肺表面活性物质在儿童急性呼吸窘迫综合征的应用

肺表面活性物质(pulmonary surfactant,PS)是由Ⅱ型肺泡上皮细胞合成分泌的脂质蛋白混合物,主要功能是降低肺泡气-液界面表面张力.急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)时多种原因引起PS的量和质出现变化,导致其功能异常.外源性PS替代治疗可以改善儿童ARDS肺部气体交换,但提高存活率作用不肯定.这可能与ARDS病因、PS成分、给药方法、时机、剂量及次数等不同有关.目前不推荐PS作为儿童ARDS的常规治疗方法.     

肺保护性通气策略在儿童急性呼吸窘迫综合征中的应用价值

目的 探讨肺保护性通气策略在治疗儿童急性呼吸窘迫综合征中的临床应用价值.方法 对1999年1月至2007年12月上海儿童医学中心PICU收治的43例急性呼吸窘迫综合征患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析.根据机械通气模式的不同分为肺保护性通气组(A组)和传统通气组(B组).A组采用肺保护性通气模式,潮气量6～7 ml/kg,吸气峰压≤30 cm H2O(1 cm H2O=0.133 kPa),应用相对较高的呼气末正压(PEEP),调节吸人氧分数(FiO2)及PEEP以维持经皮血氧饱和度(SpO2)高于90%.B组采用传统通气模式,潮气量8～12 ml/kg,PEEP 2～6 cm H2O,调节FiO2以维持SpO2高于90%.观察2组潮气量、PEEP、动脉血气、病死率及入PICU 28 d内自主呼吸天数.结果 A组潮气量(7.09±1.66)ml/kg,PEEP(7.15±2.08)cm H2O;B组潮气量(9.82±2.31)ml/kg,PEEP(5.40±1.84)cm H2O;A组潮气量较B组显著降低(P=0.001),PEEP较B组显著升高(P=0.021).A组病死率30.3%,自主呼吸天数(10.88±8.84)d;B组病死率60.0%,自主呼吸天数(8.40±10.86)d;两组在病死率与自主呼吸天数上差异无显著性(P＞0.05).结论 肺保护性通气策略治疗儿童急性呼吸窘迫综合征的效果可能优于传统通气模式,但确定结论尚需进一步进行前瞻性临床研究.     

急性呼吸窘迫综合征患儿肺力学特点

急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)的病因不一,发病机制各有所异,病情进展过程中肺力学的改变存在个体差异。顺应性、压力、容量等的变化与病因、病情轻重、年龄等密切相关。正确采用肺保护性通气策略、合理调节呼吸机参数、减少呼吸机相关性肺损伤是提高ARDS救治成功率的关键。因此,在ARDS机械通气治疗中必须高度注意患儿肺力学的特点和变化。     

肺保护性通气策略在儿童急性呼吸窘迫综合征中的应用价值

Objective To assess the effect of lung protective ventilation on outcome of children with acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS).Methods Between January 1999 and December 2007,43 children with ARDS were enrolled from PICU of Shanghai Children's Medical Center and assigned to the protective-ventilation group(group A) or the conventional-ventilation group(group B).The patients in group A (from January 2004 to December 2007)received lower tidal volume(6～7 ml/kg) and high levels of positive end-expiratory pressure(PEEP),and optimal oxygenation was achieved by adjusting FiO2 and PEEP.The patients in group B(from January 1999 to December 2003) received relatively higher tidal volume(8～12 mL/kg) with lower PEEP(2～6 cm H2O),and optimal oxygenation was achieved by adjusting FiO2.Tidal volume,PEEP,arterial blood gas,mortality and the number of ventilator-free days were compared between the two groups.Results Since protective ventilation was adopted after 2004,tidal volume was significantly lower in group A[(7.09±1.66)ml/kg]as compared with that in group B[(9.82±2.31) ml/kg](P=0.001).PEEP was significantly higher in group A[(7.15±2.08) cm H2O]as compared with that of group B[(5.40 + 1.84) cm H2O](P=0.021).The mortality was 30.3% in group A and 60.0% in group B.The number of ventilator-free days were(10.88±8.84) d in group A and(8.40±10.86) d in group B.Although mortality was lower and number of ventilator-free days was greater in group A,no significant differences were found between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion Lung protective ventilation may improve the outcome for pediatric patients with ARDS,however,larger trials are required before a definite conclusion can be reached.     

