原子吸收法测定葡萄酒中铅、镉、铜

目的 分析葡萄酒中金属元素的水平。方法 以3大国产品牌(张裕、王朝、长城)的26种葡萄酒为样品,经微波消解后,采用原子吸收光谱法测量了其中铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、铜(Cu)3种重金属元素的量。结果 对于所测元素,标准曲线的相关系数均为r>0.999 5,Pb的检测限为0.006mg/L,Cd的检测限为0.029 μg/L,Cu的检测限为0.014 mg/L,各元素RSD均在0~9%之间,加样回收率91.78%~109.8%。26种葡萄酒中Pb、Cd、Cu 3种元素的平均质量浓度分别为35.357 μg/L、3.974 μg/L、0.684 mg/L。结论 该方法快速准确、灵敏度高,操作简单,分析速度快,为这3种元素在葡萄酒中的含量测定提供参考。26种葡萄酒样品中3种重金属元素的量均未超标。     

ICP-MS测定明胶空心胶囊中铅、铬、镉、砷、铜的含量

目的建立明胶空心胶囊中有害重金属元素含量的测定方法,对空心胶囊质量进行控制。方法采用HN03对明胶空心胶囊进行微波消解制样,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）同时测定样品中5种重金属元素铅、铬、镉、砷、铜的含量。结果部分被测样品中铅、铬、砷有超标现象。该方法的加样回收率为95．4％-104．6％,RSD为1．8％-3．0％。结论本方法操作简便、结果可靠,可用于明胶空心胶囊中重金属元素含量的测定。     

ICP-MS测定斑蝥中砷、铅、镉、汞含量不确定度的研究

目的 建立ICP-MS测定斑蝥中砷、铅、镉、汞含量不确定度的方法。方法 采用ICP-MS测定斑蝥中砷、铅、镉、汞含量,依据JF1059-1999确定不确定度的各个分量并合成测量不确定度。结果 斑蝥中砷、铅、镉、汞的含量分别为(0.51±0.03),(0.24±0.02),(0.029±0.002),(0.046±0.005)mg·kg^-1。样品的消化、仪器的状态、曲线的拟合是斑蝥中常见有害元素含量分析的测量不确定度的主要因素。结论 选择合适的消解方法,确定仪器的状态,保证溶液的基体匹配是保证测量结果准确性的关键步骤。     

Effects of field contamination by metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) on biometry and mechanics of echinoderm ossicles

Echinoderms are known to readily incorporate metals in their calcified endoskeleton. It is currently unclear if this has an impact on the skeleton function or if this can be considered as a detoxification mechanism. In the present work, populations of the sea urchin Echinus acutus and the starfish Asterias rubens were studied in stations distributed along a metal contamination gradient in a Norwegian fjord (S?rfjord). Ossicles involved in major mechanical functions - sea urchin spine and starfish ambulacral plate - were analyzed for their metal concentration (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) and their biometric and mechanical properties. Starfish plates were more contaminated by Cd, Pb and Zn than sea urchin spines. Cu concentrations were at background levels. In E. acutus, metals principally affected size. In A. rubens, material stiffness and toughness were decreased in the most contaminated station. This reduction is attributed either to the direct incorporation of metals in the calcite lattice and/or to deleterious effects of metals during skeleton ontogenesis. The contrasting incorporation of metals in the skeleton of the two investigated species accounts for the different impact of the metals, including in terms of fitness. The present results clearly indicate that, at least in A. rubens, incorporation of metals in the skeleton cannot be considered as a detoxification mechanism.     

