T细胞疫苗诱导异种特异性免疫耐受的作用探讨

目的：探讨T细胞疫苗诱导异种特异性免疫耐受的作用。方法：制备SD大鼠针对脉鼠的T细胞疫苗(TCV)，然后用T细胞疫苗免疫正常SD大鼠，连续3周，每周1次，同时设空白对照组。以被免疫SD大鼠的脾细胞作为反应细胞，以豚鼠的脾细胞作为刺激细胞(经丝裂霉素处理)，于接种前和每次接种后第5天进行单向混合淋巴细胞反应(MLR)，同时对外周血T细胞凋亡和CD4^ 、CD8^ T细胞亚群进行检测。结果：MLR及结果显示，在TCV组，SD大鼠的脾细胞反应程度比接种前显著减弱(P＜0．01)，接种后相同时点组间比较，TCV组显著低于对照组(P＜0．01)；接种T细胞疫苗后，外周血T细胞凋亡率比接种前显著增加(P＜0．01)，并随着接种次数的增加而升高；随着接种T细胞疫苗次数的增加，CD/CD8逐渐减小，与MLR及的cpm值的递减趋势一致。结论：T细胞疫苗成功地诱导出异种特异性免疫耐受。T细胞疫苗可能通过诱导抗原特异性的反应性T细胞凋亡去除独特型T细胞克隆，进而诱导出抗原特异性免疫耐受；CD4/CD8与免疫耐受的产生有关，CD4/CD8降低有利于特异性免疫耐受的形成。     

CD4~+CD25~+T细胞在CD8~+T细胞抗肿瘤免疫中的调节作用

实验旨在研究CD4+CD25+T细胞在CD8+T细胞抗肿瘤免疫中的调节作用。将小鼠脾脏中分离的单个核细胞分为两组,即去除CD4+CD25+T细胞组和未去除CD4+CD25+T细胞组,测定树突状细胞提呈的肿瘤抗原多肽刺激不同T细胞增殖活性、细胞因子IFN-γ分泌,以及多肽特异性CD8+T细胞对同源性胃癌细胞株MFC的杀伤活性。结果显示预先去除未致敏T细胞中的CD4+CD25+T细胞,所诱导的特异性CD8+CTL对肿瘤细胞免疫应答增强,表现为反应性T细胞对树突状细胞提呈的肿瘤抗原多肽增殖反应增强,IFN-γ分泌量提高及CD8+T细胞对MFC杀伤活性增强。这些结果表明,预先去除未致敏T细胞中的CD4+CD25+T细胞,肿瘤抗原多肽修饰的树突状细胞肿瘤疫苗效能可明显增加。CD4+CD25+T细胞在CD8+T细胞抗肿瘤免疫中起下调作用。     

CD4~+T细胞功能的双重性

<正> T细胞受体由 CD3分子与α、β两条异质性的肽链共同组成。已知T细胞分为OD4~+和CD8~+两个亚群。CD4~+细胞亚群并非都是T辅助细胞,因为①CD4~+细胞具有多种功能,只有一部分细胞能够活化抗原特异性B细胞;②CD4分子与识别连结在MHC分子的外来多肽抗原密切相关,它决定着MHCII     

调节性CD4~+CD25~+Foxp3~+T细胞、免疫抑制剂与移植免疫耐受

CD4+CD25+Treg是调节性T细胞的重要类型之一,在自身免疫耐受及移植免疫耐受的诱导和维持中起重要作用。然而,目前广泛应用于器官移植的免疫抑制剂对CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞的影响并不十分明确。在器官移植时能够通过免疫抑制剂诱导特异性的CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞,将提高受者免疫耐受的敏感性,有利于器官移植物的长期存活及移植免疫耐受的建立。相反,有些免疫抑制剂可能在避免移植排斥反应的同时,也阻断了有利于移植耐受建立的免疫反应。因此,免疫抑制剂对移植免疫耐受的潜在作用应当引起足够重视。有利于免疫耐受形成的免疫抑制药物的研发将是一个发展重要方向。     

