Protein A immunoadsorption therapy in the highly sensitized kidney transplant candidates

Background  Sensitization in transplant candidates increases risk of irreversible immunologic injury of graft in the early period postoperatively. Elimination of anti-human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies using protein A immunoadsorption (IA) might benefit these patients.

Methods  Protein A IA was used in 21 patients with high panel reactive antibody (PRA). The patients had IA 1–6 times (median 5 times) with the interval period was 2–5 days (median 2.5 days).

Results  Total 67 IA procedures were carried out smoothly in all patients. IA treatment reduced PRA I (pre (31.4±3.8)% vs. post (24.4±3.4)%, P <0.01) and II (pre (37.1±4.3)% vs. post (34.1±3.9)%, P <0.01). However, PRA did not change in some patients after the treatment. The serum immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM and IgA) and complement C3, C4 level were decreased significantly. Hemoglobin and albumin levels were slightly decreased associated with IA procedures. Flu-like symptoms were observed in a few of cases during the procedure but generally mild and transient.

Conclusion  Protein A IA is capable to efficiently remove serum immunoglobulin and complement, reduce HLA class I and class II PRA in high sensitized transplant candidates, which is likely to benefit the kidney transplantation in these patients.

     

Rituximab induction therapy in highly sensitized kidney transplant recipients

Background  The number of highly sensitized patients is rising, and sensitization can lead to renal transplant failure. The present study aimed to investigate the safety and efficacy of renal transplantation following induction therapy with rituximab in highly sensitized kidney transplant recipients.

Methods  Seven highly sensitized kidney transplant recipients who underwent rituximab therapy from December 2008 to December 2009 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 3 men and 4 women, with a mean age of 38.5 years (range, 21–47 years). The duration of hemodialysis was 3–12 months, with a mean duration of 11 months. For 4 patients, this was the second transplant; the previous graft survival time was 2–11 years, with a mean survival time of 5.8 years. All the female recipients had history of multiple pregnancies, and all patients had previously received blood transfusions. All donors were men, with a mean age of 32.5 years (range, 25–37 years). In 2 of the 7 patients, both class I and class II of panel reactive antibody were high; the remaining 5 patients showed either high in class I or in class II of panel reactive antibody. The mean panel reactive antibody value was 31% for class I and 51% for class II respectively. The donors and the recipients had the same blood type, with low lymphocyte cytotoxicity ranging from 2% to 5%. The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) mismatch numbers were from 2 to 4. All patients received tacrolimus (0.1 mg∙kg^-1∙d^-1) and mycophenolate mofetil (750 mg twice per day) orally 3 days prior to surgery. All patients received a single dose of 600 mg rituximab (375 mg/m²) infusion on the day before surgery and polyclonal antibody (antithymocyte globulin) on the day of surgery. Postoperative creatinine, creatinine clearance rate, and occurrence of rejection by pathological biopsy confirmation were monitored.

Results  No patient had delayed graft function after surgery. Two patients had acute rejection, one on day 7 and the other on day 13 post-surgery. Diagnosis of acute rejections was based on the clinical assessments and pathological biopsy results. According to the Banff 07 classification of renal allograft pathology, one of the patients was Ia and the other was IIa; the C4d staining was negative in both patients. One patient received methylprednisolone plus cyclophosphamide and the other received antithymocyte globulin (ATG) therapy, both leading to successful reversion of the acute rejection. All patients were discharged postoperatively and all had normal renal function during the 7th to 12th month follow-up. Pulmonary infection occurred in 1 patient 4 months after surgery and was successfully cured.

Conclusion  Rituximab induction therapy can reduce the occurrence of postoperative humoral rejection in highly sensitized renal transplant recipients, suggesting that kidney transplantation may be safe and effective for these patients.

