环境铅接触对学龄儿童红细胞还原型谷胱甘肽和钙－镁－ATP酶的影响

本文通过对环境铅污染地区儿童血铅、红细胞还原型谷胱甘肽（ＧＳＨ）和钙－镁－ＡＴＰ酶活性的研究结果发现，在铅污染地区红细胞钙－镁－ＡＴＰ酶活性明显低于非铅污染区；当血铅在０．４８１μｍｏｌ／Ｌ时，ＧＳＨ、钙－镁－ＡＴＰ酶活性已发生变化（Ｐ＜０．０５），并与血铅含量呈递减的趋势。说明环境铅接触对学龄儿童ＧＳＨ和钙－镁－ＡＴＰ酶活性确有不良影响。     

环境铅接触对学龄儿童红细胞还原型谷胱甘肽和钙—镁—ATP酶的影响

本文通过对环境铅污染地区儿童血铅，红细胞还原型谷胱甘肽（ＧＳＨ）和钙－镁－ＡＴＰ酶活性的研究发现，在铅污染地区红细胞钙－镁－ＡＴＰ酶活性明显低于非铅污染区；当血铅在０．４８μｍｏｌ／Ｌ时，ＧＳＨ，钙－镁－ＡＴＰ酶活性已发生变化（Ｐ〈０．０５），并与血铅含量呈递减的趋势，说明环境铅接触对学龄儿童ＧＳＨ和钙－镁－ＡＴＰ酶活性确不良影响。     

环境铅接触对学龄儿童血脂质过氧化和超氧化物歧化酶影响的研究

本研究通过对环境铅污染地区儿童血铅，血脂质过氧化（ＬＰＯ）－ＭＤＡ（丙二醛）和超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）的研究结果发现，铅污染地区ＤＭＡ的水平显著高于非铅污染地区，而ＳＯＤ在铅污染地区明显低于非铅污染地区，说明环境铅接触对学龄儿童ＳＯＤ和ＭＤＡ确有不良影响。     

环境锅污染对儿童淋巴细胞染色体及SCE的影响

为探讨环境铅污染对人体血铅负荷和遗传物质的影响，采用流行病学调查方法，调查了某蓄电池厂周围铅污染情况及该地区３９名儿童和对照且２０名儿童的血铅含量，淋巴细胞染色体畸变率和ＳＣＥ率。检测结果环境铅明显超标，污染组儿童血铅平均含量４３．１±１４．８μｇ／ｄｌ，染色体畸变率与对照组比明显增高（Ｐ〈０．０１），ＳＣＥ率两组未见明显差异（Ｐ〉０．０５），这提示：环境铅污染对儿童血铅水平和遗传物质产生了一定影     

环境铅污染对儿童淋巴细胞染色体及 SCE 的影响

为探讨环境铅污染对人体血铅负荷和遗传物质的影响，采用流行病学调查方法，调查了某蓄电池厂周围铅污染情况及该地区３９名儿童和对照组２０名儿童的血铅含量、淋巴细胞染色体畸变率和ＳＣＥ率。检测结果环境铅明显超标，污染组儿童血铅平均含量４３．１±１４．８μｇ／ｄｌ，染色体畸变率（１．８７％±１．０１％）与对照组比明显增高（Ｐ＜０．０１），ＳＣＥ率两组未见明显差别（Ｐ＞０．０５）。这提示：环境铅污染对儿童血铅水平和遗传物质产生了一定影响。     

非铅污染地区血铅与发铅水平及相关性分析

目的 研究某非铅污染地区人群中血铅与发铅总体平均水平及两者的相关性.方法 以某非铅污染区域中9个自然村270名健康人群为研究对象,用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定其血铅和发铅水平.结果 非铅污染区域人群血铅、发铅水平中位数(M)分别为0.067 μmol/L、3.6μg/g,男性血铅水平高于女性(M分别为0.088、0.050 μmol/L,P＜0.001),女性发铅水平高于男性(M分别为4.0、3.4 μg/g,P＜0.05);人群血铅、发铅水平总体均数的95％可信区间分别为(5.5,7.8)、(3.3,4.1),男性的为(7.3,10.3)、(2.8,4.0),女性的为(2.4,6.0)、(3.4,4.7).血铅水平与发铅水平的spearman等级相关系数为-0.043.结论 非铅污染环境下人群的血铅和发铅总体平均水平都较低,血铅水平与发铅水平无相关性.     

