挤压螺钉固定自体髌韧带移植重建后交叉韧带的生物力学研究

目的评价挤压螺钉固定自体骨-髌韧带-骨(bone-patellar-bone,B-PT-B)移植重建后交叉韧带(posterior cruciate ligament,PCL)术提供的膝关节胫骨后移刚度和强度,为手术后康复计划的制定提供依据.方法对正常和挤压螺钉固定自体B-PT-B移植重建PCL术后等状态的新鲜尸体标本,进行膝关节屈曲15°、30°、90°位胫骨后移刚度和屈膝90°位胫骨后移强度测试.结果挤压螺钉固定自体B-PT-B移植重建PCL术后,各膝关节屈曲角度时胫骨后移刚度明显大于正常状态,以90°时最为明显;胫骨后移强度则明显小于正常状态,约为其25%.结论挤压螺钉固定自体B-PT-B移植重建PCL术后早期不宜负重,功能锻炼膝关节屈曲不超过90°.     

双束股骨双隧道法重建后十字韧带的实验研究

目的研究双束股骨双隧道法重建后十字韧带(PCL)限制胫骨后移、恢复膝关节后向稳定性的能力,并与单束重建法进行比较。方法用双束股骨双隧道、单束前位点和单束后位点三种方法对膝关节标本进行后十字韧带重建。术后分别于膝关节屈曲0°、30°、60°、90°及120°时,对胫骨施行200N的后向作用力,测量胫骨相对于股骨后移的距离。结果在屈膝角度较小(0°～30°)的情况下,单束后位点重建法术后胫骨后移的距离与完整标本接近(P>0.05);但屈曲超过30°,特别是超过60°后,单束后位点重建法术后胫骨后移的距离明显大于完整标本(P<0.01)。在膝关节的整个屈曲范围(0°～120°)内,双束股骨双隧道和单束前位点重建法术后胫骨后移的距离与完整标本接近(P>0.05),在某些角度有轻微的过度限制胫骨后移的现象。结论双束股骨双隧道重建法,在膝关节的整个屈伸范围(0°～120°)内,可以有效地限制胫骨后移,恢复膝关节的后向稳定性;单束前位点重建法维持膝关节后向稳定性的能力也较强;而单束后位点重建法限制胫骨后移、恢复膝关节后向稳定性的能力最不确定。     

Guo绳肌腱结嵌压固定法重建交叉韧带的临床应用与生物力学研究

目的探讨Guo绳肌腱结嵌压固定法重建交叉韧带的可行性。方法对52例陈旧性前、后交叉韧带损伤患者在关节镜下行双股Guo绳肌腱中间打结，嵌入瓶颈状股骨隧道内固定，胫骨端采用肌腱编织缝合在骨桥上打结固定，重建交叉韧带。其中前交叉韧带25例，前、后十字韧带同时重建15例，后交叉韧带12例。生物力学实验采用猪膝关节。股骨端固定分为肌腱结嵌入组(n=13)和骨-髌腱-骨(B-PT-B)介面螺钉固定组(B-PT-B介面钉组，n=11)。胫骨端固定分为肌腱编织缝合线在骨桥打结组(n=7)、肌腱编织缝合介面螺钉组(n=8)。进行最大拔出强度、最大位移和固定刚度等力学实验。结果术后随访49例，平均14．6个月，Lanchman试验阴性46例，阳性3例。术后Lysholm评分由术前56．7分提高到92．8分。按膝关节疗效评定标准，优46例，良3例。生物力学实验最大拔出强度：肌腱结嵌入组高于B-PT-B介面钉组；固定刚度肌腱结嵌入组小于B-PT-B介面钉组；最大位移肌腱结嵌入组大于B-PT-B介面钉组。胫骨端固定抗拉强度和刚度骨桥打结组优于介面螺钉组。结论Guo绳肌腱结嵌压固定重建交叉韧带生物力学抗拉强度能满足生理需求，方法可行；可克服位移因素，降低韧带松弛率，提高疗效。     

