下胫腓联合螺钉治疗下胫腓韧带联合损伤的临床观察

目的：探讨踝关节周围骨折合并下胫腓韧带联合损伤的手术方法。方法：对2005年9月至2007年12月用下胫腓联合螺钉固定治疗的20例（21踝）下胫腓韧带联合损伤患者进行回顾性研究,其中男11例（12踝）,女9例（9踝）;年龄27～52岁,平均36岁。所有患者结合病史、查体及影像学检查进行诊断,按照Lauge-Hansen分型进行手术治疗。X线测量：①胫骨前结节与腓骨的重叠阴影;②下胫腓联合间隙;③内踝关节面与距骨关节面的间隙。临床疗效采用改良Baird-Jackson评分标准进行评价。结果：20例（21踝）均获得随访,时间1～2.2年,平均1.3年。术前正侧位下胫腓联合重叠影为（0.46±3.56）mm,下胫腓联合间隙为（5.69±0.88）mm,胫距关节内间隙为（5.67±1.23）mm,踝穴位下胫腓联合重叠影为（-0.87±0.96）mm;术后下胫腓联合重叠影为（7.14±0.62）mm,下胫腓联合间隙为（3.28±0.39）mm,胫距关节内间隙为（3.12±0.33）mm,踝穴位下胫腓联合重叠影为（2.91±0.30）mm,与术前比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。术后CT复查显示：下胫腓联合仍存在一定程度分离的有4例,均为轻度。术后Baird-Jackson评分为（86.24±13.26）分（62～98分）,在各项评定内容中,13踝（61.90%）获得无痛踝关节,16踝（76.19%）无踝关节不稳征象,11踝（52.38%）恢复正常行走能力,8踝（38.10%）恢复正常奔跑能力,11踝（52.38%）恢复正常的工作能力。踝关节背伸活动度（21.05±5.00）°,跖屈活动度（33.57±5.76）°,内翻活动度（19.48±4.57）°,外翻活动度（24.05±4.86）°。踝关节发生创伤性骨性关节炎表现的患者3例,无一例发生断钉;临床疗效优12踝,良2踝,可4踝,差3踝。结论：下胫腓联合3层皮质螺钉固定是治疗下胫腓韧带联合损伤的有效方法之一,精细的手术操作技术和下胫腓联合解剖关系的恢复是患者获得良好踝关节功能的重要因素,术后常规?     

一种新型方法评估下胫腓关节损伤的临床意义

目的探讨踝关节骨折合并下胫腓联合损伤术中下胫腓联合复位质量新型评估方法的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2014年2月至2017年5月踝关节骨折合并下胫腓联合损伤患者24例,其中男18例,女6例;年龄24～65岁,平均年龄(37.5±6.9)岁。术中X线机透视踝关节正侧位、踝穴位,根据下胫腓联合间隙、重叠、内侧踝穴间隙及"前方曲线"的完整性来判断下胫腓联合复位情况。术后以CT的G值为判断下胫腓联合复位不良的"金标准",判定术中评估的效能。采用美国足踝外科协会(American orthopaedic foot and ankle society,AOFAS)的踝-后足评分评定疗效。结果本组24例患者术后通过CT的G值评估下胫腓关节复位不良率为16.7%。术后随访时间12～46个月,平均(16.6±5.0)个月。无骨折不愈合、下胫腓联合固定螺钉断裂发生,无螺钉取出后下胫腓联合分离复发病例。AOFAS的踝-后足评分优良率为91.7%。结论关节正位、踝穴位观察下胫腓联合间隙、重叠、内侧踝穴间隙结合踝关节侧位观察"前方曲线",明显提高了下胫腓联合复位质量并改善了预后。     

踝关节X线片分析与临床应用

目的测量正常成人踝关节X线片的有关数据,提高踝关节损伤诊断的准确率,以利于早期治疗、提高疗效。方法40例正常踝关节X线片,测量踝关节间隙内侧宽度、上方胫距关节间隙宽度、距骨外侧与外踝胫侧骨重叠影宽度、侧位片距骨与胫骨之间的宽度、下胫腓联合的宽度、胫骨外侧与腓骨胫侧构成重叠的宽度共六组数据。结果踝穴内侧宽度平均(3.8±0.5)mm,正位距胫关节宽度为(3.0±0.5)mm,距骨外侧与外踝的重叠影为(4.1±2.2)mm,侧位片中距骨与胫骨的间隙为(2.8±0.5)mm,下胫腓联合宽为(3.2±0.7)mm,胫骨外侧与腓骨胫侧重叠影宽平均为(7.7±1.9)mm。结论综合分析各组正常值,结合其它骨折改变,超过正常值范围是距骨脱位移位下胫腓联合分离的依据。多组数据改变可提高早期诊断准确率。     

