上皮性钙黏蛋白在人输卵管妊娠种植与非种植部位组织中表达的比较

目的:比较上皮性钙黏蛋白(E-cadherin,E-cad)在人输卵管妊娠种植与非种植部位组织中的表达水平。方法:14例未破裂型输卵管壶腹部妊娠组织标本,均包括种植和非种植部位的组织,分为种植部位组(n=14)和非种植部位组(n=14);并以12例因其它疾患行全子宫加附件切除术的人分泌期正常输卵管壶腹部组织新鲜标本为对照组。采用免疫组织化学法观察E-cad蛋白在输卵管妊娠组织和输卵管黏膜上皮的表达情况,应用荧光定量聚合酶链反应(qRT-PCR)和免疫印迹法(Western blotting)检测其E-cadmRNA和蛋白表达水平。结果:E-cad蛋白表达于人输卵管黏膜上皮纤毛细胞和分泌细胞的胞膜,在细胞之间的连接面表达较强,管腔面表达较弱,纤毛未见表达。在输卵管妊娠组织,E-cad表达于蜕膜细胞、绒毛细胞滋养层细胞和绒毛外滋养细胞的胞膜,绒毛外滋养细胞的阳性显色弱于绒毛细胞滋养层细胞。E-cadmRNA和蛋白在种植部位组的表达显著低于非种植部位组和对照组(P<0.05),非种植部位组与对照组之间表达无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:E-cad在输卵管妊娠种植部位表达水平降低,可能与输卵管妊娠发生有密切的联系。     

输卵管妊娠人输卵管黏膜上皮VDR的表达

目的:探讨输卵管妊娠病理状态下人输卵管黏膜上皮VDR蛋白在受精卵种植部位与非种植部位的表达及其变化。方法:应用免疫组织化学方法检测14例人输卵管妊娠手术切除标本的黏膜上皮细胞VDR蛋白的表达。结果:输卵管妊娠种植部位和非种植部位输卵管黏膜上皮均可检测到VDR蛋白表达,VDR蛋白阳性于输卵管黏膜上皮细胞的细胞核内表达,部分间质平滑肌细胞核内亦可见阳性染色。种植部位输卵管黏膜上皮细胞VDR蛋白表达(5.95±1.81)明显少于非种植部位(7.55±3.20)(P=0.017,P<0.05),有些部位VDR蛋白表达甚至缺如。结论:人输卵管黏膜上皮VDR蛋白表达的改变可能是输卵管妊娠的发病原因之一。     

巨噬细胞移动抑制因子在输卵管妊娠植入部位的表达及其临床意义

目的:通过检测巨噬细胞移动抑制因子(MIF)在输卵管妊娠的植入、非植入部位及正常分泌中期壶腹部输卵管组织中的表达,分析其在输卵管妊娠发生发展中的作用。方法:收集输卵管妊娠患侧输卵管标本30例,分别从植入及非植入部位取材,选择分泌中期正常壶腹部输卵管标本20例,采用链霉菌抗生物素蛋白-过氧化物酶连结(即SP法)免疫组织化学方法结合病理图象半定量分析检测各组标本中MIF的表达。结果:输卵管妊娠植入部位输卵管黏膜组织中MIF表达显著高于非植入部位及正常分泌中期组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.0125);非植入部位组与正常分泌期组MIF表达差异无统计学意义(P>0.0125)。结论:MIF在输卵管妊娠种植部位黏膜上皮中的表达增强,提示MIF可能在输卵管妊娠的发生发展中起重要作用。     

