愈伤灵胶囊质量标准的研究

目的　制定愈伤灵胶囊质量标准。方法　采用薄层色谱法和显微鉴别对愈伤灵胶囊进行定性研究 ;并用薄层扫描法测定制剂人参中主要有效成分———人参皂苷Rgl的含量。结果　人参皂苷Rgl的含量为 1 5 3mg/粒～ 1 81mg/粒 ,RSD为 1 2 1%～1 33 % ;加样提取回收率 97 42 % ,RSD为 1 42 % ;精密度RSD分别为 2 2 6 % (同板 )、2 13% (异板 ) ;回归方程 :Y =30 70 6 5 4C - 482 2 0 7,r=0 9990 ,线性范围 :5 46× 10 -4 ～ 2 73× 10 -3 g·L-1。结论　该方法操作简便 ,结果准确 ,可靠 ,可作为愈伤灵胶囊的质量控制方法。     

高效液相色谱法测定脑脉泰胶囊中人参皂苷Rgl的含量

目的:建立以高效液相色谱法测定脑脉泰胶囊中(红参、田七)人参皂苷Rgl的含量测定方法。方法:色谱柱为SHIP-PACK VP ODS(150mm×4.6mm,5μm);流动相:乙腈-水(28∶72),流速:1.0mL.min-1,检测波长:210nm,柱温:25℃,进样量:20μL。结果:人参皂苷Rgl在40.0~200.0mg.L-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),平均加样回收率为99.95%(RSD=6.780%,n=6)。结论:该方法可靠、灵敏、准确、易行。     

HPLC法测定开心散中人参皂苷Rg1的含量

目的建立开心散中人参皂苷Rg1的含量测定方法。方法采用HPLC法测定人参皂苷Rg1的含量,乙腈-水（21：79）为流动相;检测波长为203nm。结果人参皂苷Rgl在0.406～3.654μg范围内线性关系良好。加样回收率为99.4%,测定结果的RSD=1.63。结论本法可用于测定中人参皂苷Rg1的含量。     

HPLC法测定云南白药胶囊中三七皂苷R_1和人参皂苷Rg_1的含量

目的采用高效液相色谱法测定云南白药胶囊中三七皂苷R1和人参皂苷Rg1含量。方法色谱条件:Phenomenex C18柱(100mm×4.6mm,2.6μm);流动相:乙腈-水(19∶81);流速:1mL.min-1;柱温:30℃;检测波长:203nm。结果三七皂苷R1和人参皂苷Rg1的线性范围分别为0.53～3.17μg(r=0.999 8),2.27～13.62μg(r=0.999 8);回收率(n=6)分别为100.6%(RSD=2.1%),97.7%(RSD=1.8%)。结论该方法准确可靠,重复性好,可用于测定云南白药胶囊中三七皂苷R1和人参皂苷Rg1含量。     

RP-HPLC同时测定复方三七制剂中的人参皂苷Rg1、Rb1

目的 建立复方三七制剂中人参皂苷Rg1、Rb1含量测定的方法.方法 采用RP-HPLC法,色谱柱为Phenomenex C18(250 mm x4.6 mm,5 μm);流速1.0 ml·min-1;检测波长203 nm;柱温30℃;流动相为乙腈-水(梯度洗脱).结果 人参皂苷Rg1的线性范围为0.2124～2.1240 μg(r=0.9999),平均回收率为100.24%,RSD=1.14%(n=9);人参皂苷Rb1的线性范围为0.2108～2.1080μg(r=0.9999),平均回收率为99.71%,RSD=0.79%(n=9).结论 所建方法简便、准确,重复性好,可同时测定复方三七制剂中人参皂苷Rg1和人参皂苷Rb1的含量.     

大孔吸附树脂分离-比色法测定益肝口服液中人参总皂苷

目的 建立测定益肝口服液中人参总皂苷含量的方法。方法 采用大孔吸附树脂分离—比色法。结果 人参皂苷Rgl在30．4～182．4μg范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0．9997),平均回收率为98．02％,方法精密度RSD=1．47％(n=5),3批样品平均每支含量为11．550mg。结论 本方法简便、灵敏、准确、重复性好,可用作该制剂的质量控制。     

脑安片含量测定方法的改进

目的:建立脑安片中人参皂苷Re的含量测定方法。方法:提取供试品,以高效液相色谱法测定人参皂苷Re的含量,流动相采用乙腈和水进行梯度洗脱,流速1 ml/min,柱温35℃,检测波长203 nm。结果:人参皂苷Re在96.96~484.8ng/μl范围内呈良好的线性关系,回归方程为Y=3.72651X+0.73355,r=0.99999;平均回收率为99.5%(RSD 0.72%),重复性RSD为1.28%。结论:该方法准确、快捷、重复性好。     

芪七连胶囊的质量标准研究

目的:建立芪七连胶囊的质量标准。方法:采用薄层色谱(TLC)法对制剂中黄芪、黄柏、黄连进行鉴定。采用高效液相色谱法测定制剂中人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Rb1和三七皂苷R1的含量。色谱柱为Shim-pack VP-ODS C18,流动相为乙腈-水(梯度洗脱),流速为1.0 ml/min,检测波长为203 nm,柱温为20℃。结果:黄芪、黄柏、黄连TLC图斑点清晰,分离度好。人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Rb1和三七皂苷R1检测进样量线性范围分别为0.9~9、0.94~9.4、0.3~3.0μg(r≥0.999 5);精密度、重复性、稳定性试验的RSD<3.0%;加样回收率分别为96.08%~99.75%(RSD=1.52)、97.03%~99.75%(RSD=1.10)、96.38%~98.55%(RSD=0.90),n均为6。结论:该方法操作简便、重复性好,可用于芪七连胶囊的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定康尔心胶囊中人参皂苷Rgl的含量

目的:建立康尔心胶囊中人参皂苷Rgl的含量测定方法.方法:采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC法)测定.色谱柱为Lichrospher 5-C18柱(5μm,200 mm×4.6 mm),流动相为乙腈-水(25:75),流速为1.0 mL/min,柱温为30℃,检测波长为203nm.结果:人参皂苷Rgl在1.005 6～10.056μg范围内进样量与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,r=0.999 8.平均回收率为99.9%,RSD为1.03%.结论:HPLC法简便、准确、重现性好,可用于康尔心胶囊含量测定和质量控制.     

RP—HPLC梯度洗脱法测定血塞通片中三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rb1及人参皂苷Rg1的含量

目的:用高效液相色谱梯度洗脱法同时检测血塞通片中三七皂苷R_1、人参皂苷Rb_1和人参皂苷Rg_1 3种皂苷的含量。方法:用Eclipse XDB—C_8分析柱;乙腈-水二元梯度洗脱;0—15 min(25:75—32:68),平衡5 min;流速1.0 mL·min~(-1);检测波长203 nm。结果:三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg_1和人参皂苷Rb_1的线性范围分别为O.51-3.05,1.68—10.09,2.73—16.39μg。该方法回收率三七皂苷R_1为99.92%(RSD=0.70%)、人参皂苷Rg_1为98.93%(RSD=1.4%)、人参皂苷Rb_1为102.8%(RSD=0.81%)。结论:HPLC梯度洗脱法能将多种皂苷很好地分离检测,提高了时效,减少了误差,结果表明该方法准确可靠,重现性好,结果稳定。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.