不同方法移植重建膝前交叉韧带的实验研究

目的探讨自体髌韧带移植重建前交叉韧带(ACL)的固定方法及即刻固定强度。方法将15具标本分为3组,分别为1/3骨-髌韧带-骨(1/3B-PT-B)挤压螺钉固定组,1/3骨-髌韧带Krackow双锁边缝合组和原始标本ACL组。对标本施行单轴拉伸,运用生物力学方法检测分析。所有实验均在液压万能材料试验机(WE-5A)上进行,用数字试应变仪(YJ-14)读取应变,用KG-101高精度数显光栅位移测微仪测量位移。加载速率为1.4mm/min,由于实验均为单轴拉伸试验,故载荷轴向、加载速率和加载等级三者均保持一致。从零加载至韧带撕裂、断裂时为止。达到极限强度过程须全面记录。结果1/3B-PT-B置换挤压螺钉固定组强度、刚度均高于原始标本ACL组及1/3骨-髌韧带Krackow双锁边缝合组,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。结论选用1/3B-PT-B置换挤压螺钉固定重建ACL,术后替代物强度高,关节稳定性较好。     

关节镜下股骨双隧道双束腘绳肌肌腱重建后十字韧带

目的探讨关节镜下采用可吸收界面螺钉固定双束腘绳肌肌腱,股骨双隧道重建后十字韧带(PCL)的方法和疗效。方法24例PCL损伤患者,年龄为17￣42岁,平均32岁。在关节镜下应用可吸收界面螺钉固定,股骨双隧道胫骨单隧道双束腘绳肌肌腱重建PCL。3股半腱肌肌腱在屈膝15°￣30°位拉紧、固定,重建前外侧束;3股股薄肌肌腱在屈膝60°￣70°位拉紧、固定,重建后内侧束。结果24例患者术后随访6￣19个月,平均9.4个月。术后膝关节活动度均在正常范围,无疼痛,无创伤性关节炎。后抽屉试验、反向Lachman试验、胫骨结节塌陷征和反向轴移试验均为阴性,术后Lysholm评分为(92.7±6.4)分,较术前(49.4±9.3)分有显著提高(t=3.12,P<0.01)。术后Tegner活动评分为(6.7±1.4)分,较术前(3.2±0.9)分有显著提高(t=3.13,P<0.01)。结论股骨双隧道胫骨单隧道双束自体腘绳肌肌腱重建PCL能够较好的重建膝关节在不同伸屈角度的稳定性。生物可降解螺钉为PCL重建的理想的内固定材料。     

应用自体半腱肌重建膝关节内侧副韧带损伤12例

目的观察自体半腱肌重建膝关节内侧副韧带损伤的效果。方法对12例膝关节内侧副韧带损伤行膝关节检查,发现伴随有外侧半月板损伤2例,行半月板部分切除,前、后交叉韧带损伤各1例,选择骨-腱-骨重建前、后交叉韧带。胫骨内侧鹅足肌腱部位游离半腱肌进行内侧副韧带重建术。结果12例手术后伤口Ⅰ期愈合。6个月内10例膝关节稳定,应力位拍片内侧比健侧张开均<5mm,挤压螺钉位置良好。11例关节屈曲0°～120°,1例伴股骨外髁骨折者关节活动度90°。结论自体半腱肌移植重建内侧副韧带损伤能提供足够的张力,达到坚强固定和关节囊缝合目的。     