络合剂高效液相色谱法测定施尔康片中铜铁锌镁的含量

首次报告了高效液相色谱法同时测定高效施尔康片中微量元素铜、铁、锌、镁的含量．研究了四苯基卟啉和金属离子的络合反应条件和络合物的稳定性，考察了这些络合物的吸收光谱和测定的合适波长以及色谱分离条件．     

大鼠骨骼肌中锌、铁、钙含量的检测方法研究

目的建立大鼠骨骼肌中重金属元素（锌、铁、钙）稳定可靠的分析检测方法。方法采用湿法消解-火焰原子吸收法。结果 3种重金属元素相关系数r为0.999 60～0.999 65,精密度的RSD为0.73%～1.38%（n=10）,平均回收率为102.07%～105.67%,RSD为2.59%～6.47%（n=3）。结论所建立的方法具有快速、简便、准确等特点,适用于大鼠骨骼肌中重金属元素的检测。     

石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定葛根芩连片中铅、镉、铜、锰的含量

目的:建立石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定葛根芩连片中铅、镉、铜、锰的含量.方法:采用硝酸和高氯酸(2:1,v/v)消解样品,用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定铅、镉、铜、锰的含量.结果:各元素的方法回收率在98.4%～99.0%之间,RSD在1.0%～1.2%之间.结论:该方法准确、可靠,适用于葛根芩连片中铅、镉、铜、锰的含量测定.     

Effects of metals Cu,Fe, Ni,V, and Zn on rat lung epithelial cells

Inhalation of combustion-derived particulate matter can have a variety of negative impacts on human health. Metals are known to play a substantial role in these effects, however, the interactions between cellular responses caused by multiple metals is not well understood. The impact of metals (Zn, Cu, Ni, V, and Fe) individually and in combination on a rat lung epithelial cell line (RLE-6TN) was evaluated. Quantifications involved measurement of inhibition of cell culture metabolism (mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase activity), cell death, mechanisms of cell death, and cytokine secretion. The ranking of metal toxicity based on TC₅₀ values is V>Zn>Cu>Ni>Fe. Interactions were observed for exposures containing multiple metals: Zn+V, Zn+Cu, Zn+Fe, and Zn+Ni. Zn appears to diminish the negative impact of V and Cu; has an additive effect with Ni, and has no substantial effect on Fe toxicity.     

Heavy metal (Pb,Cu, Zn,and Cd) concentrations in the water and muscle of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fish and associated non-carcinogenic risk assessment: Alagol wetland in the Golestan,Iran

Short- and long-term exposure to heavy metals can be dangerous for human health. One of the main routes of exposure to heavy metals is intake of seafood such as fish. In this study, lead (Pb), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) concentration in the water and muscle of C. Carpio fish was measured and non-carcinogenic risk of these heavy metals was estimated. The mean (range) concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd were 7.92?±?7.99 (1.22–39.43?mg/kg), 120.90?±?106.25 (1.15–477?mg/kg), 5.84?±?5.22 (ND-21.86?mg/kg), and 0.027?±?0.043 (ND-0.14). Except Cd, the concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Pb were significantly more than Food and Agricultural Organization United Nations (FAOUN) maximum guidelines (p??Cu?>?Pb?>?Cd in the water and muscle tissue of C. carpio fish. Lowest and highest target hazard quotient (THQ) for adults was related to Cd (0.005) and Pb (0.252) and for children, Cd (0.003) and Pb (0.168), respectively. The rank order of THQ for adults and children are Pb?>?Zn?>?Cu?>?Cd. Since THQ and hazard index (HI) for both adults and children were significantly lower than 1 (p?C. Carpio fish consumption.     

