氟尿嘧啶大粒径明胶微球的制备与性质

目的　制备大粒径明胶微球 ,研究其体外和颈动脉栓塞化疗的药物释放特性。方法　用改良的双相乳化冷凝法制备大粒径氟尿嘧啶明胶微球 ,紫外分光光度法测定药物含量、药物包裹率、载药量和体内外药物释放特性。用显微照像仪测定了大粒径微球的平均粒径。在X射线监控下 ,将大粒径氟尿嘧啶明胶微球栓塞在兔颈外动脉 ,以氟尿嘧啶溶液为对照 ,不同时间点取血样测试血药浓度进行统计分析。结果　大粒径氟尿嘧啶明胶微球粒径均匀 ,平均粒径 (2 32± 32 ) μm ,药物包裹率85 % ,载药量 12 .2 % ,体外 4 8h缓释 95 %。颈动脉栓塞后 ,可使较小用药剂量在局部较长时间内维持较高的药物浓度。结论　大粒径氟尿嘧啶明胶微球颈动脉栓塞可以显著提高肿瘤化疗效果     

载药肿瘤微血管栓塞颗粒制备及其抗肿瘤作用初探

目的 制备加载化疗药物的纳米微粒,研究其性质及体外释药特点,探讨体外对人原代肝癌细胞的毒性作用,为用于临床肿瘤微血管介入栓塞提供理论依据.方法 以盐酸吉西他滨-复方甘草酸苷共聚物为药物载体,加载化疗药物多柔比星制备载药纳米微粒.扫描电镜观察微粒形态,纳米粒度电位仪检测微粒粒径分布及电位,高效液相色谱法计算载药率及包封率,透析袋扩散法作体外释放动力学试验,体外考察纳米药物稳定性及释药性能.CCK-8法检测纳米药物在体外对人原代肝癌细胞的毒性作用.结果 本法制备的载药纳米微粒外观呈圆球形,平均粒径(62.83±5.19) nm,平均电位-17.9 mV;载药率、包封率分别为3.16％、66.27％;有良好的缓释特性,对人原代肝癌细胞生长有明显抑制作用.结论 本法制备的载药纳米微粒具有较好的药物缓释性及抗肿瘤效应,是一种具有良好应用前景的抗肿瘤纳米药物.     

卡铂-乳酸/羟基乙酸共聚物微球的制备和体外性质

目的制备卡铂-乳酸/羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA)微球,比较不同方法所得微球的形态、载药量和体外释药特点。方法采用相分离法和溶剂挥发法制备卡铂-PLGA微球,显微镜下测定微球的粒径和粒径分布,电子扫描显微镜观察微球表面形态。用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定微球含药量,计算包封率,考察微球体外释药行为。结果两种方法所得微球球形较好,相分离法制得的卡铂-PLGA微球,平均粒径为22~31μm,含药量为42~61μg·mg-1、包封率21%~31%;体外释放试验中药物于24h完全溶出。溶剂挥发法所得微球平均粒径为38~54μm,含药量为7.2μg·mg-1、包封率约为20%;体外药物突释率约为39%,缓释期药物释放符合Higuchi模型,PLGA75/25、η=0.19和PLGA50/50、η=0.18的微球药物释放速度常数分别为2.40h-1/2和0.85h-1/2;体外14d累计释药分别达到71%和54%。结论相分离法制备卡铂-PLGA微球含药量高,但体外释药快,没有缓释作用;溶剂挥发法所得微球药物突释率较低,体外能控制药物缓慢释放。     

5-FU纳米微粒的制备及其释药特性研究

目的 制备一种新型的载氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)纳米微粒并对其体内释药特性进行研究.方法 运用聚合物交联法制备出壳聚糖载氟尿嘧啶纳米粒,通过扫描电镜、激光粒度分析仪对其表征进行检测,紫外分光光度法测定载药量,高效液相色谱法检测体内的释药特性.结果 壳聚糖载氟尿嘧啶纳米粒呈圆形或椭圆形,分散性良好,粒径在120～150nm;载药量为31.000%±0.001%;壳聚糖-5-FU纳米粒注射入兔体内后,初期突释相约在1.5h,峰浓度为5 069.6μg/L,随即进入缓释相,浓度维持在76μg/L,时间长达48h.结论 壳聚糖纳米药物载体可改变5-FU在体内的药代动力学行为,延长其循环时间,具有良好的缓释作用.     

PLGA微米与纳米载药颗粒用于药物携带与递送的比较研究

 

目的 通过评价聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物(polylactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer,PLGA)微米颗粒(micron particle,MP)与纳米颗粒(nanoparticle,NP)的表面特征、载药能力、药物缓释能力及细胞吞噬能力等方面来比较阐述PLGA纳米与微米颗粒在细胞预处理与修饰中的合理应用。方法 分别制备PLGA纳米颗粒与微米颗粒,并进行表征;随后,比较其载药能力,并对药物的释放特征进行测定;最后,在不同时间点通过荧光强度评价两种颗粒与细胞结合或进入细胞的能力。结果 所制备的纳米粒与微米颗粒粒径分别分布在200~300 nm和2~4 μm;两种颗粒载药量相当,分别为14.3%和14.1%;在药物缓释方面,纳米颗粒存在显著的早期突释现象;微米颗粒释放缓慢,持续缓释可达一周左右;粒径相对小的纳米粒更容易进入或与细胞结合,共孵育12 h即达到最大值,微米颗粒相对较慢,最大值出现在共孵育24 h后。结论 PLGA纳米颗粒作为药物载体更适合于急性组织或细胞保护,微米颗粒更适合于慢性持续性保护。

     

盐酸二甲双胍壳聚糖-海藻酸钠缓释微囊的制备及性能研究

目的 制备盐酸二甲双胍壳聚糖-海藻酸钠缓释微囊并探索其性能.方法 以壳聚糖和海藻酸钠为囊材,利用复凝聚法将盐酸二甲双胍微囊化.以微囊的药物包封率为制备工艺优化指标,用转篮法测定其体外溶出速率.结果 通过正交实验得出微囊的最佳制备工艺条件为:壳聚糖浓度0.2%,成囊pH 4.5,成囊温度45℃,搅拌速度200r/min.微囊的溶出释放性能实验显示,该载药微囊的累积释放速度远低于市售缓释片剂,在20h左右达到75%左右的最高累积释放值.结论 以最佳制备工艺条件制备含药微囊重现性好、工艺稳定、吸水溶胀性好,体外溶出实验显示具有较好的缓释作用.     