经前交叉韧带腋下胫骨定位的后交叉韧带重建术

[目的]介绍关节镜下经前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament, ACL)腋下胫骨定位的后交叉韧带(posterior cruciate ligament, PCL)重建术的技术及初步疗效。[方法] 2016年3月～2018年11月,对20例后交叉韧带断裂患者采用关节镜下经ACL腋下定位胫骨骨道,保残重建后交叉韧带。术中保留PCL残束,经前入路由内向外建立PCL股骨隧道,经ACL腋下置入胫骨隧道定位器,在后内入口观察下,于PCL止点平台下建立胫骨隧道。将移植腱由胫骨前侧经胫骨隧道拉入、再引入股骨隧道,股骨侧悬吊固定,拉紧移植物,胫骨侧挤压螺钉和"n"形钉固定。[结果]所有患者均顺利手术,无严重并发症。随访1年以上,Lysholm评分从术前(38.75±14.52)分显著增加至术后1年(93.70±4.23)分(P0.05)。影像测量后向应力胫骨后移由术前(10.81±3.07) mm减少至术后1年(3.86±1.10) mm (P0.05)。[结论]经ACL腋下定位胫骨骨道重建PCL,能精确的偏下偏外定位胫骨骨道;并可以最大程度的保留PCL残端,有利于重建术后韧带的愈合。     

关节镜下双束股四头肌腱和骨块镶嵌固定法重建后交叉韧带

目的探讨关节镜下双束股四头肌腱和骨块镶嵌固定法重建后交叉韧带（PCL）的方法和临床疗效。方法对16例PCL损伤患者选用自体带髌骨骨块双束股四头肌腱作移植物供体,股骨双隧道重建,胫骨端用骨块镶嵌固定法固定,股骨端用挤压钉固定。以膝关节Lachman试验和后抽屉试验及膝关节Lysholm功能评分标准作为疗效评定指标。结果 16例均获得随访,时间13~28个月。术前Lysholm评分为（57.2±7.6）分,术后1年为（85.2±5.4）分、2年为（93.8±5.2）分。术后膝关节Lachman试验及后抽屉试验均为阴性,膝关节不稳症状均消失,关节前后方向稳定性恢复,膝屈伸活动范围正常,无手术并发症发生。结论关节镜下双束股四头肌腱和骨块镶嵌固定法重建PCL符合PCL生物力学解剖重建,胫骨端固定可靠,解决了重建PCL时胫骨隧道容易扩大、固定不稳的问题,短期效果良好。     

关节镜下自体与异体骨-髌腱-骨重建后交叉韧带的临床对比研究

目的 比较自体与异体骨-髌腱-骨(B-PT-B)移植苇建后交叉韧带(PCL)的临床疗效.方法 1999年5月至2008年9月,50例PCL完全断裂患者接受关节镜下自体B-PT-B重建PCL手术(自体组),男42例,女8例;平均年龄(22.5±5.7)岁;受伤至手术时间平均为6.7个月.同期56例PCL完全断裂患者接受关节镜下异体B-PT-B重建PCL手术(异体组),男44例,女12例;平均年龄(23.2±6.2)岁;受伤至手术时间平均为6.2个月.两组患者均采用相同的手术方法.记录两组患者的手术时间、发热天数、伤口愈合时间,采用国际膝关节文献委员会(IKDC)分级、Lysholm评分及KT-2000膝关节测量仪测量胫骨后移距离健患侧之间差值等评估两组患者手术疗效.结果 手术时间自体组[(85.5±11.5)min]长于异体组[(65.1±10.1)min],发热天数异体组[(7.1±1.5)d]长于自体组[(2.5±2.5)d],差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).自体组随访时间19～43个月,平均(31.9±6.7)个月;异体组随访时间18～48个月,平均(33.4±8.2)个月.末次随访时自体组与异体组Lysholm评分平均分别为(85.5±4.1)、(86.7±4.8)分,胫骨后移距离健患侧差值平均分别为(2.1±0.9)、(2.4±1.1)mm,两组之间比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),同-组内末次随访时与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).末次随访时自体组IKDC分级:A级30例,B级13例,C级7例;异体组:A级32例,B级17例,C级6例,D级1例,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 采用自体韧带移植手术时间较采用同种异体韧带长,而术后发热时间较短.自体与同种异体B-PT-B移植重建PCL的临床效果无明显差异.对自体韧带不足者,如多发伤、老年人、韧带翻修等,异体B-PT-B是一种良好的替代物.     