CD4~+T细胞识别的肿瘤抗原的研究进展

在以往的肿瘤免疫研究中 ,人们往往关注肿瘤特异性CD8+ T细胞的抗肿瘤效应 ,并由此鉴定出许多CD8+ T细胞识别的肿瘤抗原。随着研究的深入 ,CD4 + T细胞在抗肿瘤免疫中的作用逐渐为人们所关注。联合应用MHCⅠ类和MHCⅡ类限制性抗原的肿瘤疫苗将有可能取得更好的抗肿瘤效果。本文就近年来鉴定的CD4 + T细胞识别的肿瘤特异性抗原进行了综述。     

CD244促进活动性肺结核患者抗原特异性CD8~+T细胞的细胞毒作用

目的研究表面受体CD244在活动性肺结核患者抗原特异性CD8+T细胞中的功能。方法密度梯度离心法提取活动性肺结核患者和ELISPOT阳性潜伏感染者的外周血单个核细胞,用ESAT-6和CFP-10多肽刺激PBMCs,然后用CD69标记抗原特异性细胞,通过流式细胞术检测CD244在CD3+CD8+CD69+细胞中的表达;流式细胞术分析CD244与脱颗粒相关的CD107a表达的关系;通过细胞内染色方法检测CD244与穿孔素和颗粒酶B的关系。结果 CD244在活动性肺结核患者的CD8+T细胞表达显著高于潜伏感染者(P=0.000 5);在抗原特异性CD8+T细胞,CD244+细胞表达CD107a比例显著高于CD244-细胞(P=0.002 2);CD244+细胞表达穿孔素和颗粒酶B比例显著高于CD244-细胞(P值分别为0.021 2,0.002 3)。结论 CD244促进活动性肺结核患者的抗原特异性CD8+T细胞的细胞毒作用。     

CD4~+T细胞表型与功能上的异质性

<正> 根据能识别大鼠白细胞共同抗原(L-CA)家族中某些抗原决定簇的小鼠 McAb(MRCOX-22)与大鼠外周血 CD4~+细胞的反应格局,大鼠的CD4~+细胞可从表型上分为不同的亚群。本文综合分析了作者和其他实验室有关大鼠T诱导/辅助细胞的体内外功能。 大鼠T细胞L-CA的表达:L-CA首先     

妊娠浓度的雌激素对诱导CD4~+CD25~-naive T细胞转化为CD4~+CD25~+Treg细胞的影响

目的 体外观察妊娠浓度的雌激素能否诱导CD4+CD25-naiveT细胞转化为CD+CD25+Treg细胞,并探讨其相关性.方法 以CD4+CD25-T细胞作为反应细胞,实验组加入妊娠水平的雌激素(E2)及CD3/CD28单抗作为刺激原培养72 h,设阴性对照组(仅加入CD3/CD28单抗)和空白对照组.72 h后检测各组中CD4+CD25+T细胞和CD4+Foxp+T细胞比例变化及Foxp3 mRNA表达.结果 1)阴性对照组CD+CD25+T细胞比例较空白对照组显著增高(P＜0.001),而实验组CD4+CD25+T细胞比例进一步升高(P＜0.001).2)阴性对照组不能诱导CD4+Foxp+T细胞比例增高,但实验组CD4+Foxp3+T细胞的比例则较其它2组均显著升高(P＜0.001).3)RT-PCR提示阴性对照组Foxp3 mRNA的表达量较空白对照组无显著差异(P＞0.05);而实验组F0xp3 mRNA的表达昔较其它2组均显著升高(P＜0.001).结论 体外淋巴细胞刺激实验提示妊娠状态下雌激素的高水平与CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg细胞比例的升高密切相关.     

