T细胞定向迁移诱导实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎小鼠胸腺萎缩

目的 初步探讨实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)小鼠胸腺萎缩的机制.方法 髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白(MOG)免疫C57BL/6小鼠诱导EAE,卵清白蛋白(OVA)免疫的小鼠作为对照;不同时间点计数胸腺、脾脏、淋巴结细胞总数,检测脾脏中胸腺来源细胞及中枢神经系统(CNS)浸润细胞.结果 MOG肽成功诱导EAE动物模型,小鼠出现典型的肢体运动功能障碍,脊髓可见大量炎性细胞浸润;MOG和OVA免疫均诱导胸腺细胞增加,第5天达到高峰,随后逐渐下降;EAE发病后胸腺细胞迅速减少,发病高峰期几乎完全消失,胸腺严重萎缩;MOG和OVA免疫后脾脏和淋巴结细胞总数持续升高,新近胸腺来源的T细胞增加尤其明显;EAE发病后脾脏T细胞总数减少,CNS浸润淋巴细胞总数增加.结论 大量T细胞在胸腺发育成熟并释放到外周,进而定向迁移至CNS诱导EAE是胸腺萎缩的主要原因.     

可溶性髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白(MOG)诱导实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)小鼠免疫耐受的机制

目的探讨可溶性髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白(MOG)诱导实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)小鼠免疫耐受的机制。方法将EAE小鼠随机分为MOG肽治疗组、卵清蛋白(OVA)处理组和对照组,分别于EAE诱导的第6～16天腹腔注射MOG肽、OVA肽和同等剂量的PBS,通过比较各组小鼠临床评分,脾脏(SP)大小,脾脏和中枢神经系统(CNS)的脑和脊髓浸润淋巴细胞数,流式细胞术分析T细胞表型及其功能,探讨T细胞迁移在可溶性MOG肽诱导的EAE免疫耐受中的作用;流式细胞术分析脾脏、CNS浸润CD11b+抗原提呈细胞(APC)的成熟,免疫荧光技术分析成熟APC与效应性CD4+T细胞的相互作用,研究成熟APC在T细胞迁移中的作用。结果腹腔注射可溶性MOG肽可抑制脾脏内的效应性T细胞向CNS迁移,并诱导脾脏APC成熟,抑制CNS浸润APC成熟;MOG肽诱导的成熟APC可与MOG反应性CD4+T细胞相互作用并聚集在一起,进而抑制效应性T细胞的迁移。结论可溶性MOG肽通过诱导脾脏APC成熟,成熟APC与MOG-T细胞相互作用,抑制脾脏MOG-T细胞向CNS迁移,诱导EAE免疫耐受。     

MOG诱导的实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎小鼠中枢及外周神经系统CD4~+ T及CD8~+ T调节性细胞变化

目的:观察实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎小鼠中枢及外周CD4+ CD25+调节性T细胞(CD4+ CD25+ Treg),CD8+ CD28-调节性T细胞(CD8+ CD28- Treg)表达的变化情况,并探讨相关的细胞免疫学机制。方法:雌性C57BL/6小鼠随机分为未使用髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白35-55(MEVGWYR-SPFSRVVHLYRNGK)(MOG35-55)免疫的对照组和使用MOG35-55免疫诱导的EAE小鼠模型组,采用临床症状评分记录小鼠行为学变化、HE染色观察CNS炎症细胞浸润及病理改变,使用流式细胞术(FCM)检测小鼠中枢及外周CD8+ CD28- Treg,CD4+ CD25+ Treg细胞表达水平。结果:MOG35-55诱导的EAE模型组动物出现典型的EAE临床行为学及病理学表现,FCM检测EAE模型组小鼠脾细胞CD4+ CD25+ Treg较对照组升高但无统计学差异,CD8+ CD28- Treg表达水平明显低于对照组(P0.01),EAE模型组中枢有CD4+ CD25+ Treg,CD8+CD28-Treg淋巴细胞的浸润,且CD4+ CD25+ Treg,CD8+ CD28- Treg在中枢的表达均高于外周,对照组中枢神经系统未检测到淋巴细胞浸润。结论:CD4+ CD25+ Treg,CD8+ CD28- Treg均参与调控EAE的病理过程,CD4+ CD25+ Treg,CD8+ CD28- Treg在EAE小鼠中枢及外周分布及变化的不同,提示其进入中枢神经系统(CNS)并参与调节中枢局部炎症。     