关节镜下可吸收螺钉固定腘绳肌重建膝后交叉韧带的疗效评价

目的 探讨关节镜下可吸收螺钉固定腘绳肌腱单束重建膝后交叉韧带(posterior cruciate ligament,PCL)的效果.方法 2004年4月～2005年4月,我院25例(25膝)经关节镜检查证实为PCL断裂,在关节镜下行自体腘绳肌腱单束PCL 重建术,生物可吸收挤压螺钉解剖位固定重建韧带. 结果 手术时间平均90min(80～100min).25例膝术毕PCL重建后后抽屉试验均为阴性.术后住院时间7～14 d,平均10.4 d.25例术后随访12～24个月,平均18个月,23例膝后抽屉试验阴性,2例后抽屉试验1级.术后12个月Lysholm膝关节功能评分由术前(44.8±8.1)分提高至(77.8±6.4)分(t=-15.999,P=0.000).按国际膝关节文件编制委员会膝关节标准评价膝关节功能分级,术前异常(C级)10例、显著异常(D级)15例,随访时正常(A级)8例、接近正常(B级)15例、异常(C级)2例(Z=-4.394,P=0.000). 结论 关节镜下可吸收螺钉固定自体腘绳肌腱单束重建膝PCL创伤小,固定可靠,手术操作简单,术后膝关节功能恢复效果好.     

骨-髌腱-骨自体移植重建前十字韧带的研究

目的探讨使用骨-髌腱-骨自体移植重建前十字韧带(ACL)术后1年内重建物生物力学性能和组织学变化。方法在39只成年犬单侧后肢行骨-髌腱-骨自体移植重建ACL手术。术后分别在4、8、12、26和52周时处死动物,对正常对照侧ACL和手术侧重建物在屈膝90°行拉力试验直到完全断裂,记录断裂位置,计算横断面积、强度、刚度和应力,观察关节内和隧道内韧带转化过程及隧道内骨块-隧道壁、髌腱-隧道壁和骨块-髌腱三个界面的组织学愈合过程。结果术后隧道内骨块-隧道壁界面4周时愈合;髌腱-隧道壁界面52周时有Sharpey样纤维跨过,出现潮线,软骨细胞有成行排列的趋势;术后骨块-髌腱界面未钙化的纤维软骨层消失,52周时仍未重现;韧带在关节内和隧道内部分的转化过程相似,其结构均于26周时与正常ACL相似。生物力学试验显示所有重建物均在韧带部断裂。52周时,移植髌腱的强度、刚度和应力分别为对照侧的38%、58%和50%,差异有统计学意义。骨隧道内的骨-骨界面术后4周时愈合,早于骨-腱界面;骨-腱界面52周时表现为间接止点,界面出现成行排列趋势的软骨细胞,界面的愈合过程仍在继续。结论用挤压螺钉固定的重建物在手术4周以后,力学薄弱处始终位于韧带本身,在指导患者进行康复锻炼时不必担心固定止点的力学性能。挤压螺钉固定的止点不仅在术后即刻稳定,而且在止点愈合、韧带化过程中仍然保持力学性能可靠。术后1年时虽然韧带在组织学上与正常ACL相似,但力学性能显著低于正常,在剧烈活动时患者需配带支具等进行保护。     

Quadriceps tendon-patellar bone autograft for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a technical note

The quadriceps tendon autograft can be used for primary and revision anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Despite several successful clinical reports, graft fixation issues remain, and the ideal technique for fixation continues to be controversial. We present a technique of ACL reconstruction with quadriceps tendon autograft (QTA) using a patellar bone block. The tendon end is fixed in the femoral tunnel and the bone plug in the tibial tunnel using reabsorbable interference screws. The advantages of this technique are related to the increase in stiffness of the graft, the achievement of a more anatomic fixation, and a reduction in synovial fluid leakage.     