αβ-TCR~+CD3~+CD4~-CD8~-双阴性T细胞:一种新发现的免疫调节T细胞

免疫系统对自身或异体抗原产生免疫耐受的主要机制之一 ,是免疫调节T细胞的抑制性调节反应。此理论已在数种进行器官移植和自身免疫研究的动物模型中被证实。现已明确 ,免疫调节T细胞由多种不同的细胞亚型所组成。最近发现 ,一种新的抗原特异性αβ TCR+ CD4 CD8 免疫调节T细胞 (双阴性T细胞 ,DNT )能够抑制具有相同T细胞受者特异性的CD8+和CD4 + T细胞 ,从而抑制异体皮肤移植的排斥反应。有关DN调节T细胞及其独特抑制机制的研究 ,对于了解受者如何获得针对供体移植器官的特异性耐受 ,及正确理解如何保持对自身抗原的外周免疫耐受 ,具有重要意义     

CD4+CD25+T细胞在CD8+T细胞抗肿瘤免疫中的调节作用

实验旨在研究CD4^＋CD25^＋T细胞在CD8^＋T细胞抗肿瘤免疫中的调节作用。将小鼠脾脏中分离的单个核细胞分为两组．即去除CD4^＋CD25^＋T细胞组和未去除CD4^＋CD25^＋T细胞组,测定树突状细胞提呈的肿瘤抗原多肽刺激不同T细胞增殖活性、细胞因子IFN一1分泌,以及多肽特异性CD8^＋T细胞对同源性胃癌细胞株MFC的杀伤活性。结果显示预先去除未致敏T细胞中的CD4^＋CD25^＋T细胞,所诱导的特异性CD8^＋CTL对肿瘤细胞免疫应答增强,表现为反应性T细胞对树突状细胞提呈的肿瘤抗原多肽增殖反应增强,IFN-γ分泌量提高及CD8＋T细胞对MFC杀伤活性增强。这些结果表明。预先去除未致敏T细胞中的CD4^＋CD25^＋T细胞,肿瘤抗原多肽修饰的树突状细胞肿瘤疫苗效能可明显增加。CD4^＋CD25^＋T细胞在CD8^＋T细胞抗肿瘤免疫中起下调作用。     

小鼠CD4~+ CD25~+ Foxp3~+调节性T细胞体外扩增

目的:本研究旨在探讨CD4+CD25+Foxp3+调节性T细胞体外扩增的方法。方法:采用磁珠分选小鼠CD4+T细胞,αCD3单克隆抗体包被24孔板,加入αCD28单克隆抗体、雷帕霉素、rhIL-2,培养3周后,流式细胞仪测定培养细胞中CD4+CD25+T细胞的含量,实时定量PCR检测CD4+CD25+T细胞Foxp3 mRNA的表达;单向混合淋巴细胞反应和增殖抑制试验测定扩增的CD4+CD25+T细胞的增殖及其抑制功能;ELISA检测培养上清中IL-10和TGF-β1的含量。结果:小鼠CD4+T细胞培养3周后,CD4+CD25+T细胞达(76.05±2.73)%,高于未加雷帕霉素组(52.17±1.36)%(P<0.001),磁珠分选的CD4+CD25+T细胞Foxp3 mRNA的表达是未加雷帕霉素组的5倍(P<0.001),增殖能力是未加雷帕霉素组的0.29倍(P<0.001),对CD4+T细胞增殖抑制能力是未加雷帕霉素组的3.6倍(P<0.001),培养上清中IL-10和TGF-β1分别是对照组的1.8倍和1.6倍(P<0.001)。结论:小鼠CD4+T细胞在含有1μg/ml的αCD28、rhIL-2 100 U/ml和终浓度为10 nmol/L雷帕霉素的培养体系中培养3周后能有效扩增CD4+CD25+Foxp3+调节性T细胞。     

Antigen-specific CD8+ T cells inhibit IgE responses and interleukin-4 production by CD4+ T cells