     

蛋白A免疫吸附治疗高致敏肾移植受者1例报告并文献复习

目的肾脏移植的致敏性是目前临床面临的一大难题,高致敏受者接受移植的机会大大减少,我们对1例高致敏受者肾移植围手术期采用蛋白A免疫吸附疗法配合免疫抑制治疗,观察其临床效果,结合文献评估疗效.方法受者采用蛋白A免疫吸附成功进行肾移植病例,同时回顾通过国内外文献检索得到的蛋白A免疫吸附治疗肾移植高致敏受者的病例.结果结合我们目前的病例,分析已被报道的66例(国内30例,国外36例)蛋白A免疫吸附治疗肾移植高致敏受者的病例,发现大部分患者采用了蛋白A免疫吸附可以明显降低IgG、IgM、IgA等,PRA从术前30%～100%降低到术后30%以下,65例成功进行了肾移植.结论 Protein A免疫吸附可以清除体内免疫球蛋白疗效明显,结合免疫抑制治疗使肾移植高致敏受者成功接受肾移植,提高移植肾远期存活率.     

Expression characteristics of major histocompatibility complex class I-related chain A antibodies and immunoadsorption effect in sensitized recipients of kidney transplantation

Background  Sensitized recipients have a high risk of immunological graft loss due to hyperacute rejection and/or accelerated acute rejection. The presence of major histocompatibility complex class I-related chain A (MICA) antibodies has also been described associated with an increased rate of kidney-allograft rejection. The aim of this study was to describe the expression of MICA antibodies in sensitized recipients of renal transplantation and evaluate its influence on the kidney transplantation recipients.

Methods  A total of 29 sensitized recipients were included in this study. All patients received the MICA antibodies detection before and after protein A immunoadsorption. Panel reactive antibody (PRA), HLA-matches, acute rejection and postoperative one to four-week serum creatinine level were also collected and analyzed, respectively. No prisoners were used in this study.

Results  Eight patients (27.6%) in all 29 sensitized recipients expressed the MICA antibodies but did not show higher acute rejection rate than the non-expressed patients (3/8, 37.5% vs. 8/21, 38.1%; P=1.000). Recipients with PRA >40% showed higher expression levels of MICA antibodies than the recipients with PRA <40% (7/16, 43.8% vs. 1/13, 8.3%; P=0.044). HLA mismatch did not have any effect on the expression of MICA antibodies (P=1.000). MICA antibodies positive group had higher serum creatinine level than the control in postoperative one week ((135.4±21.4) µmol/L vs. (108.6±31.6) µmol/L, P=0.036), but no significant difference in postoperative four weeks ((89.0±17.1) µmol/L vs. (77.1±15.9) µmol/L, P=0.089). MICA antibodies decreased significantly after protein A immunoadsorption.

Conclusions  MICA antibodies increase in the sensitized recipients, which have significant effects on the function of allograft in early postoperative period. Protein A immunoadsorption can decrease MICA antibodies effectively in sensitized recipients.

     

Alemtuzumab induction therapy in highly sensitized kidney transplant recipients

Background  Immunosuppression for immunologically high-risk kidney transplant patients usually involves antithymocyte globulin induction with triple drug maintenance therapy. Alemtuzumab, a humanized anti-CD52 antibody, was expected to be a promising induction therapy agent for kidney transplantation. However, currently no consensus is available about its efficacy and safety. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of alemtuzumab as immune induction therapy in highly sensitized kidney transplant recipients.

Methods  In this prospective, open-label, randomized, controlled trial, we enrolled 23 highly immunological risk patients (panel reactive antibody >20%). They were divided into two groups: alemtuzumab group (trial group) and anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) group (control group). Patients in the alemtuzumab group received intravenous alemtuzumab (15 mg) as a single dose before reperfusion. At the 24th hour post-operation, another dosage of alemtuzumab (15 mg) was given. The control group received a bolus of rabbit ATG (9 mg/kg), which was given 2 hours before kidney transplantation and lasted until the removal of vascular clamps when the anastomoses were completed. Maintenance immunosuppression in both groups comprised standard triple therapy consisting of tacrolimus, prednisone, and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF). Acute rejection (AR) and infection episodes were recorded, and kidney function was monitored during a 2-year follow-up. χ² test, t test and Kaplan-Meier analysis were performed with SPSS17.0 software.