Nerve regeneration during patellar tendon autograft remodelling after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: An experimental and clinical study

The innervation of the rat and human anterior cruciate ligament, patellar tendon, and patellar tendon autograft after reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament was investigated by immunohistochemical and histological methods. A rat model of reconstruction with patellar tendon autograft was evaluated during active graft remodelling (2–16 weeks) and compared with normal ligament and tendon. The knees of 10 patients who had undergone reconstruction with patellar tendon autograft were examined 5–37 months postoperatively (remodelling fully completed) with arthroscopy and biopsy. As a control, biopsies from normal ligament and tendon were obtained from four patients. Nerve fibers were identified using antisera for protein gene product 9.5, a general neural marker. Neuronal regeneration was assessed by the expression of growth-associated protein 43/B-50. The sensory type of innervation was characterized by assessing the distribution of nerves containing the sensory neuropeptides calcitonin gene related peptide and substance P. Immunoreactivity for all neural markers was found in both rat and human anterior cruciate ligament and patellar tendon. Two weeks after reconstruction, the rat autograft was acellular and no innervation could be identified. After 4 weeks, the grafts were viable, and immunoreactivity for protein gene product 9.5, growth associated protein 43/B-50, and calcitonin gene-related peptide was found until the 16th week postoperatively. Immunoreactivity for substance P was found in rat autografts at 4 weeks postoperatively only. All biopsies of human patellar tendon autograft showed signs of the remodelling process being fully completed, with revascularization and a sinusoidal collagen pattern with fibroblast repopulation. Neuropeptide immunoreactivity, however, was not found. The presence of immunoreactivity to sensory neuropeptides in the anterior cruciate ligament and patellar tendon may indicate a nociceptive and neuromodulatory function of these structures. The expression of sensory neuropeptides in the rat patellar tendon autograft suggests a possible involvement of sensory innervation during healing of the graft.     

Arthroscopic double-bundled posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with quadriceps tendon–patellar bone autograft

Summary: An arthroscopic technique for double-bundled reconstruction for posterior cruciate ligament with quadriceps tendon–patellar bone autograft is presented. Anterolateral and posteromedial tunnels were created to simulate and reproduce the double-bundle structure of the posterior cruciate ligament. The bone plug is situated at the tibial tunnel and fixed by a titanium interference screw. Each of the bundles of tendon graft is rigidly fixed at the femoral tunnel with a bioabsorbable screw.Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related surgery, Vol 16, No 7 (October), 2000: pp 780–782     

One-incision endoscopic technique for posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with quadriceps tendon–patellar bone autograft

Quadriceps tendon–patellar bone autograft is an alternative graft choice for posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction. A 2-incision technique with outside-in fixation at the femoral condyle is generally used. In this article, we describe a 1-incision endoscopic technique for PCL reconstruction with quadriceps tendon–patellar bone autograft. The graft consists of a proximal patellar bone plug and central quadriceps tendon. The bone plug is trapezoidal, 20 mm long, 10 mm wide, and 8 mm thick. The tendon portion is 80 mm long, 10 mm wide, and 6 mm thick, including the full-thickness of the rectus femoris and partial thickness of the vastus intermedius. Three arthroscopic portals, including anteromedial, anterolateral, and posteromedial, are used. All procedures are performed in an endoscopic manner with only 1 incision at the proximal tibia. At the femoral side, the bone plug is fixed by an interference screw. At the tibial side, the tendon portion is fixed by a suture to a screw on the anterior cortex and an interference bioscrew in the posterior tibial tunnel opening. Quadriceps tendon autograft has the advantages of being self-available, allowing for easier arthroscopic technique, and providing comparable graft size. The 1-incision technique provides a simple reconstruction method for PCL insufficiency without a second incision at the medial femoral condyle.Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 17, No 3 (March), 2001: pp 329–332     