整合素β_1在人输卵管及输卵管妊娠黏膜上皮中的表达

目的:检测整合素β1在人输卵管和输卵管妊娠黏膜上皮中的表达。方法:29例人输卵管组织标本取自因子宫肌瘤、子宫腺肌症等行全子宫加附件切除术的患者。输卵管标本包括峡部、壶腹部和伞部,按子宫内膜组织学分期将标本分为增生早期组(n=8)、增生中-晚期组(n=6)、分泌早期组(n=7)和分泌中-晚期组(n=8)。17例输卵管妊娠组织标本取自输卵管壶腹部妊娠的患者,标本分为种植部位组(n=17)和非种植部位组(n=17)。应用免疫组织化学法检测整合素β1在上述各组黏膜上皮中的表达。结果:整合素β1表达于人输卵管黏膜上皮纤毛细胞和分泌细胞的胞质,其中纤毛细胞的纤毛亦有表达。输卵管峡部及壶腹部黏膜的整合素β1表达水平,不同时期组间的比较无显著性差异(P>0.05);在输卵管伞部,分泌早期组的表达水平显著高于增生早期、增生中-晚期及分泌中-晚期组(P<0.05);在月经周期同一时期,输卵管峡部、壶腹部及伞部间的比较无显著性差异(P>0.05)。在输卵管妊娠黏膜,种植部位的滋养层细胞和蜕膜细胞的胞质可见阳性表达,种植部位的整合素β1表达水平显著高于非种植部位(P<0.05);种植部位和非种植部位的表达水平均显著高于分泌期壶腹部(P<0.05)。结论:整合素β1在分泌早期输卵管伞部黏膜的表达水平升高,在输卵管妊娠种植部位黏膜中表达水平亦升高。     

妊娠滋养细胞肿瘤的诊断

<正>妊娠滋养细胞肿瘤(gestational trophoblastic neoplasia,GTN)好发于年轻妇女,临床相对少见,是一种对化疗高度敏感的实体肿瘤,预后相对较好。根据2014年世界卫生组织(WHO)组织学分类,妊娠滋养细胞疾病在组织学上可分为:①GTN:包括绒毛膜癌、胎盘部位滋养细胞肿瘤和上皮样滋养细胞肿瘤;②葡萄胎妊娠:包括完全性、部分性和侵蚀性葡萄胎;③非肿瘤病变;④异常(非葡萄胎)绒毛病变。虽然2014年WHO组织学分     

输卵管绝育部位组织学及超微结构变化研究

目的:探讨影响输卵管绝育术后复通效果的相关因素。方法:绝育术后<5年、5-10年及>10年要求复通的绝育后妇女各20名,术中取双侧输卵管结扎近端和远端部位的组织,在光镜及电镜下比较组织学变化。结果:随着绝育时间的延长,输卵管黏膜受损越严重,光镜及电镜下黏膜上皮变化显著。结论:绝育时间越长,输卵管黏膜受损越严重,显微手术中充分切除病变组织,可明显提高手术成功率。     

子宫瘢痕部位侵蚀性葡萄胎1例报告及文献复习

正妊娠滋养细胞疾病(GTD)源于胎盘滋养细胞,根据组织学将其分为良性葡萄胎(HM)、恶性妊娠滋养细胞肿瘤(GTN),后者较常见是侵蚀性葡萄胎(IM)、绒毛膜癌(CC)~[1]。而子宫瘢痕妊娠(CSP)是妊娠着床于前次剖宫产切口瘢痕处。葡萄胎和CSP都属于少见的疾病,而发生于剖宫产瘢痕部位的侵蚀性葡萄胎,属于异位葡萄胎,临床更为罕见~[2-3],极易出现误诊误治。本文报道湖北省妇幼保健院近期收治的1例子宫瘢痕部位侵蚀性葡萄胎。     

孕早期子宫颈管脱落滋养细胞的收集与影响因素探讨

目的:探讨孕早期子宫颈管脱落滋养细胞的收集与影响因素,为进一步的孕早期无创性产前诊断奠定基础。方法:从早孕妇女的宫颈管获取脱落的滋养细胞并探讨影响因素。结果:双取器宫颈管毛刷法获取的阳性率最高;孕5~7周是取材较适宜的时间;妊娠囊下缘至宫颈内口的距离对获取的滋养细胞影响较小。结论:孕早期获取宫颈管脱落滋养细胞是可行的;取材工具,取材孕周对获取孕早期脱落滋养细胞有一定的影响。     