紫杉醇长效缓释微球的制备与评价

目的：制备包含肉豆蔻酸异丙酯(IPM)的紫杉醇长效缓释微球，并对制备工艺及体内外缓释效果进行评价。方法：使用改良的单乳溶剂蒸发法制备紫杉醇长效缓释微球。通过分析粒径分布、突释、体外释放及体内的抑瘤效果等指标，对其进行评价。结果：所得微球平均粒径小于10μm，外观圆整，具有良好的体外释放曲线。含有30％IPM的微球体内抑瘤效果明显。结论：使用改良的单乳溶剂蒸发法制备的微球，可以达到缓释效果，体外释放4周的微球对小鼠体内的固体肿瘤有良好的抑制效果。     

利多卡因-表柔比星-超液化碘油混合乳剂在体外及兔肝癌模型中缓释效果的研究北大核心CSCD

目的探讨利多卡因-表柔比星-超液化碘油混合乳剂在体外缓释效果,及兔VX2肝癌模型经肝动脉化疗栓塞中利多卡因与碘油乳化后,肝癌组织中利多卡因的动态分布情况。方法采用W/O法对利多卡因-表柔比星乳剂进行体外理化实验,并在72 h内测定利多卡因-表柔比星-碘油乳剂的累积缓释量。随机选取48只新西兰白兔,超声引导下经皮穿刺建立兔VX2肝癌模型,分为实验组和对照组,每组24只,实验组以利多卡因-表柔比星-碘油混合乳剂进行栓塞,对照组先予以动脉内灌注利多卡因,再以表柔比星-碘油混合乳剂行栓塞,分别于术后的0.5、1、4、8、24、48、96、144 h时间点处死实验组及对照组各3只兔子,取肝癌组织,经UPLC-MS/MS测定癌组织中利多卡因药物浓度,通过Graphpad软件拟合肝癌组织中的利多卡因药物浓度随时间变化曲线。采用独立样本t检验比较TACE中利多卡因油包水技术和单纯灌注后肝癌组织中利多卡因的动态变化情况。结果体外实验中,利多卡因-表柔比星-碘油乳剂0~72 h内利多卡因浓度达到T50%约需30 min。24 h内利多卡因释放量超过80%。动物实验中,VX2肝癌模型建模成功率和TACE术成功率均为100%。与对照组相比,实验组兔肝癌组织中利多卡因的药物浓度量显著增加、清除显著降低,肿瘤组织内的利多卡因停留时间延长。结论利多卡因-表柔比星-碘油乳剂对利多卡因具有缓释作用,利多卡因与碘油乳化后经TACE治疗可增加各时间段组织中利多卡因的浓度,验证了利多卡因混合碘油后在肝脏内血管具有缓慢释放的效果。     

紫杉醇/海藻酸钠微囊/微球的缓释及抑瘤作用研究

目的：以海藻酸钠为主要材料制备紫杉醇的缓释微囊／微球，对其形态、粒径、体外释放以及抑瘤活性进行研究。方法：扫描电镜观察微球的形态和大小。HPLC法测定紫杉醇在释放介质中的浓度。MTT法测定体外抑瘤活性。结果：制备的紫杉醇／海藻酸钠微囊／微球的形态呈规则圆形，粒径相近，平均粒径256μm。冷冻干燥后呈不规则球形。颗粒长径约100μm，表面形成皱襞。微囊载药量为25％左右，而微球不足10％。微囊与微球均具有缓释作用，体外实验证明保持了抑瘤活性。结论：海藻酸钠-紫杉醇微囊／微球具有缓释作用，可以维持较长时间的有效药物浓度，达到更好的抑瘤效果。     

载阿霉素-全氟溴辛烷纳米级聚乳酸超声造影剂体外显像和抗肿瘤效果实验研究

目的制备以聚乳酸羟基乙酸(PLGA)为成膜材料,内载阿霉素(DOX)-全氟溴辛烷(PFOB)的纳米级超声造影剂,并评价其体外超声显像效果及体外抗肿瘤疗效。方法应用改进的单乳化水包油(O/W)溶剂挥发法制备DOXPFOB@PLGA纳米粒子,检测其一般特性及DOX体外释放行为;应用超声成像仪观察其体外超声显像效果;用细胞计数试剂盒(CCK-8)法评估其体外癌细胞杀伤效果。结果成功制备DOX-PFOB@PLGA纳米粒子,平均粒径(236. 7±45. 9)nm,分散性好; DOX的包封率为(53. 52±1. 72)%,载药量为(4. 28±0. 61)%,DOX体外释放具有PH响应性(24h累计释放量(%):PH5. 7,40%; PH7. 4,15%);体外超声显像显示纳米粒子具有造影增强效果;体外细胞实验显示其具有良好抗肿瘤效果。结论成功制备集成像与化疗功能为一体的PFOB-DOX@PLGA超声造影剂,具有良好的体外超声成像效果和体外抗肿瘤疗效。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.