脑复康对精神分裂症阴性症状的疗效观察

目的：探讨抗精神病药加用脑复康治疗精神分裂症阴性症状的临床疗效。方法：对存在明显精神分裂症阴性症状的30例患，在常规抗精神病药物治疗的基础上，加用脑复康，并以单用常规抗精神病药物30例作为对照，进行12周观察，以SANS进行评定。结果：阴性症状严重的病人，抗精神病药物加脑复康治疗，治疗有效的机率增加。结论：脑复康治疗能提高精神分裂症疗效，且不增加药物反应。     

氟西汀合并抗精神病药物治疗精神分裂症阴性症状的研究

目的 探讨抗精神病药加用氟西洒治疗精神分裂症阴性症状的临床疗效。方法 对原用抗精神病药治疗的以阴性症状为主的４６例慢性精神分裂症病人,加用氟西汀,用ＳＡＮＳ,ＳＡＰＳ和ＴＥＳＳ评定加药前后精神症状和不良反应,用配对ｔ检验进行自身对照分析。结果 加氟西汀后,ＳＡＮＳ和ＳＡＰＳ总分明显下降（Ｐ〈０．０５）,阴性症状严重者（ＳＡＮＳ总分≥６０分）减分明显。结论 阴性症状严重的慢性精神分裂症病人,抗精神病药物加氟西汀治疗,有效机率增加。     

听宫穴埋线法合并抗精神病药治疗幻听的疗效分析

听宫穴埋线法合并抗精神病药治疗幻听的疗效分析王坚叶银珍我院采用听宫穴位埋线合并抗精神病药治疗幻听１０８例，取得了较好效果，现报道如下。１．一般资料：入组对象均为本院住院病人，临床诊断均符合中国精神疾病分类方案与诊断标准第２版修订本中的精神分裂症诊断标...     

氦氖激光穴位照射治疗具有幻听症状的精神分裂症对照研究

目的：探讨氦氖激光穴位照射治疗具有幻听症状的精神分裂症的疗效。方法将120例具有幻听症状的精神分裂症随机分成二组,一组用氯丙嗪,另一组用氯丙嗪联合氦氖激光,对幻听消失情况及治疗前后BPRS评分进行比较。结果氯丙嗪联合氦氖激光治疗组较氯丙嗪组,幻听消失快,显效率高。结论氦氖激光对具有幻听症状的精神分裂症是一种有效的辅助治疗。     

穴位注射奋乃静治疗顽固性幻听的临床观察

对伴有顽固性幻听的３４例精神分裂症患者采用奋乃静穴位注射辅助治疗，用３０例采用常规治疗的同样患者做为对照，进行半年的疗效观察。结果发现穴位注射组的疗效与常规组有显著的统计学差异。说明奋乃静穴位注射对顽固性幻听有明显治疗效果。     

扣带回毁损术治疗精神分裂症幻听症状8例疗效观察

自1987年以来,我院用脑立体定向术给67例精神病患者作了精神外科治疗,取得一定疗效,现将其中8例伴顽固性幻听的精神分裂症患者治疗情况和疗效总结如下。 一般资料 本组患者均有明显的听幻觉,且用过3类(酚塞嗪类、氯氮平类、丁酰苯类或其它类)、4种有效剂量和时间(>6周)的抗精神病药物治疗幻听仍不消失,也无明显减轻,其中例1、2有命令性幻听,例3、5、6、7有评议性幻听(例6还伴有假性幻听),例4、8有一般内容的言语性幻听。患者的一般情况见附表。从附表可见8例中男5例、女3例。年龄18～35岁,平均年龄26.0±5.7岁;病期4～     

认知行为治疗对精神分裂症顽固性幻听的疗效研究

目的 探讨认知行为治疗对精神分裂症顽固性幻听的疗效.方法 60例伴有顽固性幻听的精神分裂症患者随机分为对照组和研究组,各30例.对照组接受常规治疗,研究组在常规治疗基础上联合认知行为治疗,即在8周的时间内给予8次认知行为治疗.采用阳性与阴性症状量表(PAN-SS)、精神病症状评定量表(PSYRATS)和焦虑自评量表(SAS)分别于治疗前、治疗结束时及随访24周评定患者的临床症状.结果 8周治疗结束时,在PANSS的一般精神病理和SAS评分上,研究组显著低于对照组(P＜0.05);随访24周时,在PANSS的幻听、阳性症状、阴性症状、一般精神病理、PSYR-ATS和SAS评分上,研究组显著低于对照组(P＜0.05).对于幻听,研究组有效率显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 认知行为治疗可能有助于改善精神分裂症的幻听症状,但需要进一步研究.     