There is a growing body of evidence which suggests that CD8⁺ T cells play an important part in regulating the IgE response to non-replicating antigens. In this study we have systematically investigated their role in the regulation of IgE and of CD4⁺ T cell responses to ovalbumin (OVA) by CD8⁺ T cell depletion in vivo. Following intraperitoneal immunization with alum-precipitated OVA, OVA-specific T cell responses were detected in the spleen and depletion of CD8⁺ T cells in vitro significantly enhanced the proliferative response to OVA. Depletion of CD8⁺ T cells in vivo 7 days after immunization failed to enhance IgE production, while depletion of CD8⁺ T cells on days 12–18 greatly enhanced the IgE response, which rose to 26 μ/ml following a second injection of anti-CD8 on day 35 and remained in excess of 1 μ/ml over 300 days afterwards. Reconstitution on day 21 of rats CD8-depleted on day 12 with purified CD8⁺ T cells from animals immunized on day 12 completely inhib ited the IgE response. This effect was antigen specific; CD8⁺ T cells from OVA-primed animals had little effect on the IgE response of bovine serum albumin immunized rats. In vivo, CD8⁺ T cell depletion decreased interferon (IFN)-γ production but enhanced interleukin (IL)-4 production by OVA-stimulated splenic CD4⁺ T cells. Furthermore, CD8⁺ T cell depletion and addition of anti-IFN-γ antibody enhanced IgE production in vitro in an IL-4-supplemented mixed lymphocyte reaction. These data clearly show that antigen-specific CD8⁺ T cells inhibit IgE in the immune response to non-replicating antigens. The data indicate two possible mechanisms: first, CD8⁺ T cells have direct inhibitory effects on switching to IgE in B cells and second, they inhibit OVA-specific IL-4 production but enhance IFN-γ production by CD4⁺ T cells.     

In vivo evidence for CD4+ and CD8+ suppressor T cells in vaccination-induced suppression of murine experimental autoimmune thyroiditis.

In several experimental autoimmune diseases, including experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT), vaccination with attenuated autoantigen-specific T cells has provided protection against subsequent induction of disease. However, the mechanism(s) of vaccination-induced suppression remains to be clarified. Since we have previously shown that suppression generated by pretreatment with mouse thyroglobulin (MTg) or thyroid-stimulating hormone in EAT is mediated by CD4+, not CD8+, suppressor T cells, we examined the role of T cell subsets in vaccination-induced suppression of EAT. Mice were vaccinated with irradiated, MTg-primed, and MTg-activated spleen cells and then challenged. Pretreatment with these cells suppressed EAT induced by immunization with MTg and adjuvant, but not by adoptive transfer of thyroiditogenic cells, suggesting a mechanism of afferent suppression. The activation of suppressor mechanisms did not require CD8+ cells, since mice depleted of CD8+ cells before vaccination showed reduced EAT comparable to control vaccinated mice. Furthermore, depletion of either the CD4+ or the CD8+ subset after vaccination did not significantly abrogate suppression. However, suppression was eliminated by the depletion of both CD4+ and CD8+ cells in vaccinated mice. These results provide evidence for the cooperative effects of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in vaccination-induced suppression of EAT.     

Early regulation of CD8 T cell alloreactivity by CD4+CD25- T cells in recipients of anti-CD154 antibody and allogeneic BMT is followed by rapid peripheral deletion of donor-reactive CD8+ T cells, precluding a role for sustained regulation

While acquisition of regulatory function by CD4+CD25- T cells has been reported following antigenic stimulation, "naturally occurring" regulatory CD4+ T cells (Treg) are believed to express CD25. We examined the mechanisms involved in peripheral CD8 T cell tolerance by induction of mixed chimerism using non-myeloablative conditioning with low-dose (3 Gy) total body irradiation and anti-CD154 antibody. Recipient CD4+ T cells were initially required for the induction of CD8 cell tolerance, but were not needed beyond 2 weeks. Depletion of CD25+ Treg prior to bone marrow transplantation and blockade of IL-2 with neutralizing antibody did not impede tolerance induction. Tolerance was dependent on CTLA4, but not on IFN-gamma. In C57BL/6 mice containing a fraction of 2C TCR transgenic CD8+ T cells, which recognize the MHC class I alloantigen Ld, induction of chimerism with L(d+), but not Ld-, bone marrow cells led to deletion of peripheral 2C+ CD8+ cells within 1 week in peripheral blood and spleen. Complete deletion required the presence of recipient CD4+ T cells. Thus, a novel, rapid form of regulation by CD4+CD25- T cells permits initial CD8 T cell tolerance in this model. Rapid peripheral deletion of donor-specific CD8 T cells precludes an ongoing requirement for CD4 T cell-mediated regulation.     