肺保护性通气策略在儿童急性呼吸窘迫综合征中的应用价值

Objective To assess the effect of lung protective ventilation on outcome of children with acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS).Methods Between January 1999 and December 2007,43 children with ARDS were enrolled from PICU of Shanghai Children's Medical Center and assigned to the protective-ventilation group(group A) or the conventional-ventilation group(group B).The patients in group A (from January 2004 to December 2007)received lower tidal volume(6～7 ml/kg) and high levels of positive end-expiratory pressure(PEEP),and optimal oxygenation was achieved by adjusting FiO2 and PEEP.The patients in group B(from January 1999 to December 2003) received relatively higher tidal volume(8～12 mL/kg) with lower PEEP(2～6 cm H2O),and optimal oxygenation was achieved by adjusting FiO2.Tidal volume,PEEP,arterial blood gas,mortality and the number of ventilator-free days were compared between the two groups.Results Since protective ventilation was adopted after 2004,tidal volume was significantly lower in group A[(7.09±1.66)ml/kg]as compared with that in group B[(9.82±2.31) ml/kg](P=0.001).PEEP was significantly higher in group A[(7.15±2.08) cm H2O]as compared with that of group B[(5.40 + 1.84) cm H2O](P=0.021).The mortality was 30.3% in group A and 60.0% in group B.The number of ventilator-free days were(10.88±8.84) d in group A and(8.40±10.86) d in group B.Although mortality was lower and number of ventilator-free days was greater in group A,no significant differences were found between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion Lung protective ventilation may improve the outcome for pediatric patients with ARDS,however,larger trials are required before a definite conclusion can be reached.     

肺保护性通气策略在儿童急性呼吸窘迫综合征中的应用价值

Objective To assess the effect of lung protective ventilation on outcome of children with acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS).Methods Between January 1999 and December 2007,43 children with ARDS were enrolled from PICU of Shanghai Children's Medical Center and assigned to the protective-ventilation group(group A) or the conventional-ventilation group(group B).The patients in group A (from January 2004 to December 2007)received lower tidal volume(6～7 ml/kg) and high levels of positive end-expiratory pressure(PEEP),and optimal oxygenation was achieved by adjusting FiO2 and PEEP.The patients in group B(from January 1999 to December 2003) received relatively higher tidal volume(8～12 mL/kg) with lower PEEP(2～6 cm H2O),and optimal oxygenation was achieved by adjusting FiO2.Tidal volume,PEEP,arterial blood gas,mortality and the number of ventilator-free days were compared between the two groups.Results Since protective ventilation was adopted after 2004,tidal volume was significantly lower in group A[(7.09±1.66)ml/kg]as compared with that in group B[(9.82±2.31) ml/kg](P=0.001).PEEP was significantly higher in group A[(7.15±2.08) cm H2O]as compared with that of group B[(5.40 + 1.84) cm H2O](P=0.021).The mortality was 30.3% in group A and 60.0% in group B.The number of ventilator-free days were(10.88±8.84) d in group A and(8.40±10.86) d in group B.Although mortality was lower and number of ventilator-free days was greater in group A,no significant differences were found between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion Lung protective ventilation may improve the outcome for pediatric patients with ARDS,however,larger trials are required before a definite conclusion can be reached.     

肺保护性通气策略在儿童急性呼吸窘迫综合征中的应用价值

Objective To assess the effect of lung protective ventilation on outcome of children with acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS).Methods Between January 1999 and December 2007,43 children with ARDS were enrolled from PICU of Shanghai Children's Medical Center and assigned to the protective-ventilation group(group A) or the conventional-ventilation group(group B).The patients in group A (from January 2004 to December 2007)received lower tidal volume(6～7 ml/kg) and high levels of positive end-expiratory pressure(PEEP),and optimal oxygenation was achieved by adjusting FiO2 and PEEP.The patients in group B(from January 1999 to December 2003) received relatively higher tidal volume(8～12 mL/kg) with lower PEEP(2～6 cm H2O),and optimal oxygenation was achieved by adjusting FiO2.Tidal volume,PEEP,arterial blood gas,mortality and the number of ventilator-free days were compared between the two groups.Results Since protective ventilation was adopted after 2004,tidal volume was significantly lower in group A[(7.09±1.66)ml/kg]as compared with that in group B[(9.82±2.31) ml/kg](P=0.001).PEEP was significantly higher in group A[(7.15±2.08) cm H2O]as compared with that of group B[(5.40 + 1.84) cm H2O](P=0.021).The mortality was 30.3% in group A and 60.0% in group B.The number of ventilator-free days were(10.88±8.84) d in group A and(8.40±10.86) d in group B.Although mortality was lower and number of ventilator-free days was greater in group A,no significant differences were found between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion Lung protective ventilation may improve the outcome for pediatric patients with ARDS,however,larger trials are required before a definite conclusion can be reached.     