实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎小鼠发病高峰期外周及中枢淋巴细胞亚群的变化

目的:观察髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白MOG35-55诱导的实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎小鼠发病高峰期中枢及外周淋巴细胞亚群的变化,探讨EAE发病高峰期细胞与体液免疫学的变化。方法:用MOG35-55免疫诱导雌性C57BL/6小鼠制作EAE模型,记录小鼠行为学变化,HE染色观察CNS炎症组织病理变化,使用流式细胞仪检测小鼠中枢及外周脾脏淋巴细胞中CD3+CD4+、CD3+CD8+、CD4+CD25+、B220+细胞亚群变化情况。结果:EAE组小鼠中枢神经系统有CD3+CD4+、CD3+CD8+、CD4+CD25+、B220+淋巴细胞的浸润,CFA阴性对照组中枢神经系统未检测到淋巴细胞浸润。EAE组小鼠外周脾细胞中CD3+CD4+、CD3+CD8+细胞较CFA阴性对照组减少(P0.05),B220+细胞较CFA阴性对照组明显升高(P0.01),CD4+CD25+细胞较CFA阴性对照组升高但无统计学差异。结论:小鼠在EAE发病高峰期,外周脾细胞中CD3+CD4+、CD3+CD8+阳性细胞明显减少,B220+明显升高,CD4+CD25+也开始有升高趋势,表明EAE发病高峰期细胞免疫及体液免疫共同调控了EAE的病理过程,T淋巴细胞与B淋巴细胞都起了很重要的主导作用。     

雷公藤内酯醇治疗实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎的免疫调节机制研究

目的:探讨雷公藤内酯醇治疗实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)的免疫调节机制。方法:用MOG35-55肽段免疫C57/BL6小鼠,建立EAE动物模型。免疫后将小鼠随机分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组在开始发病后每天给予雷公藤内酯醇(100μg/kg)治疗,对照组于同一天开始每天给予相同体积生理盐水,每天观察小鼠临床症状。疾病高峰期处死小鼠,HE染色检测脊髓炎性细胞浸润;ELISA检测血清中细胞因子含量,3H掺入法检测淋巴细胞增殖;FACS检测中枢神经系统中Th1/Th17和Treg细胞数量。结果:雷公藤内酯醇治疗能够缓解EAE发病,减轻中枢神经系统炎性细胞浸润;抑制EAE小鼠MOG特异性T细胞增殖;减少血清中炎症细胞因子含量;减少病灶处CD4+T细胞IFNγ-和IL-17的分泌;上调CD4+T细胞Foxp3的表达。结论:雷公藤内酯醇通过减少致病细胞Th1和Th17的浸润,增加Treg细胞的数量来治疗EAE。     

MOG诱导小鼠EAE模型的建立及相关免疫指标的变化

目的用髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白35-55(MOG)多肽免疫C57BL/6小鼠建立实验性自身免疫35-55性脑脊髓炎(EAE)模型,探讨EAE模型发病期与相关免疫指标的关系。方法用MOG抗原免疫C57BL/6雌35-553性小鼠,观察其临床症状和中枢神经系统的病理改变;应用H方法测定EAE小鼠脾脏T淋巴细胞活化增殖程度;++应用流式细胞术检测中枢及外周脾脏淋巴细胞中CD4 CD25调节性T细胞;荧光定量RT-PCR检测IL-17A、Foxp3、IFNγ的表达水平。结果成功建立EAE模型。与对照组相比,EAE组中可见小鼠中枢神经系统有淋巴细+++胞浸润,脾脏T淋巴细胞增殖随MOG多肽浓度增加而增强,CD4 CD25调节性T细胞占CD4 T细胞的比例明显降35-55低(P0.01),IL-17和IFNγm RNA表达量显著升高(P0.05),Foxp3 m RNA表达量显著降低(P0.05)。结论 MOG多肽成功诱导了C57BL/6小鼠EAE模型,Th17与Treg细胞共同参与调控EAE的病理过程。35-55     

Th17细胞和调节性T细胞失衡参与实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎的发病

目的探讨Th17细胞和调节性T细胞(Treg)失衡在实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)发病过程中的作用。方法建立EAE小鼠模型,在EAE发病的不同时期运用流式细胞术检测小鼠脾脏Treg比例变化,用实时定量PCR(qRT-PCR)分别检测小鼠脾淋巴细胞Foxp3、视黄酸相关的孤儿受体γt(RoR-γt)以及脑组织IL-17 mRNA表达,ELISA检测小鼠外周血IL-6、转化生长因子β(TGF-β)及IL-17A含量变化。结果与佐剂对照组比较,CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg比例和Foxp3 mRNA的表达,在EAE发病初期及高峰期明显下降,而在慢性期明显升高(P0.05);RoR-γt mRNA表达量在发病初期与佐剂对照组比较显著增加(P0.05),而高峰期及慢性期与佐剂对照组比较则无显著差异(P0.05)。EAE组小鼠外周血中TGF-β、IL-6浓度在发病初期和高峰期明显升高(P0.05);随病情发展,IL-6浓度逐渐降低,在发病慢性期与佐剂对照组比较无明显差异(P0.05),而TGF-β浓度在发病慢性期仍较高,与佐剂对照组比较明显升高(P0.05)。EAE组小鼠外周血中IL-17A含量在EAE不同时期均有明显升高,且高峰期升高最明显(P0.05)。结论 Th17细胞/Treg失衡参与了EAE发病过程。     