大气中铅对人体生物指标的影响

作者通过对生活在某铅冶炼厂周围居民各项生物指标的变化与大气铅污染的关系调查,了解到大气铅污染对人体各项生物指标的影响。尿铅、SCE与血铅存在明显的相关;但未发现血原卟啉、ALA-D、唾液溶菌酶与血铅在在明显的相关。污染较重的A点居民的血铅明显高于对照点(P<0.01),血铅高的居民中SCE显著增加,且与血铅浓度呈极显著相关,说明铅对血细胞具有一定的慢性毒作用。     

锅污染地区学龄儿童血铅水平与智商及神经行为功能关系的研究

通过对铅污染地区学龄儿童血铅水平与其智商及神经行为功能关系的调查后发现，高铅组儿童智商测验得分均低于低铅组（Ｐ〉０．０５），而按性别分层并以高低血铅分组分析后发现，铅对智商影响有性别间差别显著性；此外，铅污染地区和非铅污染区儿童视觉品质、闪光融合和视觉运动反应时的测定，两地区间存在着差别显著性，说明铅对学龄儿童的神经行为功能有不良影响。     

铅污染地区学龄儿童血铅水平与智商及神经行为功能关系的研究

通过对铅污染地区学龄儿童血铅水平与其智商及神经行为功能关系的调查后发现，高铅组儿童智商测验得分均低于低铅组（Ｐ＞０．０５），而按性别分层并以高低血铅分组分析后发现，铅对智商影响有性别间差别显著性；此外，铅污染地区和非铅污染区儿童视觉品质、闪光融合和视觉运动反应时的测定，两地区间存在着差别显著性，说明铅对学龄儿童的神经行为功能有不良影响。     

云南省白族长寿区猪肉中19种元素的测定分析

用电感偶合等离子体发射光谱法（ＩＣＰ－ ＡＥＳ）,对云南省云龙县金竹林地区和城区的猪肉进行了１９种元素的测定。结果表明,在两地区的猪肉中,均含有人体必需的Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ｎａ、Ｐ、Ｓ５种常量元素及Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｍｎ、Ｆｅ、Ｍｏ ５ 种微量元素（Ｓｅ和Ｓｒ未检出）,且这些元素在金竹林地区猪肉中的含量高于云龙县城区;有害元素Ｃｄ、Ｂ、Ａｌ均未检出,Ａｓ、Ｐｂ 的含量甚微。金竹林地区猪肉中还含Ｃｒ,这与该地区自然环境中有一个优越的微量元素谱密切相关     

Impact of Air Pollution by Lead on the Heme Biosynthetic Pathway in School-Age Children

Blood-lead level (Pb-B), erythrocyte δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity, free erythrocyte porphyrin (FEP) concentration, δ-aminolevulinie acid concentration in urine (ALAU), hematocrit value, and hemoglobin concentration were compared for groups of children 10–13 years old from areas differently polluted by lead (rural area and lead smelter area). The biological responses of the children were also compared with those observed in adults similarly exposed to lead (Pb-B: 10–40 μ/100 ml). Compared with the rural children, children living less than 1 km from the smelter exhibited a significant increase of Pb-B and FEP, a significant inhibition of ALAD, and a slight positive correlation of ALAU with Pb-B; however, they showed no biological signs of anemia. In children living approximately 1.5 km from the smelter, there was still a signfiicant increase of Pb-B and a concomitant inhibition of ALAD, but no change in FEP concentration. Comparison of the dose-response curves between Pb-B and FEP in adult males, adult females, and children indicates that the sensitivity to lead is in the order of children ≥ women > men. Based on the FEP response, it is proposed that 25 μ Pb/100 ml blood be regarded as the maximum biologically allowable concentration of lead in blood of school-age children.     