红景天苷对链脲佐菌素诱导糖尿病大鼠血糖、血脂和抗氧化能力的影响

目的研究红景天苷对链脲佐菌素诱导糖尿病大鼠血糖、血脂和抗氧化能力的影响。方法采用ip链脲佐菌素(60mg/kg)制备糖尿病大鼠模型;取造模成功的糖尿病大鼠50只,根据血糖值水平随机分为模型组、二甲双胍(25 mg/kg)组和红景天苷(25、50、100 mg/kg)组,每组10只,并另设对照组。ig给药体积均为1 m L/kg,1次/d,连续给药12周。分别于给药前和治疗后第4、8、12周测定各组大鼠空腹血糖和胰岛素水平。给药治疗12周后,分别称量各组大鼠体质量。测定血清中总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)的水平以及血清中总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)水平,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果与模型组比较,红景天苷50、100 mg/kg组糖尿病大鼠体质量明显增加,血清中TC水平和MDA含量显著降低(P0.05、0.01);与模型组比较,红景天苷25、50、100 mg/kg组糖尿病大鼠血清中TG、LDL-C水平显著降低且HDL-C水平显著升高(P0.05、0.01),T-AOC水平和SOD、CAT活性均显著升高(P0.05、0.01);与模型组比较,红景天苷100 mg/kg组糖尿病大鼠空腹血糖水平显著降低且胰岛素水平显著升高(P0.01),GSH-Px活性显著升高(P0.05)。结论红景天苷能够有效降低链脲佐菌素诱导糖尿病大鼠的血糖和血脂,并提高机体抗氧化能力。     

Determination of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn by flame atomic absorption spectrometry in multivitamin/multimineral dosage forms or tablets after an acidic extraction

This work presents the development of a methodology for the determination of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in samples of multivitamin/multimineral tablets, by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), after extraction of the analytes with diluted hydrochloric acid solution. Several parameters that could influence the extraction process such as acid extraction solution concentration and nature, mixing mode (ultrasonic or magnetic stirring), extraction time and sample composition were evaluated. The obtained results showed that Fe, Mn and Zn were easily extracted with 1 mol/L HCl solution after 5 min of mixing with either ultrasonic or magnetic stirring for all studied samples. On the other hand, Cu extraction appeared to be more complex since it could only be extracted at the same conditions for silicate-free samples. For samples containing silicates the time of contact between solid sample and extraction solution presented remarkable influence, being necessary up to 12 h to achieve quantitative recovery with 1 mol/L HCl solution. The developed methodology was applied in the determination of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in seven commercially available multivitamin/multimineral tablets. The results obtained with the developed method were compared with those obtained after total digestion of samples using a closed-vessel microwave oven device.     

Effects of selected heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Ni, and Cd) in the aquatic medium on the restoration potential and accumulation in the stem cuttings of the terrestrial plant, Talinum triangulare Linn

The heavy metal (Cu, Pb, Ni, and Cd) accumulation capacity of the stem cuttings of the terrestrial, ornamental plant, Talinum triangulare was assessed in hydroponic medium. The stem cuttings of T. triangulare, grew well in distilled water regenerating roots and aerial parts. On exposure to various concentrations of Cu, Pb, Ni, and Cd, a concentration dependent decrease was observed in the number of leaves produced and roots regenerated and an increase in the number of days required for the initiation of roots. The number of leaves produced showed an increasing trend in almost all treatment concentrations of Cu, Pb, Ni, and Cd with an increase in the duration of experiment, whereas, with an increase in the treatment concentration of metals a significant (P < 0.05) decrease was observed in the number of leaves produced. The number of days required for root initiation in metal solutions, however, increased with increasing concentration of Cu, Pb, Ni, and Cd. The root development was completely arrested from 10 mg l⁻¹ of Ni and 4 mg l⁻¹ of Cd. Compared to the control, a significant decrease was recorded in the number of roots produced in all treatment concentrations of Cu, Pb, Ni, and Cd. Pink colouration of metal solution consequent to leaching of plant pigment from T. triangulare was observed which was not persistent and disappeared after a few days. Decaying of stem was observed when exposed to Ni and Cd but not to Cu and Pb. Although, copper accumulation by T. triangulare at treatment concentration of 15 and 20 mg l⁻¹ exceeded 1,000 mg kg⁻¹ dry matter, necessary pot culture experiment is required before “T. triangulare” can be definitely classified as a Cu hyperaccumulator.     