Localization of CD8+ cells specific for hepatitis B virus surface protein in the liver of immunized mice

DNA plasmids are potent inducers of long-lasting antigen-specific CTL responses. Little is known about the distribution of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in the lymphoid tissue and the non-lymphoid tissue after DNA immunization. HBsAg-specific CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, spleen, lymph nodes, and the liver of Balb/c mice have been quantified after injection with a DNA plasmid expressing the major S protein of hepatitis B virus (HBV). The kinetics of CD8+ T-cell responses in the circulation were measured after priming and boosting, showing that antigen-specific CD8+ T cells undergo first expansion and then decline to a sustainable level in the circulation, although the frequencies of HBsAg-specific CD8+ T cells in the circulation were lower than for the spleen. The greater frequencies of HBsAg-specific CD8+ T cells were found in the liver, whereas the largest numbers of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells were found in the spleen. By day 100 after priming, HBsAg-specific CD8+ T cells were still detected in the circulation, the spleen and the liver. After boosting with the same plasmid DNA immunogen, HBsAg-specific CD8+ T cells proliferated quickly and vigorously. By 150 days after boosting, HBsAg-specific memory CD8+ T cells were sustained at higher levels than those recorded after the first, primary injection, both in the spleen and the liver: anti-HBs antibody-secreting plasma cells persisted in the bone marrow and in the spleen, consistent with the detection of anti-HBs antibodies detected in the blood. These findings indicate that DNA immunization has considerable potential for inducing specific T cell responses in the liver and offers a strategy for the development of post-exposure immunotherapy against persistent hepatitis B infections.     

Relative importance of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the resolution of Chlamydophila abortus primary infection in mice

The role of the specific cellular immune response is well established in Chlamydiaceae infections, but the importance of each T-cell subset seems to be species-dependent. This study was designed to clarify the role of T-cell subsets in the response to Chlamydophila abortus primary infection. C57BL/6 mice were depleted of CD4+ or CD8+, or both, by monoclonal antibody injections and subsequently infected with C. abortus. Mice were killed at intervals and samples were collected for bacteriological and histopathological analysis. Also carried out were spleen cell culture, cytokine quantification, immunolabelling for C. abortus antigen, and a TUNEL assay for apoptosis. CD8+ T cell-depleted mice all died within 12 days of C. abortus infection, while no mortality was observed in the other groups; surprisingly, CD4+ T cell-depleted mice showed lower morbidity (expressed as weight loss) than did a non-depleted (control) group. CD8+ T cell-depleted mice also differed from the other groups in showing a significantly higher chlamydial burden in the liver. CD8+ T cell-depleted mice also had a higher number of apoptotic cells in hepatic inflammatory foci and showed exacerbated IFN-gamma production by spleen cells after specific stimulation. Simultaneous depletion of both T-cell subpopulations led to a chronic infection, but not to early mortality. It is concluded that CD8+ T cells may play a role in the regulatory control of the CD4+ T-cell response and may have a direct cytotoxic or IFN-gamma-mediated effect on infected cells.     