Results  Median follow-up was 338 days. In both the alemtuzumab group and ATG group, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen values in surviving recipients were similar (P >0.05). White blood cell counts were significantly reduced in the alemtuzumab group for the most time points up to 6 months (P <0.05). One patient receiving alemtuzumab died for acute myocardial infarction at the 65th day post-operation. Two ATG patients died for severe pulmonary infection or cardiac and pulmonary failure. Cumulative 2-year graft survival rate was 90.9% in the alemtuzumab group and 81.8% in ATG group (P >0.05) respectively. There was one graft failure in the alemtuzumab group and two graft failures in ATG group, with all graft failures at tributed to rejection episodes. The alemtuzumab group had a 2-year cumulative freedom from rejection rate of 81.8%, compared with 72.7% for the ATG group (P >0.05).

Conclusion  Alemtuzumab induction therapy for highly sensitized kidney transplant recipients is an effective and safe protocol yielding an acceptable acute rejection rate.

     

免疫吸附在高致敏肾移植受者中的应用

目的 探讨蛋白A免疫吸附(IA)治疗在预防高致敏肾移植受者急性排斥反应中的效果和安全性.方法 回顾性分析2008年3月至2009年10月首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院收治的12例群体反应性抗体(PRA)高的肾移植患者在术前应用IA治疗的临床资料.比较治疗前后血免疫球蛋白IgG、IgM、IgA及PRA水平.观察患者术后急性排斥反应发生情况及不良反应.结果 12例患者IA治疗次数为3～8次.治疗后PRA Ⅰ和Ⅱ类抗体均较治疗前明显下降[14%(4%,27%)比86%(73%,98%),6%(0,23%)比68%(34%,88%),均P＜0.01];血清总IgG水平较治疗前明显下降[(550±341)g/L比(1301±393)g/L,P＜0.01];IgA和IgM也较治疗前降低[(144±78)g/L比(185±93)g/L,(103±48)g/L比(131±66)g/L,P＜0.01].5例患者在术后发生了急性排斥反应,给予抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(ATG)或联合IA(2例)治疗后均逆转.术后6个月内,1例患者发生烟曲霉菌肺炎,2例出现卡氏肺囊虫肺炎,均治愈.结论 IA治疗可降低高致敏患者体内预存抗体水平.辅以诱导治疗对预防和减轻肾移植术后排斥反应疗效确切.     

致敏受者肾移植急性排斥反应的影响因素

目的 探讨致敏受者肾移植急性排斥反应的影响因素。方法 对102例术前致敏患者临床资料进行回顾性分析,探讨群体反应抗体(PRA)水平、氨基酸残基配型、术后PRA水平升高及细胞因子基因型对急性排斥反应发生率的影响。结果和结论 102例致敏肾移植受者术后随访期间发生急性排斥反应33例次,其中PRA水平、氨基酸残基相配程度、术后PRA水平升高、TNF-α高产量基因型和IL-10高产量基因型对移植肾的急性排斥发生率均有显著性影响。术前综合评估这些因素,有利于制订合理的免疫抑制方案。     

PRA配型技术在致敏受者肾移植术中的应用研究

目的 探讨群体反应性抗体(PRA)配型技术在致敏受者肾移植中的临床效果.方法 应用抗原板(LAT),采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测肾移植受者术前的PRA;采用PRA配型技术进行术前配型.结果 12例致敏受者组采用PRA配型技术,肾移植术后肾功能恢复正常,无1例发生超急性排斥反应,术后1个月内急性排斥反应的发生率为25%;同期43例非致敏受者组,术后1个月内急性排斥反应的发生率为18.6%,虽较致敏受者组低,但两组之间差异无统计学意义.结论 PRA配型技术对减少致敏受者肾移植排斥反应,提高移植物存活率具有重要意义.     