实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎中B7-H1分子在脾脏和中枢神经系统淋巴细胞上的表达变化

[目的]观察实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)发病高峰期淋巴细胞表面B7-H1分子的表达变化,探讨B7-H1在EAE发病和病情进展中的作用.[方法]以MOG35-55诱导雌性C58BL/6小鼠制备EAE动物模型,并对其行为学变化进行记录与评分.分别于发病前和发病高峰期处死小鼠,分离脾脏与中枢神经系统中的淋巴细胞,用流式细胞术分析淋巴细胞表面B7-H1分子的表达差异.[结果]与发病前相比,EAE发病高峰期脾脏分离的淋巴细胞中B7-H1阳性细胞率由(35.1±2.46)％下降至(18.9±2.06)％(P＜0.01),其中CD4+T细胞中B7-H1阳性细胞由发病前的(6.4±1.25)％下降至发病后的(2.3±1.04)％(P＜0.05).中枢神经系统浸润的淋巴细胞中有8.7％为B7-H1阳性细胞.[结论]在EAE发病过程中,B7-H1分子在外周淋巴细胞的阳性细胞数下降,而中枢神经系统浸润的淋巴细胞中有一定比例的B7-H1阳性细胞,提示B7-H1可能在EAE发病过程中发挥重要作用.     

外源性髓鞘抗原的清除在实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎中的作用

目的探讨外源性髓鞘抗原的清除对其诱导实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, EAE)的作用。方法用髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白35～55肽(myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55, MOG35-55)或FITC标记的MOG35-55免疫C57BL/6J小鼠诱导EAE, 通过分析过继转移的CFSE标记的mT/mG-2D2 CD4+T细胞在脾脏内的增殖情况评估免疫系统内外源性髓鞘抗原的含量;免疫组织化学法和流式细胞术分析接种部位外源性髓鞘抗原的释放;组织切片HE染色探讨外源性髓鞘抗原快速清除的原因;通过对比分析背部和足垫免疫诱导的EAE, 以及可溶性MOG35-55的治疗效果验证外源性髓鞘抗原的清除在EAE中的作用。结果免疫第2天小鼠脾脏内mT/mG-2D2 CD4+T细胞增殖占比显著高于免疫第7天[(52.6±6.8)%vs(18.5±4.9)%,P<0.01];在发病小鼠(第13天)脾脏内mT/mG-2D2 CD4+T细胞增殖与在初始小鼠脾脏内的增殖差异无统计学意义[(4...     

Irgm1基因敲除对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎小鼠CD4~+ T细胞亚群的影响

目的:探讨免疫相关GTP酶1(Irgm1)基因敲除对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis,EAE)小鼠CD4+T细胞的影响。方法:C57BL/6纯系小鼠与Irgm1基因敲除杂合小鼠(Irgm1+/-)回交十代繁殖C57BL/6背景下Irgm1+/-小鼠,用C57BL/6 Irgm1+/-小鼠杂交获取Irgm1-/-、Irgm1+/-、Irgm1+/+三种基因型小鼠,PCR扩增DNA检测基因型。用髓鞘少突胶质糖蛋白(Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein,MOG33-55)多肽与弗氏完全佐剂等量混合制成乳剂,免疫C57BL/6野生型(Wt.)和Irgm1基因敲除(Irgm1-/-)小鼠,建立EAE模型,并进行临床评分。MTT法测定MOG33-55免疫后7 d的EAE小鼠淋巴结细胞中MOG33-55特异性T细胞增殖分化水平。取MOG33-55免疫后14 d EAE小鼠脊髓切片,HE染色检测炎细胞浸润情况。取MOG33-55免疫后16 d的EAE-小鼠淋巴结、脊髓和脑组织,提取单个核细胞,用MOG33-55(20μg/ml)体外刺激培养7 d,收集细胞,用流式细胞仪分析EAE小鼠淋巴结、中枢神经系统浸润细胞中Th1、Th17的改变。结果:成功诱导了EAE小鼠模型;HE染色结果显示Wt.小鼠脊髓周围出现明显炎细胞浸润,而Irgm1-/-小鼠则无明显变化;MTT实验表明Irgm1-/-小鼠与Wt.小鼠相比,淋巴结中T细胞对MOG33-55特异性增殖能力降低;流式细胞分析表明相对于Wt.小鼠,Irgm1-/-小鼠EAE模型在淋巴结及中枢神经系统浸润细胞中Th1细胞亚群比例明显增高而Th17细胞亚群比例下降。结论:Irgm1基因敲除可部分保护EAE小鼠的脊髓功能及临床症状。在EAE发病早期,Irgm1可能起到了关键性的作用,因此Irgm1有可能成为EAE治疗的重要分子靶点。     