丙戊酸钠对精神分裂症伴攻击行为的辅助疗效观察

目的探讨丙戊酸钠对精神分裂症伴攻击行为患者治疗的辅助疗效。方法对60例符合条件的精神分裂症患者随机分成两组，一组应用利培酮加丙戊酸钠（研究组），另一组单用利培酮（对照组），进行8周治疗观察，采用简明精神病评定量表（BPRS）进行评定。结果加用丙戊酸钠者的疗效显著较好。结论对精神分裂症伴攻击行为的患者以丙戊酸钠合并抗精神病药物治疗可以增加疗效。     

防风通圣散治疗精神分裂症104例临床研究

目的：探讨古方－防风通圣散对精神分裂症的临床疗效,副反应及其作用机理,方法：采用多中心开放随机对照研究,对104例精神分裂症患者用常规抗精神病药加服防风通圣散煎剂结合治疗,与126例单用常规抗精神药治疗的精神分裂症患者对照。以简明精神病评定量表（BPRS）和阳性症状评定量表（SAPS）,阴性症状评定量表（SANS）,临床疗铲总评量表（CGI）和副反应量表（TESS）,锥体外系副反应量表（RSESE）^[1]综合评定。结果：治疗后防风通圣散组（治疗组）患者的CGI－SI与CGI－GI分值和BPRS,SAPS,SANS量表的总分及因子分均低于单用常规抗精神病药治疗组（对照组）患者,差异均有显著性（P＜0．01）,TES总分与RSESE总分在整个治疗过程中均低于对照组,差异有显著性（P＜0．01）,结论：治疗组对精神分裂症的疗效较好;对阳性,阴性症状的改善明显优于对照组,副反应显著较少,安全度较好,调畅各脏腑机能与气机的运动形式,内通外达是其作用的机理。     

氟西汀合并抗精神病药物治疗具有强迫症状的精神分裂症的疗效分析

目的 探讨抗精神病药物合并氟丁汀治疗具有强迫症状的精神分裂症的临床疗效。方法 对原用抗精神病药物治疗的以强迫症状为主的36例精神分裂症患者随机分成两组,一组加用氟西汀(研究组),另一组仍用原抗精神病药物(对照组)治疗8周,用PANSS、Y-BOCS、TESS评定两组精神症状变化和副反应,用t检验对照分析。结果 研究组的PANSS、Y-BOCS总分比对照组明显下降,且有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论 强迫症状明显的精神分裂症患者,采用抗精神病药物合并氟西汀治疗,可提高疗效。     

低频重复经颅磁刺激治疗精神分裂症慢性幻听的疗效及随访研究

目的研究低频重复经颅磁刺激（rTMS）对精神分裂症难治性慢性幻听症状的疗效。方法将46例精神分裂症伴慢性幻听患者随机分为研究组（23例）和对照组（23例）。研究组在原有抗精神病药物种类及剂量不变的同时给予经左侧颞顶叶的2周共10次低频（1Hz）rTMS刺激,对照组采用假rTMS刺激。治疗前后对两组分别进行AHRS听幻觉量表及临床疗效总评量表（CGI）评定幻听症状的变化,并对治疗有效者于3个月后随访。结果研究组治疗前、后AHRS评分分别为（8．1±2．5）和（3．5±1．5）;对照组为（7．8±2．6）和（6．5±2．1）,研究组疗效明显优于对照组（F=20．3,P〈0．05）。所有患者均完成试验,未见有严重的副反应出现。结论低频rTMS治疗精神分裂症难治性慢性幻听症状,疗效肯定且安全性好。     

Persistent auditory hallucinations correlate with the size of the third ventricle in schizophrenic patients.

In a study of psychotherapy in schizophrenic patients, the existence of certain clinical and anamnestic variables, such as persistent auditory hallucinations, was found to correlate with a negative outcome. To test whether these clinical variables could be a sign of organic brain abnormality, the records of 33 schizophrenic patients who had been examined by computerized tomography (CT) were investigated regarding the occurrence of these symptoms. A significant correlation was found between width of the third ventricle and the occurrence of such auditory hallucinations, which also persisted between acute phases. No correlation was found between the CT measures and other clinical characteristics, including hallucinations rated at admission by the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS). The results are interpreted to suggest a disturbance of diencephalic brain regions in a subgroup of schizophrenic patients that are further characterized by persistent auditory hallucinations and a lack of response to psychodynamic psychotherapy.     