Endobutton 装置治疗单纯下胫腓联合分离

目的:探讨Endobutton装置治疗单纯下胫腓联合分离的临床疗效。方法:2009年1月至2011年1月,对采用Endobutton装置固定治疗的8例单纯下胫腓联合分离进行连续随访,其中男6例,女2例;年龄25～44岁,平均34岁。对有踝关节损伤病史及踝部出现疼痛、红肿、踝关节周围瘀斑的患者常规行影像学检查以明确诊断,并予以手术治疗。手术前后X线测量:①内踝关节面与距骨关节面的间隙;②胫骨前结节与腓骨的重叠阴影;③下胫腓联合间隙3项指标,并结合Baird-Jackson评分标准评估其临床疗效。结果:本组均获随访,时间6～24个月,平均12个月。术前正侧位下胫腓联合重叠影(3.83±0.37)mm,下胫腓联合间隙(7.90±0.22)mm,胫距关节内间隙(5.08±0.34)mm;术后下胫腓联合重叠影(7.46±0.14)mm,下胫腓联合间隙(3.39±0.07)mm,胫距关节内间隙(3.16±0.07)mm,与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。末次Baird-Jackson评分(94.63±3.66)分,优6例,良1例,可1例。结论:Endobutton装置治疗单纯下胫腓联合的手术方法具有创伤小、操作简捷、无须再次取出内固定、可较好恢复踝关节功能、减少相关并发症等优势,可广泛推广应用于临床。     

普通X线片对下胫腓联合复位不良的诊断价值

目的探讨普通X线片对下胫腓联合复位不良的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析自2013-01—2015-12诊治的48例踝关节骨折合并下胫腓联合损伤的临床资料,术前及术后均摄X线片,包括踝关节正位、侧位及踝穴位,通过观察下胫腓联合间隙、下胫腓联合重叠、踝关节内侧间隙来判断复位情况,以CT扫描为参考标准,评估普通X线片对下胫腓联合复位的诊断价值。结果 48例术后行CT扫描发现23例存在下胫腓联合复位不良,以CT扫描为参考,通过踝关节正位及踝穴位X线片诊断的敏感性为52.2%,特异性为92%,假阳性率为8%,假阴性率为47.8%。结论踝关节骨折合并下胫腓联合损伤的患者,通过踝关节正位及踝穴位X线片评价下胫腓联合复位情况,复位不良率较高,术后踝关节CT扫描很有必要。     

下胫腓联合复位质量改良评估方法的应用

目的探讨踝关节骨折合并下胫腓联合损伤术中下胫腓联合复位质量改良评估方法的应用价值。方法回顾性分析自2014-01—2016-07行手术治疗的48例踝关节骨折合并下胫腓联合损伤,传统组(23例)术中C型臂X线机透视踝关节正位、踝穴位,根据下胫腓联合间隙、踝关节内侧间隙及下胫腓联合重叠判断复位情况;改良组(25例)术中在传统组观察指标上联合透视踝关节侧位观察穹窿间隙以判断下胫腓联合复位情况。结果改良组手术时间长于传统组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);而传统组与改良组术中出血量差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。改良组下胫腓联合复位质量优于传统组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。48例均获得随访,随访时间平均13.3(6~28)个月。末次随访时改良组踝关节功能AOFAS评分高于传统组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论观察下胫腓联合间隙、下胫腓联合重叠、踝关节内侧间隙及踝关节侧位穹窿间隙可以提高下胫腓联合复位的质量并改善预后。     