肺保护性通气策略在儿童急性呼吸窘迫综合征中的应用价值

Objective To assess the effect of lung protective ventilation on outcome of children with acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS).Methods Between January 1999 and December 2007,43 children with ARDS were enrolled from PICU of Shanghai Children's Medical Center and assigned to the protective-ventilation group(group A) or the conventional-ventilation group(group B).The patients in group A (from January 2004 to December 2007)received lower tidal volume(6～7 ml/kg) and high levels of positive end-expiratory pressure(PEEP),and optimal oxygenation was achieved by adjusting FiO2 and PEEP.The patients in group B(from January 1999 to December 2003) received relatively higher tidal volume(8～12 mL/kg) with lower PEEP(2～6 cm H2O),and optimal oxygenation was achieved by adjusting FiO2.Tidal volume,PEEP,arterial blood gas,mortality and the number of ventilator-free days were compared between the two groups.Results Since protective ventilation was adopted after 2004,tidal volume was significantly lower in group A[(7.09±1.66)ml/kg]as compared with that in group B[(9.82±2.31) ml/kg](P=0.001).PEEP was significantly higher in group A[(7.15±2.08) cm H2O]as compared with that of group B[(5.40 + 1.84) cm H2O](P=0.021).The mortality was 30.3% in group A and 60.0% in group B.The number of ventilator-free days were(10.88±8.84) d in group A and(8.40±10.86) d in group B.Although mortality was lower and number of ventilator-free days was greater in group A,no significant differences were found between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion Lung protective ventilation may improve the outcome for pediatric patients with ARDS,however,larger trials are required before a definite conclusion can be reached.     

肺保护性通气策略在儿童急性呼吸窘迫综合征中的应用价值

Objective To assess the effect of lung protective ventilation on outcome of children with acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS).Methods Between January 1999 and December 2007,43 children with ARDS were enrolled from PICU of Shanghai Children's Medical Center and assigned to the protective-ventilation group(group A) or the conventional-ventilation group(group B).The patients in group A (from January 2004 to December 2007)received lower tidal volume(6～7 ml/kg) and high levels of positive end-expiratory pressure(PEEP),and optimal oxygenation was achieved by adjusting FiO2 and PEEP.The patients in group B(from January 1999 to December 2003) received relatively higher tidal volume(8～12 mL/kg) with lower PEEP(2～6 cm H2O),and optimal oxygenation was achieved by adjusting FiO2.Tidal volume,PEEP,arterial blood gas,mortality and the number of ventilator-free days were compared between the two groups.Results Since protective ventilation was adopted after 2004,tidal volume was significantly lower in group A[(7.09±1.66)ml/kg]as compared with that in group B[(9.82±2.31) ml/kg](P=0.001).PEEP was significantly higher in group A[(7.15±2.08) cm H2O]as compared with that of group B[(5.40 + 1.84) cm H2O](P=0.021).The mortality was 30.3% in group A and 60.0% in group B.The number of ventilator-free days were(10.88±8.84) d in group A and(8.40±10.86) d in group B.Although mortality was lower and number of ventilator-free days was greater in group A,no significant differences were found between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion Lung protective ventilation may improve the outcome for pediatric patients with ARDS,however,larger trials are required before a definite conclusion can be reached.     