Using aripiprazole to resolve antipsychotic-induced symptomatic hyperprolactinemia: a pilot study

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of substituting aripiprazole for other antipsychotic drugs taken by stable schizophrenic patients suffering from antipsychotic agent-induced symptomatic hyperprolactinemia. METHODS: Seven female schizophrenic patients with symptomatic hyperprolactinemia (167.6+/-58.0 microg/L) were recruited to take part in an 8-week open label trial of aripiprazole (10-20 mg/day) as a replacement for amisulpride or risperidone. Efficacy was assessed via PANSS and CGI-I scores. Serum prolactin levels were measured at baseline, week 4, and week 8. Data were collected from November, 2004 to May, 2005. RESULTS: At the end of weeks 4, serum prolactin levels were normalized (8.8+/-5.5 microg/L) and hyperprolactinemic symptoms were resolved in all patients. However, aripiprazole treatment was discontinued within 6 weeks for 2 of the 7 subjects due to aggravated auditory hallucinations. CONCLUSION: Results from this admittedly small-scale open-label study indicate that switching to aripiprazole may be useful for resolving antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia and associated symptoms.     

不同部位低频重复经颅磁刺激治疗顽固性幻听起效时间和安全性的双盲对照研究

目的 初步探讨背外侧前额叶和左侧颞顶叶低频重复经颅磁刺激(repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,rTMS)治疗精神分裂症顽固性幻听的疗效(起效时间)和安全性.方法 36例伴有顽固性幻听的精神分裂症患者随机分为三组,分别为背外侧前额叶rTMS治疗组(n1 =12)、左侧颞顶叶rTMS治疗组(n2=14)及对照组(假性刺激)(n3=10),背外侧前额叶rTMS治疗组、左侧颞顶叶rTMS治疗组分别给予10次1 Hz rTMS真性刺激,对照组给予假刺激,治疗期间维持原有抗精神病药种类及剂量不变.采用阳性和阴性症状量表(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale,PANSS)评定临床症状,不良反应症状量表(Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale,TESS)、纯音听力测试评估副反应.结果 两个真性治疗组疗效均明显优于假性治疗组,与基线比较,背外侧前额叶组第4次评估、左侧颞顶叶组第7次评估出现统计学差异,两个治疗组比较差异无统计学意义.无论治疗组、对照组均未观察到明显的副反应.结论 1 Hz背外侧前额叶、左侧颞顶叶低频重复经颅磁刺激治疗精神分裂症顽固性幻听均有效,且安全性高.     

Potential clinical targets of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment in schizophrenia

Despite the introduction of atypical antipsychotic drugs, treatment-resistant symptoms still represent a serious problem in schizophrenia. Currently, there is evidence from clinical studies suggesting that treatment with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) may improve schizophrenia symptoms. Our review provides an overview of clinical rTMS studies in schizophrenic patients. A systematic search of the literature (Cochrane and Medline databases up to December 2005) was conducted. Most studies showed methodological problems due to their explorative character and small sample sizes. In some studies, a treatment effect of high-frequency rTMS applied over the prefrontal cortex was seen with respect to negative symptoms. On the other hand, low-frequency rTMS in the temporal lobe area might lead to a suppression of auditory hallucinations. It is concluded that larger sham-controlled studies are required to allow an adequate assessment of the clinical and neurobiological effects of rTMS in schizophrenic patients. The currently available data provide insufficient evidence to support the use of rTMS as an adjuvant treatment for schizophrenic psychopathology, but encourage further investigation of rTMS as a novel treatment approach.     