Lead and Cadmium Exposure from Contaminated Soil among Residents of a Farm Area near an Industrial Site

In this study, the authors determined the degree of lead and cadmium exposure in a population that resided in an area with contaminated soil. The extent of exposure from soil pollution was also assessed. Lead and cadmium concentrations in blood of children and adults who resided in the contaminated area were measured, and cadmium concentration in urine of adults was also determined. An adult control group was recruited from a non-polluted area. The mean blood lead level in adults who resided in the polluted area was 9.8 μg/dl, compared with a mean level of 6.8 μg/dl in controls (p = .004). Urinary cadmium levels were well below the level associated with onset of symptoms, but the differences between levels in residents of the contaminated area (0.54 μg/gm creatinine) and levels in the controls (0.37 μg/gm creatinine) indicated that life-long cadmium exposure had been higher among the residents of the contaminated area (p = .086). The mean blood lead level and mean blood cadmium level in children were 5.2 μg/dl (maximum = 7.90 μg/dl) and 0.10 μg/l, respectively. Lead in soil accounted in large part for the differences in blood lead levels in children; however, blood cadmium levels were not associated with soil cadmium levels, but, rather, with consumption of home-grown vegetables.     

Lead and cadmium exposure from contaminated soil among residents of a farm area near an industrial site

In this study, the authors determined the degree of lead and cadmium exposure in a population that resided in an area with contaminated soil. The extent of exposure from soil pollution was also assessed. Lead and cadmium concentrations in blood of children and adults who resided in the contaminated area were measured, and cadmium concentration in urine of adults was also determined. An adult control group was recruited from a nonpolluted area. The mean blood lead level in adults who resided in the polluted area was 9.8 microg/dl, compared with a mean level of 6.8 microg/dl in controls (p = .004). Urinary cadmium levels were well below the level associated with onset of symptoms, but the differences between levels in residents of the contaminated area (0.54 microg/gm creatinine) and levels in the controls (0.37 microg/gm creatinine) indicated that life-long cadmium exposure had been higher among the residents of the contaminated area (p = .086). The mean blood lead level and mean blood cadmium level in children were 5.2 microg/dl (maximum = 7.90 microg/dl) and 0.10 microg/l, respectively. Lead in soil accounted in large part for the differences in blood lead levels in children; however, blood cadmium levels were not associated with soil cadmium levels, but, rather, with consumption of home-grown vegetables.     

Lead risk assessment for children in Hungary by predicting their blood lead levels using US EPA integrated Exposure Uptake Biokinetic model.

The US EPA integrated Exposure Uptake Biokinetic (IEUBK 0.99d) lead exposure for children was validated, updated, and applied to predict mean blood lead levels based on lead uptake from multiple sources and provide assessment of risk. Surveys were carried out around houses in a polluted area (Heves, Hungary) in 1995. The collected data from that area have shown very high levels of lead in soil. In some cases the level of lead in soil has reached more than 1000 times the allowable limit value used (100 mg/kg) in Hungary. Moreover, the concentration of lead in air was measured and the concentration of lead in air varied from 0.05-1.83 micrograms/m3. The environmental data within the community were used to predict the children blood lead levels and to compare the observed estimates with the other predicted ones. The age of the investigated group of children varied from 0-60 months. The estimated blood lead levels have illustrated variation according to age, sex, and the specific site. It can be concluded from this study that the model can be used on a wide range to give us an excellent picture for site cleanup, to decision makers, and finally to use the environmental data to predict blood lead level for the community or population. Results of several validation exercises utilizing the IEUBK model comparing predicted and measured blood lead levels with international guidelines and the percent of risk of exceeding a specific blood lead level (i.e., 10 micrograms/dl) are presented in this paper.     

白洋淀上游蓄污工程沿岸地下水污染状况及对居民健康影响的调查

白洋淀污染一直是国家和河北省所关注的问题，对白洋淀上游蓄污工程沿岸小环境调查表明；饮用深层地下水受到城市工业废水的污染，主要污染物为有机物。污染区儿童贫血率、白细胞计数、舒张压高于非污染区，白细胞吞噬率低于非污染区，居民恶性肿瘤标化死亡比高于非污染区，肝癌标化死亡比明显上升。     

某冶炼厂环境铅污染及其对人群健康影响的研究

目的　比较某冶炼厂 15年前后环境铅污染影响的变化 ,并为评价该厂扩建投产后污染变化提供依据。方法　选取 1980～ 1982年曾调查的污染区和对照区 ,于 1995～ 1997年再次调查两区稻米、蔬菜、饮水铅含量以及 7～ 14岁学龄儿童 (污染区 10 4名 ,对照区 6 8名 )的血铅及 δ- AL AD酶活力 ,并做比较分析。结果　米铅 (干重 )、菜铅 (湿重 )、学生血铅和 δ- AL AD酶活力的几何均值 :污染区分别为 2 6 .7± 1.6 5 mg/ kg、6 0 .4± 2 .6 7mg/ kg,2 0 6± 1.7μg/ L和 98± 1.3IU/ L;对照区分别为 13.2± 1.85 mg/ kg、44 .9± 2 .84mg/ kg、2 2 9± 1.3μg/ L和 2 2 5± 1.4IU/ L。污染区米铅显著上升而δ- AL AD酶活力显著性下降 (P<0 .0 1) ,污染区 2 2人 (占 2 1.2 % )血铅水平超过对照区最高值 (312 .9μg/ L) ,其中 8人高达 45 0～ 76 2 μg/ L;与 1980～ 1982年相比 ,污染区的稻米和蔬菜铅含量显著增加 (P<0 .0 1)。结论　该冶炼厂对污染区的铅污染有逐渐加重的趋势     

Environmental surveys in the areas of Bitterfeld,Hettstedt and a comparative area in 1992-2000

The aim of the environmental epidemiological study was to determine possible adverse effects on the health of children in the environmentally polluted areas of Bitterfeld and Hettstedt compared to the less polluted area of Zerbst (Eastern Germany). The changes of the health parameters were recorded together with the environmental changes during the time period of 6 years. The study design consisted of three repeated regional cross-sectional studies in 1992/93, 1995/96 and 1998/99. In total, 7,611 questionnaires could be analysed (participation rate: 89%, 75% and 75%). Children living in the most polluted area of Hettstedt had a noticeable higher risk for non-allergic respiratory diseases and symptoms compared to children living in the control area of Zerbst. From 1992 to 1999 a statistically significant decrease in the prevalences of these health outcomes was found. Children without indoor pollutants in their homes had the greatest benefit by the improvement of ambient air quality. The increase in lung function (FVC, FEV1) also underlines the improvement of the respiratory health. Children living in the polluted areas reported allergies more often (physician's diagnosis, allergy specific antibodies). The prevalence of asthma, the bronchial hyperreactivity and atopic eczema was increased within the observational period of 6 years. An increased prevalence was also shown for more severe allergic sensitisation (RAST classes > 17.5 kU/l), while the prevalence of hay fever increased slightly on a non-significant level. The burden with lead and cadmium was higher in children living in polluted areas and decreased during the study period except for 1997 where the lead concentration in blood increased according to the higher lead concentration in settled dust in Hettstedt at that time.     

铅暴露对儿童体内钙及骨钙素的影响

[目的]研究铅暴露对儿童体内骨钙素的影响,了解重庆市儿童铅污染的状况。[方法]选择重庆市工业区和非工业区的幼儿园,调查了2-7岁儿童804例体内铅暴露情况,并同时观察其体内钙及骨钙素水平。[结果]非工业区儿童体内血铅含量[(65．29±24．74)μg／L]明显低于工业区儿童[(75．29±34．61)μg／L],而血钙则与之相反分别为 (2．53±0．34)、(2．38±0．22)m mol／L。统计分析后认为,铅和钙之间不存在典型的直线相关,而折线(趋势)图显示,血铅和血钙之间呈负相关。非工业区儿童血液中骨钙素含量(11．22±6．01)μg／L远低于工业区儿童(21．20±22．70)μg／L,两者比较差异有非常显著性(P<0．01),且与年龄性别相关。多元回归分析血铅对于骨钙素有一定的影响。[结论]铅可能通过调控儿童体内骨钙素的产生,从而影响儿童体内钙的吸收利用。     

MGP(T-138C)基因多态性与儿童血铅水平关系的研究

为探讨基质γ 羧基谷氨酸蛋白 (MGP)基因多态性和血铅水平的关系 ,寻找与儿童铅中毒易感性有关的基因 ,测定了 3 55名 6～ 12岁的中国汉族儿童的血铅水平。采用多聚酶链反应 -限制性片段长度多态性法 (PCR RFLP)分析MGP基因T 13 8C位点的多态性。结果表明 ,在铅污染地区TT基因型儿童的血铅水平显著高于CC基因型儿童 (468 2 4μg L .vs .43 0 3 1μg L ,P <0 0 5)。结果显示MGP基因启动子区T 13 8C多态性影响生活在铅污染环境中儿童的血铅水平