X线投射角度对踝关节影像学评估的影响

背景：临床手术中通常用X线来确认踝关节骨折治疗时的解剖复位。但由于踝关节的各参数存在个体差异,因此,摄片时足的旋转角度无法准确控制。目前,对于投射角度对踝关节评估的研究较少。目的：本研究通过不同旋转角度对踝关节进行透视,评估相关参数对下胫腓联合及三角韧带损伤诊断的可靠性。方法：取8具新鲜下肢尸体标本,分别在正常情况以及建立腓骨短缩和（或）三角韧带损伤模型后,“C”型臂X线机以5＆#176;为间隔,从-30＆#176;至30＆#176;逐一测量内踝间隙、胫距上间隙、胫腓间隙及胫腓重叠的距离。结果：正常情况下,内踝间隙平均为（2.58±0.59）mm,胫距上间隙为（2.89±0.56）mm,胫腓间隙为（3.03±0.72）mm,胫腓重叠为（4.25±3.14）mm。建立腓骨短缩和（或）三角韧带损伤模型后,内踝间隙及胫腓间隙变大,而胫距上间隙及胫腓重叠变小。所有参数值均随X线投射角度的改变而发生相应变化。结论：胫腓间隙受透照角度的影响较小,是判断下胫腓联合损伤较为可靠的影像学参数。内踝间隙始终小于胫距上间隙,一旦内踝间隙超过胫距上间隙,则应怀疑三角韧带损伤,或存在外踝短缩畸形的可能。胫腓重叠不会出现负值,如果出现负值,意味着下胫腓联合存在损伤。     

踝关节跖屈、背屈运动的研究

目的:研究Pilon骨折在治疗中评价踝关节功能,诊断下胫腓联合分离、踝关节前后脱位的影像学依据。方法:35例正常成人,男21例(42踝),女14例(28踝);年龄21-48岁,平均31.6岁。踝关节常规摄正、侧位X线片;测量踝关节主动跖屈、背屈运动的最大角度,下胫腓联合间隙的宽度,胫骨外侧与腓骨的胫侧重叠影宽度,距骨踝关节面几何中心偏离胫骨中轴线的距离。结果:跖屈主动运动的最大角度,男(40.8°±3.1°),女(43.9°±4.8°);背屈主动运动的最大角度,男(27.6°±5.2°),女(26.5°±6.1°)。下胫腓联合间隙的宽度平均(3.2±0.5)mm。胫骨外侧与腓骨的胫侧重叠影宽度平均(6.9±2.2)mm。踝关节的跖屈下胫腓联合有逐渐变窄的变化,平均2 mm。距骨中心中轴距:男性跖屈最大值2.4 mm、背屈2.5 mm,女性跖屈最大值1.9 mm、背屈2.0 mm,最小值均为0 mm。结论:男女之间无论是背屈还是跖屈均无显著性差异(P>0.05),即踝关节在运动灵活性上无性别差异。踝关节主动跖屈、背屈运动的最大角度为Pilon骨折术中踝关节功能评定提供参考,下胫腓联合宽度>3.5 mm为下胫腓联合分离,胫骨外侧与腓骨的胫侧重叠影宽度<5.5 mm时,有下胫腓联合分离的可能。距骨中心中轴距>2 mm提示踝关节前后脱位。Pilon骨折在恢复骨折解剖复位的同时要注意这两个指标,对于恢复踝关节的侧方稳定、前后方向稳定有重要意义,能指导踝关节骨折治疗和康复。     