替比夫定对慢性乙型肝炎患者外周血CD4~+ CD25~+ CD127~(low) T和CD8~+ CD25~+ T细胞频率的影响及临床意义

目的探讨核苷类药物替比夫定对慢性乙肝患者(CHB)外周血中CD4+CD25+CD127lowT细胞和CD8+CD25+T细胞比例的影响,并结合临床指标分析其临床意义。方法替比夫定抗病毒治疗22例CHB患者,在治疗前及治疗后3,6个月时,分别以流式细胞仪检测外周血中CD4+CD25+CD127lowT细胞和CD8+CD25+T细胞比例,实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测Foxp3 mRNA的表达水平,荧光定量PCR检测血清HBV DNA水平,酶联免疫吸附法检测HBV标志物,全自动生化分析仪检测ALT水平。结果 CHB患者外周血中CD4+CD25+CD127lowT细胞和CD8+CD25+T细胞比例显著高于对照组。替比夫定治疗3个月时,这两群细胞比例显著下降,Foxp3 mRNA的表达也显著下降;HBV DNA水平降至检测水平以下的CHB患者,其CD4+CD25+CD127lowT细胞也降至正常水平。治疗3、6个月时,HBeAg阴转率分别为9.1%和18.2%,发生HBeAg血清学转换者的CD4+CD25+CD127lowT细胞和CD8+CD25+T细胞比例均降至正常水平。结论替比夫定能快速有效抑制CHB患者的病毒复制...     

Determination of cytokine co-expression in individual splenic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from influenza virus-immune mice.

We have studied the patterns of interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4 and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) co-expression displayed by individual splenic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in response to influenza virus immunization. Unseparated spleen cells obtained from mice intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with A/PR8 (H1N1) influenza virus (PR8) were cultured for 24 hr in the presence of ultraviolet-inactivated PR8. As controls, cultures of both naive spleen cells stimulated with PR8 or of immune cells lacking the inactivated virus were used. The frequencies of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing IL-2, IL-4 and IFN-gamma were determined by three-colour flow cytometric analysis of fixed and saponin-permeabilized cells fluorescent-stained for either CD4 or CD8 surface molecules and for one of the following combinations of two intracellular cytokines: IL-2/IL-4, IL-2/IFN-gamma and IL-4/IFN-gamma. The results showed that immunization with influenza virus induces in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells a heterogeneity of cytokine response patterns that do not follow the type 1/type 2 polarized response model, but with substantial differences between the two populations. In fact, the analysis of the phenotypes of virus-immune CD8+ T cells revealed similar significant proportions of cells either expressing any one of the three cytokines or co-expressing combinations of them (i.e. IL-4/IL-2, IL-4/IFN-gamma and IL-2/IFN-gamma), whereas immune CD4+ T cells were seen to express almost exclusively a single cytokine per cell. The observed patterns of cytokine production suggest that influenza virus immunization induces the expression of a type 0 cytokine pattern at both population and single cell levels in CD8+ T cells and exclusively at the population level in CD4+ T cells.     

Peptide-induced immune protection of CD8+ T cell-deficient mice against Friend retrovirus-induced disease

CD8+ CTLs and virus-neutralizing antibodies have been associated with spontaneous and vaccine-induced immune control of retroviral infections. We previously showed that a single immunization with an env gene-encoded CD4+ T cell epitope protected mice against fatal Friend retrovirus infection. Here, we analyzed immune cell components required for the peptide-induced anti-retroviral protection. Mice lacking CD8+ T cells were nevertheless protected against Friend virus infection, while mice lacking B cells were not. Virus-producing cells both in the spleen and bone marrow decreased rapidly in their number and became undetectable by 4 weeks after infection in the majority of the peptide-immunized animals even in the absence of CD8+ T cells. In the vaccinated animals the production and class switching of virus-neutralizing and anti-leukemia cell antibodies were facilitated; however, virus-induced erythroid cell expansion was suppressed before neutralizing antibodies became detectable in the serum. Further, the numbers of virus-producing cells in the spleen and bone marrow in the early stage of the infection were smaller in the peptide-immunized than in unimmunized control mice in the absence of B cells. Thus, peptide immunization facilitates both early cellular and late humoral immune responses that lead to the effective control of the retrovirus-induced disease, but CD8+ T cells are not crucial for the elimination of virus-infected cells in the peptide-primed animals.