Photoperiodicity and the function of the hypophysis and the adrenal cortex

Summary The ACTH content of the hypophysis of rats rises from a minimum in the morning to a maximum in the evening hours. These fluctuations are associated with the diurnal rhythm of light and darkness, and are abolished under conditions of continual light or darkness for 30 days. Rhythmic fluctuations of the ascorbic acid content of the adrenals are also found, with maximum values in the evening, and these are likewise abolished by maintenance under conditions of constant illumination.Presented by Active Member AMN SSSR V. V. Parin     

Characteristics of the topographic interrelation of the head of the pancreas and the duodenum and pathology of the organs of the pancreatoduodenal area

Seventy pancreatoduodenal complexes of 55 patients with chronic pancreatitis and tumours of this zone and 15 patients died from other diseases are studies histotopographically . The pieces of the pancreatic head tissue in the medial wall of the duodenum were found in 12 cases of the first group and in 4 control cases. The pancreatic tissue consisted either of all elements of this organ or cystically dilated ducts and seemed to infiltrate different layers of the duodenum wall. Three variants of the pancreatic head structure are suggested on the basis of anatomo-topographical interrelationships of the pancreatic head and duodenum. In 12 out of 14 cases chronic pancreatitis and carcinoma of organs of this zone were combined with the variants of the pancreatic head structure, in 2 cases there was a true heterotopy . Pathogenetic significance of these variants for the development of chronic pancreatitis is discussed.     

Organization and distribution of the upper and lower esophageal motoneurons in the medulla and the spinal cord of the rat

The upper cervical esophagus is exerted on swallowing and peristalsis by somatic and visceral motoneurons, whereas the lower esophagus is exerted on only peristalsis by visceral motoneurons. We examined the origin of the esophageal motoneurons and whether there were any differences between the distributions of the upper and the lower esophageal motoneurons in the medulla and the spinal cord using cholera toxin subunit b (CTb) as the retrograde tracer. Following injection of CTb into the cervical esophagus resulted in heavy labeling of the neurons in the nucleus ambiguus including the compact (AmC), semicompact (AmS) and loose (AmL) formations, and the medial column of lamina IX at the C1-C5 levels of the cervical spinal cord corresponding to the spinal accessory nucleus. A few labeled neurons were found in the inferior salivatory nucleus, the rostral division of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMX), the accessory facial nucleus and the lateral column of lamina IX at the C2 and C3 levels. All these labeled neurons showed ChAT immunoreactivity. When CTb was injected into the cut end of the unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve, many labeled neurons were found in the ipsilateral AmC, the AmL, and the bilateral medial column at the C1 and C2 levels. Following injection of CTb into the subdiaphragmatic esophagus resulted in heavy labeling of the neurons only in the AmC and the DMX. When CTb was injected into the sternomastoid muscle, many labeled neurons were found in the medullary reticular formation, the facial nucleus, the medial column at the C1-C3, C5 and C6 levels, and the lateral column at the C2, C3, C5 and C6 levels. Injections of a Fluoro-Gold into the cervical esophagus and a CTb into the sternomastoid muscle or the subdiaphragmatic esophagus in the same animal showed many double labeled neurons in the medial column of the accessory nucleus at the C1 and C2 levels, but no double labeled neurons in the AmC. These results indicated that the upper cervical esophagus is innervated by the visceral medullary vagal motoneurons as well as the somatic spinal accessory motoneurons. The lower esophagus is innervated only by the visceral medullary vagal motoneurons.     

指背腱膜滑动与近侧指间关节屈曲关系及临床意义

目的:探讨指背腱膜滑动距离与近侧指间关节(PIP)屈曲关系,为临床修复提供解剖学基础。方法:男性成人新鲜尸体标本10侧30指(示、中、环指各10指),切除手指皮肤,不破坏腱鞘、屈肌支持带、伸肌支持带、内在肌及外在肌,使肌腱保持正常的生理状态,分别测量各指中央束(CS)、侧束(LB)在PIP屈曲45°和90°时的滑动距离。结果:当PIP屈曲45°时,CS滑动距离为(2.7±0.4)mm,LB滑动距离为(2.8±0.6)mm;当PIP屈曲90°时,CS滑动距离为(4.3±0.7)mm,LB滑动距离为(4.8±0.6)mm。结论:指背腱膜滑动距离减少,严重影响手指的屈曲功能。对于指背腱膜的新鲜性损伤应予以精确修复;对于陈旧性损伤的修复应确保指背腱膜的正常滑动范围。