Effects of Cd,Zn or Pb stress in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus alba berolinensis</Emphasis> on the development and reproduction of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lymantria dispar</Emphasis>

In order to investigate the effects of heavy metal stress on woody plant defense against phytophagous insects, we studied development and reproduction traits of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar that were separately fed with leaves plucked from poplar seedlings (Populus alba berolinensis) grown in either non-contaminated soil (control), Cd-contaminated soil (1.5?mg/kg), Zn-contaminated soil (500?mg/kg) or Pb-contaminated soil (500?mg/kg). The results showed that feeding on Cd or Pb stressed poplar leaves significantly decreased L. dispar larval weights, body lengths and head capsule widths, pupal weights and female fecundity, and delayed the duration of larval development. Similar effects from the Zn stressed poplar leaves were also observed on all the above mentioned variables except male pupal weight and larval development duration that showed no differences from the control. Cd, Zn, or Pb stressed poplar leaves had no significant effects on L. dispar larval survival, pupation and emergence rates; in fact, both larval survival and pupation rates reached 100%. These results suggest that Cd, Zn or Pb stress in P. alba berolinensis might help the trees defend against the defoliator, however; L. dispar may in turn have an effective detoxification mechanism for lessening the effects of plant-mediated defenses and heavy metals in leaves on larval survival, pupation and eclosion.     

白三烯拮抗剂ONO-1078对电刺激迷走神经、辣椒素和P物质引起的豚鼠心血管反应的作用(英文)

阐明ONO-1078(ONO,4-氧-8-[对-(4-苯丁氧基)苯甲酰氨基]-2-(5-四唑基)-4H-1-苯并毗喃)对神经原性刺激诱导心血管反应的作用.方法:观察豚鼠心房和心室伊文思蓝渗出以及平均主动脉压(MAP)变化.结果:在阿托品(1 mg·kg~(-1),iv)预先处理后,电刺激迷走神经(ESV,10 Hz,5 ms,2或10 V,90 s)显著增高伊文思蓝渗出;辣椒素和P物质也增加染料渗出并降低平均动脉压(MAP).ONO(0.03,0.1 mg·kg~(-1),iv)抑制ESV的反应,在刺激强度低(2 V)时更明显;ONO 0.03 mg·kg~(-1)减弱辣椒素引起的微血管渗漏和低血压,但对P物质无影响.结论:ONO-1078可能通过抑制感觉神经肽释放而调节神经原性炎症时的心血管反应.     

Effects of lovastatin on the pharmacokinetics of diltiazem and its main metabolite, desacetyldiltiazem, in rats: possible role of cytochrome P450 3A4 and P-glycoprotein inhibition by lovastatin

Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of lovastatin on cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 and P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) in vitro and then to determine the effects of lovastatin on the pharmacokinetics of diltiazem and its main metabolite, desacetyldiltiazem, in rats. Methods The pharmacokinetic parameters of diltiazem and desacetyldiltiazem were determined after orally administering diltiazem (12 mg/kg) to rats in the presence and absence of lovastatin (0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg). The effect of lovastatin on P‐gp as well as CYP3A4 activity was also evaluated. Key findings Lovastatin inhibited CYP3A4 enzyme activity with a 50% inhibition concentration of 6.06 µM. In addition, lovastatin significantly enhanced the cellular accumulation of rhodamine‐123 in MCF‐7/ADR cells overexpressing P‐gp. Compared with the control (given diltiazem alone), the presence of lovastatin significantly altered the pharmacokinetic parameters of diltiazem. The areas under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC) and the peak concentration of diltiazem were significantly increased (P < 0.05, 1.0 mg/kg) in the presence of lovastatin. Consequently, the absolute bioavailability values of diltiazem in the presence of lovastatin (11.1% at 1.0 mg/kg) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of the control group (7.6%). The metabolite–parent AUC ratio in the presence of lovastatin (1.0 mg/kg) was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased compared with the control group. Conclusions It might be considered that lovastatin resulted in reducing the first‐pass metabolism in the intestine and/or in the liver via inhibition of CYP3A4 and increasing the absorption of diltiazem in the intestine via inhibition of P‐gp by lovastatin.     