负重 X 线侧位片在踝关节骨折畸形愈合复位评估中的价值

 目的 探讨踝关节负重 X 线侧位片在踝关节骨折畸形愈合复位评估中的意义。方法 回顾性分析 2010 年3 月至 2012 年 10 月踝关节骨折畸形愈合接受重建手术治疗的 17 例患者资料,男 9 例,女 8 例;年龄 17～64 岁,平均 40.2岁。Takakura 踝关节炎退变分级:1 级 7 例,2 级 4 例,3 级 6 例。接受单纯切开复位内固定术 5 例,踝上胫骨截骨术 5 例,踝上腓骨截骨延长术 2 例,踝上胫腓骨截骨术 5 例。比较患者手术前、后负重 X 线正位片胫腓间隙,踝穴位 X 线片内踝间隙、胫腓间隙和胫腓重叠距离,X 线侧位片胫骨侧面角、胫骨轴线与距骨顶关节面中心的位移差（x 值）和胫距关节面圆心位移差（d 值）。应用美国足踝外科协会（American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society,AOFAS）踝与后足评分对患者手术前、后踝关节功能进行评估。结果 17 例患者均获 9～32 个月随访,骨折均愈合,愈合时间 11～14 周;未见踝关节退变等级加重。手术前、后负重 X 线正位片上胫腓间隙、踝穴位 X 线片上内踝间隙、胫腓间隙和胫腓重叠距离比较无差异;胫骨侧面角[术前（76.9°±4.1°）与术后（80.9°±5.2°）]、x 值[术前（10.8±2.1）mm 与术后（2.0±0.5）mm]、d 值[术前（4.5±1.5）mm 与术后（2.2±1.0）mm]比较均有差异。术前 AOFAS 踝与后足评分为（45.7±15.9）分,末次随访时为（82.0±9.9）分。结论 负重 X 线侧位片可以辅助判断踝关节复位情况,即使负重正位及踝穴位 X 线片示测量数据均在正常范围内,X 线侧位片示相关指标仍可出现明显畸形;X 线侧位片示踝关节解剖复位的标准是胫骨轴线通过距骨顶关节面中心、胫距关节面平行。     

外踝骨折后三角韧带完整性对踝关节稳定性影响的CT三维重建研究

目的 通过CT三维重建分析外踝骨折后三角韧带完整性对踝关节稳定性的影响.方法 选用18具成年人下肢标本,男11具,女7具;年龄55～79岁,平均68.2岁;均排除下肢外伤病史.将18具标本平均分为两组,每组9具.1组只切断下胫腓前韧带,即三角韧带完整组;2组同时切断下胫腓前韧带和内踝三角韧带,即三角韧带损伤组.每具标本于外踝尖近端3 cm处横行截断腓骨,通过标记的克氏针分别建立远端腓骨外旋5°、10°、15°、30°的畸形模型,并行钢板螺钉固定.每次建模后均行薄层CT扫描.将所有CT数据导入Mimics 10.01软件,通过自动密度识别及后期人工处理描绘下胫腓联合、踝穴及踝穴内距骨轮廓,运用软件建立下胫腓联合、踝穴、踝穴内距骨三维模型,并自动计算各模型体积.通过踝穴及踝穴内距骨体积相减,得到踝关节间隙体积.比较组间及组内不同旋转度数时各模型体积的变化,从而反映各病理模型对踝关节稳定性的影响.结果 随着旋转畸形度数增加,下胫腓联合及踝穴体积增大,而踝穴内距骨体积随之减小.在三角韧带完整组中不同旋转角度所致畸形模型比较,10°旋转畸形时下胫腓联合体积及踝关节间隙较正常开始出现显著性增大.在三角韧带损伤组中不同旋转角度所致畸形模型比较,5°旋转畸形即开始出现踝关节间隙及下胫腓体积较正常时显著性增大.结论 三角韧带完整性可影响外旋畸形时踩关节间隙的变化.当三角韧带完整时,10°外踝旋转畸形即可导致下胫腓联合及踝关节间隙显著性增大;而当合并三角韧带损伤时,5°旋转畸形即可出现踝关节间隙显著性增大,下胫腓联合显著性分离,踝关节不稳定.     

The effects of rotation on radiographic evaluation of the tibiofibular syndesmosis

Radiographs of 12 normal cadaveric lower extremities were prepared with each extremity in seven increments of axial rotation, ranging from 5 degrees of external rotation to 25 degrees of internal rotation. The tibiofibular clear space, the tibiofibular overlap, the width of the tibia and fibula, and the medial clear space were measured on each film. The width of the tibiofibular clear space (syndesmosis A) averaged 3.9+/-0.9 mm (range, 2 to 5.5 mm), but did not change significantly with rotation. Its size was independent of the size of tibia and fibula. All other measurements changed dramatically with rotation. In our specimens, a true mortise view of the ankle joint was obtained by internally rotating the extremity an average of 13.6+/-0.7 degrees (range, 12.0 degrees to 17.0 degrees). Based on our results the width of the tibiofibular clear space on the anterior-posterior view is the most reliable parameter for detecting widening of the syndesmosis on plain radiographs. However, due to its variability among different individuals, comparison views of the contralateral extremity are warranted for confirmation of clinical suspicion of syndesmosis disruption.     