急性呼吸窘迫综合征机械通气策略的新进展

急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）机械通气的目标是保证足够的氧合和最小的呼吸机相关肺损伤。无创机械通气应慎用于ARDS。小潮气量通气的肺保护性通气策略能降低ARDS死亡率,以驱动压为导向设置潮气量更合理。建议根据静态压力-容积曲线采用低位转折点法来确定理想的呼气末正压（PEEP）,不支持常规使用高水平PEEP。俯卧位通气、高频振荡通气和体外膜氧合技术可用于拯救重症ARDS。机械通气中保持ARDS患者自主呼吸很重要,可采用双相气道正压通气、压力支持通气和神经电活动辅助通气等辅助通气模式。不推荐补充外源性肺泡表面活性物质、吸入一氧化氮或支气管扩张剂、气道压力释放通气和部分液体通气。     

糖皮质激素在急性呼吸窘迫综合征中的应用

持久的全身和肺部炎症反应是急性呼吸窘迫综合征（acute respiratory distress syn-drome,ARDS）使用糖皮质激素（简称激素）治疗的基本依据,但目前ARDS患者使用激素的剂量、时间、疗程和效果仍然存在争议.大剂量、短疗程激素疗效欠佳,甚至增加病死率.现阶段认为相对中长疗程（2周～1个月）、小剂量或替代剂量（如甲泼尼龙1 ～2 mg/kg）激素,可降低ARDS病死率,缩短住ICU时间和呼吸机使用时间,并减轻肺纤维化.儿童ARDS的激素治疗仍缺少多中心、随机对照研究.     

小儿急性呼吸窘迫综合征的非机械通气治疗

小儿急性呼吸窘迫综合征一直是儿科重症监护病房最为重要的疾病之一.本文介绍了急性呼吸窘迫综合征的柏林定义,较为全面地综述了小儿急性呼吸窘迫综合征的非机械通气治疗,包括注意避免各种易患因素、加强营养支持、注意坚持保守补液、探制输血指征及防止输血相关性肺损伤;对肺表面活性物质治疗、吸入一氧化氮及糖皮质激素的应用方面近年的进展作了简要介绍;提出在重症ARDS中应坚持俯卧位通气等.     

新生儿急性呼吸窘迫综合征的发病机制及诊断治疗进展

急性呼吸窘迫综合征是各种致病因素引起的急性、进行性、炎性肺损伤过程.新生儿急性呼吸窘迫综合征的病死率高达30％ ～ 60％.近年来随着对该病发病机制的深入研究,人们在其诊断、治疗方面也提出了很多新的观点.该文着重就新生儿急性呼吸窘迫综合征的发病机制、诊断及治疗的进展作一综述.     

他汀类药物的研究进展及在急性呼吸窘迫综合征中的作用

急性呼吸窘迫综合征是儿童常见重症,威胁儿童的生命健康.其病理机制为肺部组织广泛的炎症反应.他汀类药物已广泛应用于心脑血管疾病的防治,目前研究发现他汀类药物具有抗炎及调节免疫的作用.本文将对他汀类药物的作用机制、在急性肺损伤及急性呼吸窘迫综合征中的作用机制和应用,以及他汀类药物的有效性和安全性进行综述.     

急性肺损伤和急性呼吸窘迫综合征的预后评估指标

急性肺损伤、急性呼吸窘迫时机体发生一系列的病理生理变化,研究者通过对相关临床、生化指标进行研究发现其中一些指标与预后密切相关.临床指标包括年龄、病因、器官功能不全、免疫抑制等.生化指标包括心功能指标氨基末端脑钠肽前体、心肌酶;凝血纤溶相关指标蛋白C;肺表面活性物质;氧化应激产物:一氧化氮、血管假性血友病因子、炎症因子等.利用这些指标可以判断疾病进展,为指导后续治疗提供依据.     

急性呼吸窘迫综合征柏林标准解读

急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）是威胁各年龄人群的严重疾病,其诊治一直面临挑战,1994年美欧联席会议标准促进了ARDS临床与研究的进步,但一直存有争议,2011至2012年,欧洲危重症协会发起并制定了ARDS柏林标准.本文简述了从1994年标准到2012年柏林标准的演进过程,包括成功、争议与修订,并对ARDS柏林标准的每一条作了解读,对其在儿科人群中的应用研究作了介绍.     

神经肌肉阻滞剂在急性呼吸窘迫综合征中的应用

目前神经肌肉阻滞剂在ICU应用较广,其中25％ ～ 55％的急性呼吸窘迫综合征（acuterespiratory distress syndrome,ARDS）机械通气患者接受该药作为辅助治疗,但至今神经肌肉阻滞剂在ARDS机械通气患者的应用仍存在不少争议.本文对神经肌肉阻滞剂在ARDS中的应用进行系统阐述.