MTX预防持续性异位妊娠的分析

目的:探讨甲氨蝶呤(MTX)不同剂量作为输卵管妊娠腹腔镜保守手术辅助药物来预防持续性异位妊娠(PEP)的作用。方法:将170例行腹腔镜保守治疗输卵管妊娠未破裂患者随机分成两组,病灶残腔注射MTX 20 mg组96例为观察1组,病灶残腔注射MTX 10 mg组74例为观察2组。结果:170例患者中有4例发生PEP,发生率为2.35%。异位妊娠保守性手术中预防性应用MTX 10 mg后PEP发生率为2.7%,而20 mg组PEP发生率为2.1%,两组发生率差异无显著性(P>0.05)。术后第1天两组血-βHCG均有大幅度下降,术后1、3、12天血-βHCG下降两治疗组间差异无显著性(P>0.05)。术后第1天PEP组血清-βHCG下降率低于50%,与非PEP组下降率比较,差异无显著性(P>0.05),术后3、12天PEP组血清-βHCG下降率明显低于非PEP组(P<0.05)。结论:输卵管妊娠保守性手术的同时,绒毛种植部位注射MTX可降低PEP率。两剂量均可用于PEP的预防。     

低危妊娠滋养细胞肿瘤的管理

<正>妊娠滋养细胞疾病(gestational trophoblastic disease,GTD)是一组妊娠相关的、来源于胎盘滋养细胞的疾病。根据组织学特点,将其分为非恶性的葡萄胎以及恶性的妊娠滋养细胞肿瘤(gestational trophoblastic neoplasia,GTN)。GTN包括侵蚀性葡萄胎(invasive hydatidiform mole,IHM)、绒毛膜癌(choriocarcinoma,CC)、胎盘部位滋养细胞     

Effects of trophoblast invasion on the distribution of leukocytes in uterine and tubal implantation sites.

OBJECTIVE: To distinguish endocrine and paracrine influences on leukocyte subpopulations at uterine and tubal implantation sites. DESIGN: Retrospective immunohistochemical study. SETTING: Departments of Anatomy, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, RWTH University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany. PATIENT(S): Ten women with a viable ectopic pregnancy (EP), 25 women who had undergone elective first-trimester termination of pregnancy, and 4 women who had undergone hysterectomy with adnexectomy. INTERVENTION(S): None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Quantitative analysis of leukocyte subpopulations at the implantation sites and their corresponding noninvaded tissues, decidual tissue from patients with EP, and tubal mucosa from normal menstrual cycle. RESULT(S): Similar numbers and characteristic distribution patterns of macrophages, T cells, and B cells were found at both normal intrauterine and tubal implantation sites. Natural killer (NK) cells were always absent from tubal mucosa. The number and distribution of leukocytes within decidual tissue from women with EP corresponded to those in the noninvaded decidual compartment in intrauterine pregnancy (IUP). CONCLUSION(S): Leukocyte populations present in the tubal and uterine mucosa are an intrinsic characteristic of these tissues. The distinct leukocyte distribution pattern at the implantation sites suggests that the invading trophoblast exerts a paracrine influence on endometrial and endosalpingeal leukocytes. The absence of natural killer cells from the tubal wall may be one reason for the higher degree of invasiveness of the trophoblast at the tubal implantation site.     

Salpingectomy for Repeated Embryo Nonimplantation After In Vitro Fertilization in Patients with Severe Tubal Factor Infertility

Purpose: To evaluate the impact of salpingectomy on therates of embryo implantation and pregnancy in patients withsevere, irreversible tubal factor sterility. Methods: A retrospective study of patients with repeatedfailure of in vitro fertilization due to nonimplantation of theembryo. Seventy-two patients with severe and irreversibletubal factor sterility were selected following repeated failureof in vitro fertilization (IVF) due to assumed nonimplantationof the embryo: 35 underwent a salpingectomy beforecontinuing IVF cycles and 37 continued IVF cycles withoutsalpingectomy. Results: After the first IVF cycle consecutive to diagnosisof embryo nonimplantation, the implantation rate was 10.2%in the salpingectomy group and 6.1% in the group withoutthe procedure (P = 0.5). After all IVF cycles, the ratewas, respectively, 6.9% and 4.5% (P = 0.2). Salpingectomyimproved the pregnancy rate (PR) per transfer (23.5% vs.9.9 %; P = 0.01). The curves of the cumulative probabilityof becoming pregnant show that salpingectomy resulted inpregnancy more rapidly. Conclusions: Salpingectomy improves the PR per transferin patients with severe and irreversible tubal factor sterilitywho have experienced repeated failure of IVF due to embryononimplantation. This procedure also reduces the numberof IVF attempts needed to obtain pregnancy.     

