抗人TNF-α单抗基因的克隆及鉴定

目的克隆抗人ＴＮＦ－α鼠单抗得可变区基因以构建人－鼠嵌合抗体表达载体。方法采用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ技术,以前导肽序列的引物从１个分泌抗人ＴＮＦ－α的鼠单抗杂交瘤细胞系中克隆抗体轻链、重链可变区基因（Ｖκ,ＶＨ）,在大肠杆菌中表达Ｆａｂ段核实其功能活性。结果分别得到了２个Ｖκ和２个ＶＨ基因。ＤＮＡ序列测定表明,其中１个轻链可变区基因为骨髓瘤细胞系中固有的无功能基因。１个重链可变区基因经原核系统表达测活表明无抗体活性。另一个轻链和重链可变区基因的成熟蛋白编码部分与从第一骨架区引物所克隆的、可在大肠杆菌表达出抗体活性的Ｖκ、ＶＨ序列相符。将该轻链、重链基因分别克隆到了人－鼠嵌合轻链、重链表达载体中。结论通过原核表达系统核实,获得了抗ＴＮＦ－α单抗的可变区基因     

抗阿尔茨海默病Aβ人-鼠嵌合抗体基因的真核载体构建和表达

目的 通过基因工程抗体技术构建和表达抗β-淀粉样多肽(Aβ)人-鼠嵌合抗体,减低鼠源单克隆抗体在临床应用中引起的人体免疫排斥反应.方法从分泌抗Aβ1-42鼠单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞株中提取总RNA,用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)扩增鼠源性抗体全长基因,并通过Blast对其序列进行分析;利用重组PCR技术拼接重轻链可变区及人IgG1的恒定区基因,并对重链Fc段进行定点突变以降低排斥反应;分别构建人-鼠嵌合基因重轻链表达载体,用脂质体法将其同时导入COS-7细胞中表达,并利用ELISA和免疫组织化学(SP法)对分泌的抗体功能和性质进行初步鉴定.结果 Blast比对分析结果显示克隆的基因序列符合小鼠抗体基因序列,将可变区基因与人IgG1的恒定区基因拼接以及Fc定点突变后,成功构建了嵌合抗体的真核表达载体,并实现真核表达;ELISA和免疫组织化学方法证实了所分泌抗体的人源性和与Aβ的结合特异性.结论成功地构建和表达了抗阿尔茨海默病Aβ人-鼠嵌合抗体,为其在阿尔茨海默病的临床诊治中应用和进一步改造奠定了基础.     

抗IL-13Rα2单克隆抗体轻链和重链可变区基因的克隆及鉴定

目的:在成功制备小鼠抗人IL-13Rα2高亲和力单克隆抗体(mAb)的基础上,通过分子克隆方法获得该抗体可变区基因序列。方法:从1株小鼠抗人IL-13Rα2 mAb杂交瘤细胞LX147-7中提取总RNA,以此为模板反转录获得cDNA,用针对小鼠mAb重链和轻链可变区基因序列的特异性引物分别进行PCR反应。将PCR产物连入克隆载体,经筛选阳性克隆,PCR和酶切鉴定正确后送测序,测序结果进行生物信息学分析。结果:成功克隆了抗人IL-13Rα2 mAb LX147-7重链和轻链的可变区基因。结论:获得了抗人IL-13Rα2 mAb LX147-7重链和轻链的可变区基因序列,为构建相关基因工程抗体打下了良好基础。     

用基因定点突变技术改建—免疫球蛋白重链可变区基因的通用表达载体

本文介绍了一种简便的、具有高突变率的基因定点突变方法。应用Bio-Rad Muta-Gene Phagemid Kit,在一装有表达载体上的抗NP(4-hydroxyl-3-nitrophenacetyl)免疫球蛋白重链可变区基因的J_a区引进BstE Ⅱ酶切位点,从而改建成一种能用于表达免疫球蛋白重链可变区基因的通用表达载体。应用该Kit,基因定点突变率达43％。     

抗VEGF165的嵌合抗体在小鼠骨髓瘤细胞中的表达

目的减少鼠源性单抗的免疫原性,获得抗人血管内皮生长因子１６５（ｖａｓｃｕｌａｒ ｅｎｄｏｔｈｅｌｉａｌ ｇｒｏｗｔｈ ｆａｃｔｏｒ１６５,ＶＥＧＦ１６５）的人／鼠嵌合抗体。方法 将抗ＶＥＧＦ１６５鼠单抗ＶｍＤ１１鼠单抗ＶｍＤ１１的轻链可变区基因ＶＬ和重链可变区基因ＶＨ分别克隆到带有人ＩｇＧ１轻链恒定区基因ＣＫ,重链恒定区基因Ｃγ１的真核表达载体ｐＡｃｙｃ－ｎｅｏ－Ｃｋ和ｐｓｖ２－Ｃγ１上,构建了真     