The treatment of hallucinations in schizophrenia spectrum disorders

This article reviews the treatment of hallucinations in schizophrenia. The first treatment option for hallucinations in schizophrenia is antipsychotic medication, which can induce a rapid decrease in severity. Only 8% of first-episode patients still experience mild to moderate hallucinations after continuing medication for 1 year. Olanzapine, amisulpride, ziprasidone, and quetiapine are equally effective against hallucinations, but haloperidol may be slightly inferior. If the drug of first choice provides inadequate improvement, it is probably best to switch medication after 2-4 weeks of treatment. Clozapine is the drug of choice for patients who are resistant to 2 antipsychotic agents. Blood levels should be above 350-450 μg/ml for maximal effect. For relapse prevention, medication should be continued in the same dose. Depot medication should be considered for all patients because nonadherence is high. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) can be applied as an augmentation to antipsychotic medication. The success of CBT depends on the reduction of catastrophic appraisals, thereby reducing the concurrent anxiety and distress. CBT aims at reducing the emotional distress associated with auditory hallucinations and develops new coping strategies. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is capable of reducing the frequency and severity of auditory hallucinations. Several meta-analyses found significantly better symptom reduction for low-frequency repetitive TMS as compared with placebo. Consequently, TMS currently has the status of a potentially useful treatment method for auditory hallucinations, but only in combination with state of the art antipsychotic treatment. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is considered a last resort for treatment-resistant psychosis. Although several studies showed clinical improvement, a specific reduction in hallucination severity has never been demonstrated.     

Clinical dimensions of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenic disorders

BACKGROUND: Auditory hallucinations occupy, along with delusional beliefs, the center stage of active or "positive" psychotic clinical psychopathology. During the last decade, several sets of auditory hallucinations' clinical features were subjected to multivariate statistical analyses to disclose major dimensions of psychotic patients' overall hallucinatory experience and behavior. However, these studies failed, to a large extent, to provide satisfactory external validations of the thereby extracted factors. METHODS: We investigated the major clinical dimensions of verbal auditory hallucinations in a sample of 100 inpatients with schizophrenic disorders. Patients (61 men and 39 women) were examined before the initiation of antipsychotic treatment and their assessment included 18 major clinical features of auditory hallucinations. Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Global Assessment Scale, and Mini-Mental State Examination were used as external validators. RESULTS: Principal component analysis resulted in the extraction of 5 factors interpreted as the dimensions of severity of auditory hallucinations, emotional and behavioral impact, rate of their intrusion in self-consciousness, delusional elaboration, and similarity to ordinary auditory perception, respectively. The second and third factors extracted in our study correlated with short duration of illness, whereas the first, fourth, and fifth ones correlated with chronicity. Our second factor correlated with clinical severity of patients' current mental state, the fifth factor with severity of their cognitive impairment, and the first and fourth ones with lower clinical depression despite patients' chronicity. CONCLUSION: The findings of our study contribute to the further elucidation of the major clinical dimensions of auditory hallucinations and the testing of their external validity.     

Modified activity of the human auditory cortex during auditory hallucinations.

Previous reports have shown abnormalities in brain metabolism and evoked responses of schizophrenic patients with hallucinations. The authors recorded electric and magnetic auditory responses during transitory auditory hallucinations in two patients. Small but replicable response delays occurred during hallucinations. The results suggest that the effect of hallucinations on auditory cortex activity is similar to the effect of real sounds.     

Relationship of psychotic symptom clusters in schizophrenia to neuroleptic treatment and growth hormone response to apomorphine

The authors propose an alternative model for relating clinically rated psychotic symptoms to biological measures in schizophrenic patients. They suggest that clinical presentation in schizophrenic patients comprises at least four distinct psychotic symptom clusters and that at most one or two of the symptom clusters are closely associated with central dopamine (DA) activity as measured by growth hormone (GH) response to apomorphine. Factor and cluster analytic techniques both identified the same four psychotic symptom clusters, three of which were similar to the major subtypes of schizophrenia: paranoid delusions (paranoid type), thought disorder (disorganized type), and catatonia (catatonic type). The fourth psychotic symptom cluster was auditory hallucinations, a prominent clinical feature of schizophrenia. The authors compared clinical symptom cluster scores to apomorphine-induced GH response by creating a new data set containing the output of the factor analysis of each patient's symptoms and GH response, and performing regression modeling of the patient's symptom cluster scores on GH response. Patients with elevated thought disorder cluster scores also had elevated GH responses to apomorphine, suggesting an association between thought disorder and central DA receptor supersensitivity. A fixed-dose neuroleptic trial showed that thought disorder and auditory hallucinations respond rapidly to treatment with a DA receptor blocker (haloperidol), while no significant effect on other symptom cluster scores occurred during the initial 2 weeks of treatment. These data suggest that two of the identified symptom clusters, thought disorder and auditory hallucinations, may be preferentially associated with central DA hyperactivity.