致敏受者细胞因子基因多态性与肾移植急性排斥反应的关系

目的研究致敏受者细胞因子基因多态性与肾移植急性排斥反应的关系。方法应用序列特异性引物聚合酶链反应(PCR-SSP)对97例术前群体反应性抗体阳性肾移植受者的肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素-10(IL-10)、转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)、白介素-6(IL-6)、干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)的基因型进行测定,并探讨细胞因子基因型对急性排斥反应发生率的影响。结果97例致敏肾移植受者术后3个月内共有23例发生了急性排斥反应,其中TNF-α和IL-10高产量基因型组受者的急性排斥反应发生率分别高达51.9%和55.5%,显著高于相应的低产量基因型受者的12.9%和13.3%(P<0.01)。联合TNF-α和IL-10发现,高TNF-α产量基因型和高、中IL-10基因型受者的急性排斥反应发生率为62.5%,显著高于两者均为低产量基因型者的8.5%(P<0.01)。未发现TGF-β1、IL-6、IFN-γ细胞因子基因多态性与急性排斥反应的关系。结论TNF-α和IL-10基因多态性对致敏受者肾移植术后的急性排斥反应发生率有明显影响,测定TNF-α和IL-10基因型有利于制订合理的免疫抑制方案。     

肾移植受者与肝移植受者术后肺部感染的比较

目的 分析肾移植与肝移植术后肺部感染的异同点,探讨有效诊治措施.方法 对2004年1月至2008年12月间发生肺部感染的肾移植受者及肝移植受者进行回顾性分析,比较两组受者肺部感染的特点.结果 肾移植组肺部感染45例,肝移植组肺部感染23例,其肺部感染发生率分别分7.4%vs 56.1%(P<0.001),重症肺炎发生率2.6%vs 46.3%(P<0.001),肺炎诊断距移植中位时间(d)230(29-1080)vs 4(2-104)(P<0.001),肺炎病死率6.7%vs 17.4%(P=NS),肺部感染导致移植受者的死亡率0.5%vs 9.8%(P<0.001);两组细菌性感染的病原菌均以G-菌为主,但肝移植组受者多重耐药菌的比例较高(12.9%vs 37.0%,P=0.005).结论 了解肾移植及肝移植术后肺部感染的规律,能够为移植术后预防性抗感染治疗以及感染早期的经验性治疗提供依据,减少感染患者的死亡率及提高移植受者的存活率.     

尸肾移植术后移植肾动脉狭窄发病原因分析

目的探讨尸体肾移植术后移植肾动脉狭窄(TRAS)的可能发病原因。方法对尸体肾移植术后18例TRAS患者与未发生TRAS的566受者有可能影响TRAS发生的多个因素进行统计分析。结果(1)TRAS患者的肾移植术后急性排斥反应发生率显著高于非TRAS者(66.67% vs5.48% , P<0.01);(2)发生与未发生TRAS的受者在术前透析方式、糖尿病发病、供肾冷缺血时间、供肾动脉数、供肾侧、供肾动脉吻合方式、术后免疫诱导用药、术后口服免疫维持治疗、术后巨细胞病毒感染以及发病时血脂等诸方面均无显著差异。结论肾移植术后TRAS的发生与移植术后急性排斥反应的发生有密切关系。     

50例肾移植受者应用TDM指导环孢素A的分析

目的了解治疗药物监测（therapeutic drug monitoring,TDM）指导肾移植受者术后临床应用环孢素A（cyclospo．fineA,CsA）的现状。方法收集2000年5月至2005年3月我院50例肾移植受者术后第1个月的病案资料进行回顾性分析。结果50例肾移植受者男：女约为3：1,均采用CsA、强的松和硫唑嘌呤三联用药方案。男性肾移植受者CsA平均初始剂量和维持剂量较女性高出59．94ms／d和52．00mg／d（P〈O．01）。初始用药后血药浓度在目标范围（250～400μg/L）的占44％（男性18例,女性4例）。男性患者剂量调整共117次,其中下调106例次（90．60％）,上调11例次（9．40％）;女性患者剂量调整共34次,其中下调29例次（85．29％）,上调5例次（14．71％）。用药后10d内进行第1次TDM,1个月内共进行147次（男性106次,女性41次）。结论CsA的初始剂量普遍偏高,TDM应尽早开始,并适当增加监测次数。     

早期低剂量利妥昔单抗在ABO血型不相容肾移植中的应用

目的 探讨不同方案利妥昔单抗在ABO血型不相容肾移植(ABOi-KT)中应用的利弊,总结合理利用利妥昔单抗使用方案.方法 33例ABOi-KT受者,术前均使用MMF+FK506等10~14 d,配合血浆置换和血浆双重滤过.利妥昔单抗的使用有如下4个不同方案:方案一,术前24 h内单次使用利妥昔单抗500 mg;方案二,术前1周和术前24 h内各使用利妥昔单抗500 mg;方案三,术前2周、术前1周和术前24 h内分别使用利妥昔单抗200、200、500 mg;方案四:术前2周、术前1周和术前24 h内分别使用利妥昔单抗200、200、100 mg.监测4组患者不同时间点血型抗体滴度.统计各组血浆处理次数、使用血浆量,比较不同组别对比术后人肾脏存活率、1年内的感染发生率.结果 除方案二中1例出现急性排斥反应,行移植肾切除外,余32例ABOi-KT均取得成功,未出现大出血和肾功能延迟恢复.方案一配合血浆置换和血浆双重滤过次数最多,使用血液制品也最多,方案三和四最少;方案三和四中术后2周内血型抗体滴度反弹较其他方案慢.结论 (1)联合应用免疫抑制剂、血浆置换和(或)双重血浆置换、利妥昔单抗等方法处理ABOi-KT受者是安全有效的;(2)早期低剂量使用利妥昔单抗方案(方案四)是安全有效的,同时可以减少移植受者血浆处理次数,减少术后血型抗体反弹概率,减少手术费用.     

肾移植后股骨头缺血坏死危险因素探讨

目的探讨肾移植后发生股骨头缺血坏死的危险因素，提高移植后股骨头缺血坏死的早期诊断率。方法对24例肾移植后股骨头缺血坏死的病例进行回顾性分析。结果术后随访25～100个月，平均49.5个月。股骨头坏死组病人的术后激素用量、急性排斥反应发生率、术后1a的体重增加、血胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白的变化相对对照组差异明显。结论激素的应用是移植后股骨头坏死的重要原因，术后早期血脂和体重的变化对移植后股骨头坏死有一定的预示作用。     

超声射频技术评价移植肾患者颈动脉形态学变化及其相关因素

目的 应用超声射频技术检测移植肾患者的颈动脉结构参数,初步探讨其形态学变化及相关影响因素.方法 选取2014年3月至2015年12月在我院就诊的移植肾患者31例(KTR组),与移植肾患者术前血液透析累积时间匹配的终末期肾病(ESRD)持续性血透患者31例(ESRD组),以及年龄、性别匹配的健康志愿者84例(对照组).超声射频技术测量各组受试者的右颈总动脉内-中膜厚度(CIMT)和右颈总动脉管径(CCAD),采用多元线性回归法分析CIMT和CCAD的独立影响因素.结果 ESRD组患者的CIMT较KTR组和对照组厚(P＜0.05),而KTR组和对照组相比差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).ESRD组患者的CCAD较对照组增宽(P＜0.01),而KTR组与对照组和ESRD组相比差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).多元线性回归分析结果显示,年龄、体质量、收缩压及部分血流动力学参数与CIMT和CCAD呈正相关,是两者的独立影响因素.结论 持续性血透的ESRD患者肾移植后颈动脉形态学可部分恢复正常;年龄、体质量、收缩压和部分血流动力学参数是其变化的独立影响因素.     

Aspergillus pneumonia in renal transplant recipients

Background Filamentous fungal infections are associated with a high morbidity and mortality in solid organ transplants The present study aimed to investigate the aspergillus pneumonia in renal transplant recipients, and its diagnosis as well as treatment. Methods Approximately 2000 cases of renal transplants were retrospectively studied and we focused on cases hospitalized during August 1, 2005 and February 1, 2007, as the study period. The clinical database and electronic records were analyzed. Recently published literature was reviewed. Results There was more diabetes and hypertension in the infected group than in the non-infected group （86% vs 62% and 57% vs 39%, respectively）. Eighty-six percent of recipients from the infected group had delayed graft function. Seven cases with aspergillus pneumonia were identified based on either fungal culture or radiology. Of the 7 cases, 4 died in a few days after diagnosis. Liposomal amphotericin B was used as a first-line therapy. Conclusions Incidences of fungal infection are increasing among renal transplant recipients. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical steps in curing aspergillosis.     

CYP3A4 genetic polymorphisms predict cyclosporine-related clinical events in Chinese renal transplant recipients

Background  Cyclosporin A (CsA) is a substrate of both cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) and P-glycoprotein (P-gp), some of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in these genes are associated with interindividual variations in CsA pharmacokinetics. We studied the influence of these SNPs on the incidence of rejection and CsA nephrotoxicity, as well as pneumonia within one year after renal transplant and post-transplantation diabetes mellitus (PTDM), in order to find whether genetic evaluation may help to identify patients at risk and to modulate CsA therapy to optimize graft and patient outcomes.

Methods  A total of 208 renal transplant recipients receiving CsA were genotyped for ABCB1 (C1236T, G2677T/A, and C3435T), CYP3A4*1G, and CYP3A5*3 by direct sequencing method. Retrospective case control study was utilized to identify the association between CYP3A4*1G, CYP3A5*3, ABCB1 genetic polymorphisms and CsA-related outcomes.

Results  The patients with a CYP3A4*1G/*1G genotype were found to have a higher incidence of acute rejection compared with those with CYP3A4*1/*1.

Conclusion  CYP3A4*1G/*1G genotype predict increased risk of acute rejection, so genetic evaluation may partly help to identify patients at risk and to modulate CsA therapy to optimize graft and patient outcomes.

     

受者外周血淋巴细胞黏附分子基因表达对肾移植急性排斥反应的预测作用

目的 探讨肾移植受者外周血淋巴细胞LFA-1、ICAM-1基因表达水平对术后急性排斥反应的预测作用.方法 (1)在取肾同时取供体脾脏,并制成脾细胞悬液.在术前及术后第4天分别抽取受者外周静脉血,并分离出淋巴细胞.同时跟踪调查受者术后1个月内急性排斥反应的发生情况.(2)以供者及无关者脾细胞为刺激细胞,受者淋巴细胞为反应细胞,做混合淋巴细胞培养.采用MTT法测定供者及无关者脾细胞刺激受者淋巴细胞增殖的刺激指数.采用半定量RT-PCR方法测定在供体脾细胞、无关者脾细胞刺激及未刺激时,受者淋巴细胞LFA-1、ICAM-1基因表达水平.结果 (1)本组研究了35例能够获取外周血淋巴细胞及供体脾细胞的患者,术后1个月内发生过急性排斥反应10例,未发生急性排斥反应25例,急性排斥反应发生率28.6%.(2)术前及术后第4天时,供体及无关者脾细胞刺激受者淋巴细胞增殖的刺激指数在发生急性排斥反应与未发生急性排斥反应受者之间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).术后第4天,正常组淋巴细胞对供体脾细胞反应的刺激指数术后较术前的下降值明显高于排斥组,二者之间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);而正常组和排斥组淋巴细胞对无关者脾细胞反应的刺激指数术后较术前的下降值差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).(3)术前及术后4d,未刺激时,受者淋巴细胞LFA-1、ICAM-1基因表达水平在发生急性排斥反应与未发生急性排斥反应受者之间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);术前及术后4d,无关者脾细胞对受者淋巴细胞刺激时,受者淋巴细胞LFA-1、ICAM-1基因表达水平在发生急性排斥反应与未发生急性排斥反应受者之间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);术前及术后4d,供者脾细胞对受者淋巴细胞刺激时,受者淋巴细胞LFA-1、ICAM-1基因表达水平在发生急性排斥反应与未发生急性排斥反应的受者之间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 (1)术前、术后受者淋巴细胞对供体特异抗原及无关者抗原反应的刺激指数,对术后急性排斥反应发生无预测作用;而术后,受者淋巴细胞对供体抗原反应的刺激指数较术前的下降值可能有一定的预测作用.(2)术前、术后在无关者抗原刺激及无抗原刺激时,肾移植受者外周血淋巴细胞LFA-1、ICAM-1基因表达水平对术后急性排斥反应发生无预测作用.(3)术前、术后在供体特异抗原刺激时,肾移植受者外周血淋巴细胞LFA-1、ICAM-1基因表达水平对术后急性排斥反应发生有明显预测作用.     

肾移植受者BK病毒感染的临床诊断

目的 探讨肾移植受者BK病毒感染的诊断方法、监测指标.方法 采集234例肾移植受者的血、尿样本,行BKV尿沉渣细胞学计数与实时荧光定量PCR检测方法.结果 234例受者的尿Decoy细胞、BK病毒尿症与病毒血症的阳性率分别为33.3%、33.3%和16.2%.尿Decoy细胞阳性者Decoy细胞中位数水平为6个/10HPF,BKV DNA阳性者尿液和外周血BKV中位数水平分别为7.62×103 copy/ml和7.61×103 copy/ml.尿液BKV阳性率较外周血明显升高(P=0.000).尿液Decoy细胞计数与尿液BKV含量相关(γ=0.59,P=0.000),但尿液和外周血中BKV含量无明显相关性(P=0.14).结论 肾移植受者易发生BKV再活化,定量尿沉渣细胞学检测简单、易行、敏感,可以做为BKV活化的指标,间接反映肾脏病理情况,也可检测血、尿BKV DNA了解病毒活化情况、筛查BKV相关的移植肾肾病.     

影响致敏患者移植肾存活的危险因素分析

目的探讨影响致敏患者移植肾存活的危险因素,识别引起移植物失功的高危患者,以提高致敏患者移植肾长期存活率。方法选择102例行肾移植术的致敏患者进行回顾性研究,用Kaplan-Meier计算1、3、5年移植肾存活率,用log-rank进行单因素分析和Cox模型多因素回归分析,计算相对危险度。结果102例致敏患者随访期间移植肾失功16例,其中死亡7例,术后1年内死亡5例,术后2及3年带肾死亡各1例。死亡原因肺部感染5例、心血管疾病2例,失访3例。1、3、5年人存活率为95%、93%和93%,1、3、5年肾存活率为90%、85%和75%,移植肾半生存期为8.9年。单因素及多因素分析表明受者年龄、移植次数、PRA水平、术后PRA水平升高、HLA相配程度、移植肾功能恢复正常时间、移植肾功能延迟恢复、急性排斥反应、血肌酐水平、感染等10个因素对移植肾的存活产生重要或非常重要影响。结论通过控制影响移植肾存活的危险因素,致敏患者移植肾存活同样能取得满意效果。