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) for tumor staging in solid tumors: comparison with CT and PET.

PURPOSE: To assess the accuracy of positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) when staging different malignant diseases. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective, blinded, investigator-initiated study of 260 patients with various oncological diseases who underwent fluorine-18-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose PET/CT for tumor staging. CT images alone, PET images alone, PET + CT data viewed side by side, and fused PET/CT images were evaluated separately according to the tumor-node-metastasis system. One hundred forty patients with tumors not staged according to the tumor-node-metastasis system or a lack of reference standard were excluded from data analysis; 260 patients were included. Diagnostic accuracies were determined for each of the four image sets. Histopathology and a clinical follow-up of 311 (+/- 125) days served as standards of reference. RESULTS: PET/CT proved significantly more accurate in assessing tumor-node-metastasis system stage compared with CT alone, PET alone, and side-by-side PET + CT (P < .0001). Of 260 patients, 218 (84%; 95% CI, 79% to 88%) were correctly staged with PET/CT, 197 (76%; 95% CI, 70% to 81%) with side-by-side PET + CT, 163 (63%; 95% CI, 57% to 69%) with CT alone, and 166 (64%; 95% CI, 58% to 70%) with PET alone. Combined PET/CT had an impact on the treatment plan in 16, 39, and 43 patients when compared with PET + CT, CT alone, and PET alone, respectively. CONCLUSION: Tumor staging with PET/CT is significantly more accurate than CT alone, PET alone, and side-by-side PET + CT. This diagnostic advantage translates into treatment plan changes in a substantial number of patients.     

^18F-FDGPET／CT诊断乳腺癌及其腋窝淋巴结转移的价值评价

目的探讨^18F-脱氧葡萄糖（^18F-FDG）在诊断乳腺癌及腋窝淋巴结转移的价值。方法对34例乳腺癌患者的乳腺病灶（以健侧为对照）及腋窝淋巴结^18F-FDGPET／CT显像结果进行定性分析和半定量分析,结合病理结果,计算两种方法诊断的灵敏度、特异度、准确性。两种方法诊断与病理诊断行一致性检验。对乳腺病灶恶性组及对照组组间最大标准化摄取值（SUVmax）均数的比较采用两独立样本t检验。结果两组间SUVmax均数比较显示：恶性组^18F-FDG摄取高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P=0．00）。1例为大汗腺导管内癌,系原位癌,对^18F-FDG摄取不明显,PET／CT图像上未见明显结节影,目测显示0级,SUVmax为1．5。该例病灶微小,小于PET／CT5～8mm的分辨率,造成定性和半定量分析均漏诊。18F-FDGPET／CT定性分析诊断乳腺癌的灵敏度、特异度、准确性分别为97．7％、100．0％、97．9％;半定量分析以suVmax2．0时,诊断乳腺癌的灵敏度、特异度、准确性为佳,分别为93．2％、100．0％、93．6％。定性分析与病理诊断的一致性极好,Kappa值为0．85,半定量分析与病理诊断有较好一致性,Kappa值为0．64。在腋窝淋巴结转移的诊断上,定性分析的诊断灵敏度、特异度、准确性分别为55．9％、96．1％、90．1％,半定量分析（以文献SUVmax1．8为标准）的诊断灵敏度、特异度、准确性分别为45．8％、97．0％、89．3％。两种分析诊断与病理诊均较好一致性,Kappa值分别为0．57（定性分析）和0．51（半定量分析）。结论^18F-FDGPET／CT诊断乳腺恶性病灶时,以SUVmax2．0为临界值进行半定量分析诊断具有较好的诊断价值;在诊断腋窝淋巴结转移方面,定性分析和半定量分析与病理诊均有较好的一致性。     

FDG PET-CT相关参数对鼻咽癌预后影响研究

目的 鼻咽癌是一种具有特殊地域性分布和生物学行为的头颈部肿瘤,研究显示FDG PET-CT相关参数在高发区鼻咽癌预后中具有一定价值。本研究探讨FDG PET-CT相关参数对低发区鼻咽癌的预后价值。方法 回顾分析2003—2013年在Albert Einstein医学院Beth Israel医疗中心诊治的 83例鼻咽癌患者资料,采用梯度法并依据PET-CT图像指导靶区勾画,获取FDG PET-CT参数 SUV_max、MTV、TLG。结果 3年样本数 37例,3年FFS率为74%,3年LRFS率为88%,3年DMFS率为85%。单因素分析结果显示 SUV_max、TLG是 3年LRFS和FFS的影响因素(P=0.004、0.014和 P=0.024、0.033),多因素分析结果显示 SUV_max是 3年FFS的影响因素。结论 治疗前原发肿瘤 SUV_max是影响鼻咽癌患者FFS的因素。