Ankle syndesmotic injury

Ankle syndesmotic injury does not necessarily lead to ankle instability; however, the coexistence of deltoid ligament injury critically destabilizes the ankle joint. Syndesmotic injury may occur in isolation or may be associated with ankle fracture. In the absence of fracture, physical examination findings suggestive of injury include ankle tenderness over the anterior aspect of the syndesmosis and a positive squeeze or external rotation test. Radiographic findings usually include increased tibiofibular clear space decreased tibiofibular overlap, and increased medial clear space. However, syndesmotic injury may not be apparent radiographically; thus, routine stress testing is necessary for detecting syndesmotic instability. The goals of management are to restore and maintain the normal tibiofibular relationship to allow for healing of the ligamentous structures of the syndesmosis. Fixation of the syndesmosis is indicated when evidence of a diastasis is present. This may be detected preoperatively, in the absence of fracture, or intraoperatively, after rigid fixation of the medial malleolus and fibula fractures. Failure to diagnose and stabilize syndesmotic disruption adversely affects outcome.     

Syndesmosis Fixation in Unstable Ankle Fractures Using a Partially Threaded 5.0-mm Cannulated Screw

The present study evaluated the radiographic outcomes of syndesmosis injuries treated with a partially threaded 5.0-mm cannulated screw. The present study included 58 consecutive patients with syndesmosis injuries concurrent with ankle fractures who had undergone operative fixation with a partially threaded 5.0-mm cannulated screw to repair the syndesmosis injury. Radiographic indexes, including the medial clear space, tibiofibular overlap, tibiofibular clear space, and fibular position on the lateral radiograph, were measured on the preoperative, immediate postoperative, and final follow-up radiographs. The measurements were compared between the injured and intact ankles. All preoperative radiographic indexes, including the medial clear space (p?<?.001), tibiofibular overlap (p?<?.001), tibiofibular clear space (p?<?.001), and fibular position on the lateral radiograph (p?=?.026), were significantly different between the injured and intact ankles. The medial clear space of the injured ankle was significantly wider than that of the intact ankle preoperatively (p?<?.001) and had become significantly narrower immediately postoperatively (p?<?.001). Finally, the medial clear space was not significantly different between the injured and intact ankles at the final follow-up examination (p?=?.522). No screw breakage or repeat fractures were observed. A 5.0-mm partially threaded cannulated screw effectively restored and maintained the normal relationship between the tibia and fibula within the ankle mortise with a low risk of complications. This appears to be an effective alternative technique to treat syndesmosis injuries concurrent with ankle fractures.     

Does fracture obliquity in Weber B fibula fractures correlate with mortise instability?

BackgroundThe diagnosis of instability in the apparent, isolated distal fibula fracture can be challenging and often necessitates stress radiography. Danis & Weber classified lateral malleolar fractures based on the level of the fracture in relation to the syndesmosis. While Weber B fractures occur at the level of the syndesmosis, some such injuries present with a long, oblique pattern extending well above the syndesmosis. Given the well-established literature demonstrating that fractures above the syndesmosis correlate with a higher level of concomitant syndesmotic and deltoid ligament injury, we hypothesize that increased fracture obliquity, length and height of Weber B fibula fractures similarly correlates with increased mortise instability.MethodsAll patients with isolated Weber B fibula fractures who underwent gravity stress radiography met inclusion criteria. Fracture height was measured on mortise radiographs as: (1) the distance from the distal tip of the fibula to fracture apex, (2) the distance to the fracture apex as measured on a line drawn perpendicular to a line parallel to the plafond, (3) an angle subtended by a line drawn parallel to the plafond and a line drawn to the fracture apex and (4) a ratio of the absolute length as compared to fibular width.Results51 patients were included in the study. The group of 39 patients with stable ankles had a mean medial clear space of 3.12 ± 0.65 mm (range, 1.5 mm to 4.0 mm). The group of 12 patients with unstable ankles had a mean medial clear space of 6.29 ± 3.11 mm (range, 4.1 mm to 14.0 mm). These groups showed no significant difference in fracture angle (p = 0.93), fracture height from plafond (p = 0.49), fracture height from tip of fibula (p = 0.42), and as a ratio of absolute length to fibular width (p = 0.85).ConclusionIncreased fracture obliquity, length and height of Weber B fibula fractures did not correlate with a higher incidence of mortise instability. Despite the lack of positive correlation, future studies should continue to investigate and identify radiographic parameters of distal fibula fractures that are most predictive of instability.     