急性完全性前交叉韧带损伤的膝关节镜下早期重建治疗

目的　探讨膝关节镜下对急性完全性前交叉韧带 (ACL)断裂的早期重建治疗 ,以尽早恢复膝关节稳定性。　方法　ACL急性断裂早期在关节镜下应用挤压螺钉固定骨 髌腱 (中 1/ 3) 骨复合体自体移植重建ACL ,止点重建或缝合修复治疗内侧副韧带断裂。　结果　 1998年 2月～ 1999年 3月共治疗急性完全性ACL断裂合并内侧副韧带断列患者 10例 ,术后平均随访 10个月 ,近期效果良好。　结论　急性ACL损伤早期可以在关节镜下完成重建 ,手术创伤小 ,治疗及时 ,可同时处理合并损伤 ,能早期恢复膝关节稳定性和运动功能。     

Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with patellar autograft tendon

There are many techniques, graft choices, and outcome studies evaluating anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The current authors specifically look at reconstruction with the patellar tendon from a scientific perspective. Miniopen, endoscopic, and two-incision operative techniques in addition to hamstring versus patellar tendon autograft reconstructions are compared via randomized prospective studies. A review of all studies evaluating arthroscopically-assisted anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with patellar tendon was conducted. The authors found arthroscopically-assisted anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction to have a high short-term stability rate, extremely high patient satisfaction level, and a low postoperative complication rate. When the endoscopic technique was compared with the two-incision technique, there were no major differences. The difference between patellar tendon and hamstring autograft reconstruction can be described best as subtle, except for the consistent finding of an increased activity level in the patellar tendon group. When the principles of anterior cruciate reconstruction are followed, one can expect consistent results with patellar tendon autograft reconstruction.     

膝关节镜下微创重建前交叉韧带

为使膝关节前交叉韧带重建手术定位准确,固定更加牢固和早期功能康复,同时减少手术创伤。1997年10月至1999年4月应用膝关节镜下挤压螺钉固定骨-髌腱(中1/3)-骨自体移植重建前交叉韧带的新技术,重建前交叉韧带74例,并取得良好效果。结果 表明该方法手术创伤小,骨道定位准确,能做到等长重建。由于充分利用了髌腱这一较为理想的自体材料,两端带有骨块,重建的韧带最终可达到牢固的生物学固定。作根据临床实践,结合全部病例,重点总结介绍了关节镜下重建前交叉韧带的临床技术和经验。     

Anterolateral rotatory instability of the knee. Cadaver study of extraarticular patellar-tendon transposition

A cadaver knee-testing system was used to analyze the effect of an extraarticular reconstruction for anterolateral rotatory instability in which the lateral one third of the patellar tendon with a patellar bone block was transposed to the lateral femoral condyle. Ligament and reconstruction tendon forces were measured using buckle transducers, and joint motion was measured using an instrumented spatial linkage as 90 N anteriorly directed tibial loads were applied to seven knee specimens at 0 degree, 30 degrees, 60 degrees, and 90 degrees of flexion by a pneumatic load apparatus. This was done for each knee with first an intact, then an excised anterior cruciate ligament, and finally the extraarticular reconstruction. Forces in the transposed graft exhibited an isotonic pattern over the flexion range, unlike the intact anterior cruciate ligament, which was more highly loaded in extension than in flexion. The transposition of the patellar tendon led to external rotation of the tibia in both unloaded and anterior load conditions throughout flexion. Collateral ligament forces increased with anterior cruciate ligament excision, with the force in the medial ligament remaining higher than normal with the reconstruction, while the lateral forces became lower than normal.     

Lateral collateral ligament reconstruction using quadriceps tendon–patellar bone autograft with bioscrew fixation

The lateral collateral ligament is the primary stabilizer against varus stress and is also an important contributor in maintaining posterolateral knee stability. Quadriceps tendon–patellar bone autograft has been used for anterior or posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. We introduce a reconstructive procedure to restore the lateral collateral ligament using a quadriceps tendon–patellar bone autograft. The procedure is designed for unstable knees with concomitant cruciate ligament tear and posterolateral complex injury. This is a reasonable choice especially when allograft tissue is not available or in patients who are not suited for the use of bone–patellar tendon–bone autograft.Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 17, No 5 (May-June), 2001: pp 551–554