Pregnancy after tubal sterilization with silicone rubber band and spring clip application

OBJECTIVE: To determine risk factors for pregnancy after tubal sterilization with silicone rubber bands or spring clips. METHODS: A total of 3329 women sterilized using silicone rubber bands and 1595 women sterilized using spring clips were followed for up to 14 years as part of a prospective cohort study conducted in medical centers in nine US cities. We assessed the risk of pregnancy by cumulative life-table probabilities and proportional hazards analysis. RESULTS: The risk of pregnancy for women who had silicone rubber band application differed by location of band application and study site. The 10-year cumulative probabilities of pregnancy varied from a low of 0.0 per 1000 procedures at one study site to a high of 42.5 per 1000 procedures in the four combined sites in which fewer than 100 procedures per site were performed. The risk of pregnancy for women who had spring clip application varied by location of clip application, study site, race or ethnicity, tubal disease, and history of abdominal or pelvic surgery. The probabilities across study sites ranged from 7.1 per 1000 procedures at 10 years to 78.0 per 1000 procedures at 5 years (follow-up was limited to 5 years at that site). CONCLUSION: The 10-year cumulative probability of pregnancy after silicone rubber band and spring clip application is low but varies substantially by both clinical and demographic characteristics.     

Histopathology of fallopian tubes with recurrent tubal pregnancy

Fifteen fallopian tubes in which a previous ipsilateral eccyesis was managed by conservative surgical techniques were examined. The condition of the tube relative to the previous surgical management and the resolution of the previous implantation sites were correlated with the recurrent tubal pregnancy. All previous incisions were identified and all were well-healed, except for one fistula. Residual histologic evidence was present in only five of 16 previous implantation sites. The recurrent eccyeses were related to previous surgical management in only three women, two after anastomosis and one because of inadvertent obstruction of the tube. The cases of tubal obstruction and tuboperitoneal fistula formation were thought to reflect a lack of understanding of the pathologic changes associated with tubal pregnancy during conservative surgery. The previous tubal incision sites were all remarkably well-healed regardless of whether they were primarily closed or left open, and independent of location. Infundibular or fimbrial "milk-outs" were without histologic evidence of damage. The underlying tubal disease (chronic salpingitis, follicular salpingitis, or salpingitis isthmica nodosa) seems to be the major factor identified that is associated with, and probably the cause for, the recurrent tubal gestation.     

Site of ovulation and ectopic pregnancy.

In a study of 130 tubal pregnancies the relationships as to location of the corpus luteum, the implantation site, and the gross findings of the non-pregnant fallopian tube were analyzed. A contralateral corpus luteum was found in 20% of the cases. Hydrosalpinx, peritubal adhesions and/or thickening of the tubal wall were observed in 33% of the non-pregnant tubes. Grouping by implantation site--ipsilateral or contralateral corpus luteum--showed no statistical differences. The incidence of chronic pelvic inflammatory diseases was no greater in the subjects above 30 years of age and those having had more than 2 pregnancies. The results suggest that "tube locking" of the ovum, sometimesa result of previous tubal inflammatory disease, sometimes a result of supposed insufficiency of tubal peristalsis. was the major cause of tubal gestation. External migration of the ovum alone may not be an important factor in the genesis of tubal pregnancy.     

Tubal Pregnancy Following Tubal Embryo Transfer into the Contralateral Fallopian Tube

Ectopic and heterotopic pregnancy may occur with increased frequency following assisted reproductive technology (ART) procedures. In addition, there may be unusual sites of implantation, which may cause atypical and confusing clinical manifestations. We present a case of tubal pregnancy after tubal embryo transfer (TET) to the contralateral fallopian tube. Four embryos were transferred to the left fallopian tube by laparoscopy, but the patient developed a right tubal pregnancy, possibly as a result of intrauterine or intra-abdominal migration of the embryo. ART patients must be followed closely soon after the procedure, and there should be a high index of suspicion for an unusual implantation site.