Effects of myricetin,an antioxidant,on the pharmacokinetics of losartan and its active metabolite,EXP‐3174, in rats: possible role of cytochrome P450 3A4, cytochrome P450 2C9 and P‐glycoprotein inhibition by myricetin

Objectives The effects of myricetin, a natural flavonoid, on the pharmacokinetics of losartan and its active metabolite, EXP‐3174, were investigated in rats. Losartan and myricetin interact with cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and P‐glycoprotein, and the increase in the use of health supplements may result in myricetin being taken concomitantly with losartan as a combination therapy to treat or prevent cardiovascular diseases. Methods The pharmacokinetic parameters of losartan and EXP‐3174 were determined after oral administration of losartan (9 mg/kg) to rats in the presence or absence of myricetin (0.4, 2 and 8 mg/kg). The effects of myricetin on P‐glycoprotein as well as CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 activity were also evaluated. Key findings Myricetin inhibited CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 enzyme activity with a 50% inhibition concentration of 7.8 and 13.5 µm , respectively. In addition, myricetin significantly enhanced the cellular accumulation of rhodamine 123 in MCF‐7/ADR cells overexpressing P‐glycoprotein in a concentration‐dependent manner. The pharmacokinetic parameters of losartan were significantly altered by myricetin compared with the control. The presence of myricetin (2 or 8 mg/kg) increased the area under the plasma concentration–time curve of losartan by 31.4–61.1% and peak plasma concentration of losartan by 31.8–50.2%. Consequently, the absolute bioavailability of losartan in the presence of myricetin increased significantly (P < 0.05, 2 mg/kg; P < 0.01, 8 mg/kg) compared with the control. There was no significant change in the time to reach the peak plasma concentration, apparent volume of distribution at steady state or terminal half‐life of losartan in the presence of myricetin. Furthermore, concurrent use of myricetin (8 mg/kg) significantly decreased the metabolite–parent area under the plasma concentration–time curve ratio by 20%, implying that myricetin may inhibit the CYP‐mediated metabolism of losartan to its active metabolite, EXP‐3174. Conclusions The enhanced bioavailability of losartan may be mainly due to inhibition of the CYP3A4‐ and CYP2C9‐mediated metabolism of losartan in the small intestine or in the liver, and the P‐glycoprotein efflux pump in the small intestine by myricetin.     

Inhibition of neurite outgrowth in differentiating mouse N2a neuroblastoma cells by phenyl saligenin phosphate: effects on MAP kinase (ERK 1/2) activation, neurofilament heavy chain phosphorylation and neuropathy target esterase activity

Sub-lethal concentrations of the organophosphate phenyl saligenin phosphate (PSP) inhibited the outgrowth of axon-like processes in differentiating mouse N2a neuroblastoma cells (IC(50) 2.5 microM). A transient rise in the phosphorylation state of neurofilament heavy chain (NFH) was detected on Western blots of cell extracts treated with 2.5 microM PSP for 4 h compared to untreated controls, as determined by a relative increase in reactivity with monoclonal antibody Ta51 (anti-phosphorylated NFH) compared to N52 (anti-total NFH). However, cross-reactivity of PSP-treated cell extracts was lower than that of untreated controls after 24 h exposure, as indicated by decreased reactivity with both antibodies. Indirect immunofluorescence analysis with these antibodies revealed the appearance of neurofilament aggregates in the cell bodies of treated cells and reduced axonal staining compared to controls. By contrast, there was no significant change in reactivity with anti-alpha-tubulin antibody B512 at either time point. The activation state of the MAP kinase ERK 1/2 increased significantly after PSP treatment compared to controls, particularly at 4 h, as indicated by increased reactivity with monoclonal antibody E-4 (anti-phosphorylated MAP kinase) but not with polyclonal antibody K-23 (anti-total MAP kinase). The observed early changes were concomitant with almost complete inhibition of the activity of neuropathy target esterase (NTE), one of the proposed early molecular targets in organophosphate-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN).