用经皮胆囊镜治疗肝胆管结石的临床研究

采用经皮胆囊镜在手术中及术后行肝胆管结石或残石取石术８４例，目的在于对其临床意义和价值进行评价。结果术中碎石取石２６例，一次性取净结石２１例（８０．７６％）；术后经瘘道碎石取石５８例，结石取净率为９４．８２％（５５／５８）。该组病例在治疗过程中同时采用多种纤维胆道镜配合处理。该资料显示多种内镜的联合应用既能明显提高治疗效果，又能扩大治疗范围，为肝胆管结石或残石的治疗提供了一种新方法     

经皮肝胆道硬镜碎石治疗肝胆管结石手术路径选择的临床研究

目的：比较经皮肝胆道镜碎石（PTCSL）两种不同路径治疗肝胆管结石的临床治疗效果、优缺点及临床应用价值,为今后经皮肝胆道镜手术选择提供依据。方法：选取2007年3月至2012年7月间于广州医科大学附属第一医院确诊并接受治疗的81例肝胆结石患者作为研究对象,随机分成观察组和对照组,其中观察组39例,对照组42例,观察组采取一步造瘘取石法,对照组则采取二步造瘘取石法,治疗周期结束后比较两组患者的出血量、结石取净率、并发症发生率以及住院时间。结果：治疗周期结束后,两组患者的结石取净率、并发症发生率以及住院时间差异均无显著性（P＞0．05）,采取一步造瘘取石法的观察组在出血量方面明显低于采用二步造瘘取石法的对照组,差异具有显著性（P＜0．05）。结论：PTCSL是临床治疗肝胆管结石的一种较为有效方法,两种手术路径方式在临床治疗效果以及并发症的控制方面均有明显疗效,但一步造瘘取石法出血量较少,在一定条件下可作为手术的首选。     

改良的经皮经肝胆道镜治疗肝内胆管结石的手术护理配合

[目的]探讨改良的经皮经肝胆道镜治疗肝内胆管结石的手术护理配合方法。[方法]回顾性分析肝内胆管结石85例手术配合资料,均使用改良的经皮经肝胆道镜,即经皮肝胆道穿刺引流1周后扩张瘘道至14F~16F,经瘘道使用胆道镜碎石取石。[结果]在良好的手术护理配合下手术均顺利完成,术中无严重并发症发生。[结论]充分的器械准备、熟悉手术细节、正确的配合是保证手术顺利完成的关键。     

ERCP配合新型经皮经肝胆道镜术在胆总管结石治疗中的应用

目的:探讨内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)联合新型经皮经肝胆道镜术(PTCS)在胆总管结石治疗中的临床应用价值.方法:改良传统PTCS方法,选择剑突旁入路在经皮经肝胆管引流(PTCD)和窦道扩张后,将隔离鞘套置入瘘道内,然后联合ERCP术经鞘套进行胆道内碎石、取石、胆道扩张,置内支架治疗胆总管结石,就其疗效进行回顾性研究.结果:137例胆总管结石患者手术成功126例,成功率为92.0%,结石完全取净率为100%,无肠穿孔、胆瘘、大出血及死亡等并发症发生.结论:对部分胆总管结石,尤其是残留或复发结石及其伴随的胆道狭窄和阻塞性黄疸,改良的PTCS配合ERCP是一种创伤小、安全有效的子术方法,能有效提高结石清除率,降低结石复发率.是一种值得推荐的手术方式.     

胆道镜配合手术治疗肝胆管结石的疗效观察

目的 探讨胆道镜配合手术肝胆管切开取石治疗肝胆管结石的临床疗效,并与肝部分切除术+T管引流治疗肝胆管结石相比较.方法 2008年2月至2011年2月40例采取胆道镜配合肝胆管切开取石治疗(观察组)与同期采取肝部分切除术+T管引流治疗的40例肝胆管结石患者(对照组)的临床资料进行对比分析.结果 观察组与对照组的手术时间分别为(132.4±10.6)、(177.3 ±12.4)min,术中出血量分别为(67.4±13.5)、(168.5 ±22.6)ml,住院时间分别为(9.3±2.0)、(12.6±2.5)d,术后并发症发生率分别为20％、30％,差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.05).观察组术后结石残留率和复发率均低于对照组.结论 采取胆道镜配合肝胆管切开取石治疗肝胆管结石的临床效果较好.     

经皮肝胆道造瘘硬质胆道镜治疗肝内胆管结石的临床疗效分析

目的探讨经皮肝胆道造瘘硬质胆道镜治疗肝内胆管结石的临床疗效。方法选取我院2018年8月～2019年8月就诊的肝内胆管结石患者100例,采用随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组各50例。对照组采用经规则性肝切除术,观察组采用经皮肝胆道造瘘硬质胆道镜治疗,比较两组临床指标、结石清除及并发症发生情况。结果观察组手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组取净结石率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组并发症发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论肝内胆管结石患者采用经皮肝胆道造瘘硬质胆道镜治疗创伤较小,结石取净率较高,且并发症较少,利于患者术后恢复。     

经皮肾穿刺造瘘碎石取石术术中体位护理的施行价值分析

目的:分析实施经皮肾穿刺造瘘碎石取石术术中体位护理的临床疗效。方法 :对我院2013年3月~2015年2月收治的100例皮肾穿刺造瘘碎石取石术患者术中体位护理资料进行分析。结果:100例患者经皮肾穿刺造瘘碎石取石术均成功取石,手术时间平均(119±42)min;住院时间平均(7.34±1.22)d,87例Ⅰ期结石取尽24例,余者残留结石Ⅱ期手术取尽,术中未出现穿孔、肠损伤、胸腹腔积液等并发症。结论:经皮肾穿刺造瘘碎石取石术术中合理的体位护理,可以有效减少体位改变引起的循环呼吸系统改变及患者的不适感。     

纤维胆道镜在胆管结石围手术期的应用

目的：推广纤维胆道镜的应用，提高胆管结石的治疗效果。方法：在胆管结石手术的围手术期使用纤维胆道镜，取出困难部位结石，术后经T管瘘道取出残余结石。结果：45例术中取石发生残石1例，残石率仅2．2％；术后经T管瘘道取石12例，全部取净，1例行3次取石取净。结论：纤维胆道镜在肝胆管结石围手术期应用能提高疗效。     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗肝胆管结石

目的：探讨腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗肝胆管结石的临床价值。方法：采取腹腔镜下胆总管切开,胆道镜探查取石,一期缝合胆总管或T管引流,术后胆道镜取石手术方法治疗肝管结石病人70例,并与70例开腹手术进行比较。结果：35例手术均获成功,无中转开腹及严重并发症,手术时间与开腹手术相当（P＞0．05）,术后住院时间较开腹手术组明显缩短（P＜0．05）,病人痛苦轻,恢复快,部分病例随访半年以上未见远期并发症,结论：腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗肝胆管结石安全可靠,疗效满意,该术式可代替部分开腹手术。     

腹腔镜下胆道镜联合微爆破碎石仪治疗胆道结石的临床探讨

目的探讨腹腔镜下胆道镜联合微爆破碎石术仪治疗肝胆管结石的安全性及治疗效果。方法回顾分析2008年7月-2012年6月183例胆道结石患者,行腹腔镜下胆道镜联合微爆破碎石仪治疗或单纯经内镜Oddi括约肌切开取石治疗的临床资料。87例患者在术中均应用微爆破碎石仪碎石（微爆破组）,96例患者行单纯经内镜Oddi括约肌切开术或经内镜乳头切开术碎石（对照组）。结果微爆破组碎石成功率100％,结石取净率85．06％（74／87）,微爆破组的碎石时间、平均住院时间、平均住院总费用、并发症发生率均明显低于对照组（P〈O．05）。结论腹腔镜下胆道镜联合微爆破碎石术在治疗肝胆管结石病方面,具有微创、安全、经济有效的优点,能降低结石残留率及取石次数,值得临床推广。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.     

护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响分析

目的研究护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响。方法选取本院在2014年4月~2016年7月诊治的136例面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者,随机分为研究组与对照组,每组68例;所有患者均依据其情况给予对应的治疗,其中对照组在治疗期间给予常规护理,研究组在对照组的基础上再给予综合性护理干预,比较两组的治疗效果及护理满意度情况等。结果患者在接受治疗和护理后,研究组中度与重度患者的治疗效果较对照组均明显提高(P0.05),研究组护理满意度较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论对面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者在其治疗期间给予综合性护理干预,具有良好的效果。