Radiographic evaluation of the normal ankle joint in children and adolescent

Background

The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability of numerous radiographic measurements of the skeletally immature ankle joint, timing of ossification of medial malleolus and appearance of tibial incisura and differences in the values of radiographic measurements based on age and sex.

The Clinical Efficacy of Suture-Button Fixation and Trans-Syndesmotic Screw Fixation in the Treatment of Ankle Fracture Combined With Distal Tibiofibular Syndesmosis Injury: A Retrospective Study

Twenty percent of ankle fractures present with concomitant syndesmosis injury which results in poor clinical outcomes. Surgical stabilization of the syndesmosis can be achieved with either trans-syndesmotic screws or a suture button device. The aim of this study is to investigate the clinical efficacy of suture button fixation and trans-syndesmotic screw fixation in the treatment of ankle fracture combined with distal tibiofibular syndesmosis injury. A retrospective analysis was conducted by enrolling 76 patients with ankle fractures combined with distal tibiofibular syndesmosis injury who were admitted in our trauma center from January 2018 to January 2019, including 34 cases of suture button group and 42 cases of the syndesmotic screw group with a mean follow-up period of 16 ± 7 (range 12-21) months. The demographic data included gender, age, injury mechanism, AO classification and the operation duration were recorded, the radiographic and clinical outcomes were determined by tibiofibular clear space, tibiofibular overlap distance, complications, and the Olerud-Molander Ankle Score at the last follow-up. All the indexes were compared between the 2 groups to discover the related statistical differences. With the numbers available, no significant difference could be detected in the surgical duration, tibiofibular clear space, tibiofibular overlap distance, total complication rate, and middle-term Olerud-Molander Ankle scores between the 2 groups. However, the suture button fixation group showed higher early stage Olerud-Molander Ankle scores (p = .027) and shorter full weightbearing time (p = .018) than that of syndesmotic screw fixation group. Considering the outcomes, we conclude that the suture button fixation not only shows equivalent efficacy to the traditional syndesmotic screw, but also has advantages of allowing early weightbearing, low requirements for routine removal.     

螺钉固定与Tight-rope固定治疗下胫腓前联合损伤的初步有限元分析

目的 :建立下胫腓前联合损伤(anterior inferior tibiofibular syndesmosis injuries,AITSI)螺钉固定及Tightrope固定(TR)模型,比较其受力及位移情况,为临床诊治提供依据。方法 :选取1例正常人的踝关节CT图像建立3D模型。然后建立AITSI损伤模型,对损伤模型置入螺钉得到螺钉固定模型,使用Tight-rope固定得到TR模型。分析各模型单脚站立时的中立位、踝关节内旋以及外旋3种受力情况,观察胫腓骨及距骨关节面应力变化,以及胫腓骨远端位移情况。结果:AITSI导致胫腓骨及距骨关节面受力增加,胫腓骨位移增加。使用螺钉固定及TR均能有效减少AITSI导致的胫腓骨远端过度位移,但在螺钉固定模型中,胫腓骨位移明显小于正常模型,且胫腓骨远端及距骨关节面受力增大,螺钉受力集中。螺钉固定模型中的胫骨及腓骨最大受力为TR模型的1.3倍以上,距骨关节面接触力为1.8倍,螺钉固定模型中下胫腓前韧带胫骨附着点位移约为正常模型的0.6倍,而TR模型中该数据约为正常模型的1.1倍,但TR对于腓骨位移控制欠佳。结论:严重的下胫腓前联合损伤将改变踝关节受力及位移情况,应该行内固定治疗。下胫腓联合螺钉及TR都能有效地治疗下胫腓前联合分离,Tight-rope固定相较于螺钉固定在骨骼受力、踝关节微动及内固定物断裂方面具有优势,但存在腓骨旋转控制欠佳的劣势。伴有Weber C型踝关节骨折以及肥胖的患者更适合螺钉固定。