鼠抗hTNF－α单克隆抗体轻链可变区基因片段的克隆和cDNA序列测定

目的：获得鼠抗人肿瘤坏死因子－α（ｈＴＮＦ－α）单克隆抗体轻链可变区基因序列。方法：采用反转录ＰＣＲ（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）方法，以一对针对鼠Ｉｇ轻链可变区（ＶＬ）基因的引物，从分泌鼠抗ｈＴＮＦ－α单克隆抗体的Ｅ６杂交瘤细胞株中扩增和克隆ＶＬ基因片段，用双脱氧链终止法测定其核苷酸序列，并进行计算机分析。结果：此ＶＬ基因长３４２ｂＰ，可编码１１４个氨基酸，为开放读框；有明确的框架区（ＦＲＳ）和抗原互补决定区（ＣＤＲＳ）；含有抗体可变区特征性的两个半胱酸残基。在基因数据库（ＥＭＢＬＧｅｎｅＢａｎｋ１９９５）中，未查见相同序列的基因。结论：此ＶＬ基因系重排的鼠Ｉｇ轻链基因。     

鼠抗hTNF—α单克隆抗体轻链可变区基因片段的克隆和cDNA…

目的：获得鼠抗人肿瘤坏死因子－α（ｈＴＮＦ－α）单克隆抗体轻链可变区基因序列。方法：采用反转录ＰＣＲ（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）方法，以一对针对鼠Ｉｇ轻链可变区（ＶＬ）基因的引物，从分泌鼠抗ｈＴＮＦ－α单克隆抗体的Ｅ６杂交瘤细胞株中扩增和克隆ＶＬ基因片段，用双脱氧链终止法测定其核苷酸序列，并进行计算机分析。结果：此ＶＬ基因长３４２ｂｐ，可编码１１４个氨基酸，为开放读框；有明确的框架区（ＦＲｓ）和抗原互补决定区     

抗BAFF单克隆抗体轻链和重链可变区基因的克隆及鉴定

目的:在本实验室成功制备小鼠抗人BAFF单克隆抗体的基础上,通过分子克隆方法获得该抗体可变区基因序列。方法:从1株小鼠抗人BAFF单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞FMMUB4中提取总RNA,以此为模版反转录成cDNA,用针对小鼠单克隆抗体重链和轻链可变区基因序列的特异性引物分别进行PCR反应,PCR产物连接入载体,经筛选阳性克隆、酶切鉴定后送测序,测序结果进行生物信息学分析。结果:成功克隆了抗BAFF单克隆抗体FMMUB4重链和轻链可变区基因,测序结果证实序列正确。结论:获得了抗BAFF单克隆抗体FMMUB4重链和轻链可变区基因序列,为下一步构建相关基因工程抗体打下良好基础。     

抗人CD154单抗轻重链可变区基因克隆与序列分析

目的:克隆抗人CD154抗体轻重链可变区基因,并分析其核苷酸序列,为基因工程抗体的构建奠定基础。方法:从分泌能抑制免疫反应的抗人CD154单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞株 7E8中提取总RNA,合成cDNA第一链后,经PCR扩增获得抗人CD154单抗轻链可变区 (VL)和重链可变区 (VH)基因,分别克隆入pUC18载体,并进行序列分析。结果:①抗体的轻链可变区基因全长为 341bp,编码113个氨基酸,归属于Ig的Vκ2基因,氨基酸序列分析结果显示轻链可变区含有明确的 4个骨架区和 3个抗原决定簇互补区,在第 2 3位和第 93位氨基酸为半胱氨酸,是与抗体二硫键形成有关的两个特征性氨基酸;②抗体的重链可变区基因全长为 354bp,编码118个氨基酸,归属于小鼠IgVH基因,D、J区基因分别属于DSP2.9和JH2,氨基酸序列分析结果显示,重链可变区含有明确的 4个骨架区和 3个抗原决定簇互补区,在第 2 3和第 97位氨基酸为半胱氨酸,是与抗体二硫键形成有关的两个特征性氨基酸。结论:经核苷酸序列分析证明所克隆的基因分别为抗体的轻、重链可变区基因.     

抗CD3嵌合抗体片段Fab′突变体的表达和生物活性研究

本实验室已构建的抗ＣＤ3单抗片段表达量较低 ,不利于今后的研究和应用。为此我们参照ＰＤＢ文库和有关文献 ,对抗ＣＤ3单链抗体 (ＳｃＦｖ)重链基因第 6位 (Ｇｌｕ Ｇｌｎ)和第 10 5位 (Ｃｙｓ Ｓｅｒ)氨基酸进行定点突变 ,同时轻链第 5位发生随机掺入的同义突变 (Ｔｈｒ Ｔｈｒ) ,使产量有了显著提高。以该ＳｃＦｖ表达载体为模板 ,ＰＣＲ扩增抗ＣＤ3单抗重链可变区 (ＶＨ)和轻链基金项目 :国家“863”高科技基金资助项目 (863 1 0 2 0 9 0 3 0 3)作者单位 :30 0 0 2 0天津 ,中国医学科学院中国协和医科大学血液学研究所实验血液学国家重…     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.