关节镜下松解治疗膝关节僵直

目的探讨关节镜下松解治疗膝关节纤维僵直的方法和效果.方法21例膝关节僵直行关节镜下松解,切除关节内粘连束带和疤痕组织、松解挛缩关节囊、分离股四头肌与股骨间粘连.结果术后2例出现关节血肿.随访4～49个月,平均19个月,膝关节活动度从术前平均41°增至115°,平均提高74°.结论关节镜下松解治疗膝关节僵直创伤小,康复快,效果好.     

关节镜下"H"形松解术治疗严重膝关节粘连

目的探索在关节镜下对严重膝关节粘连的治疗方法及手术适应证.方法自1999年6月～2001年12月,对32例严重膝关节粘连的患者在关节镜下行"H"形松解术,彻底清除关节内纤维粘连条索,术中辅以轻手法松解,使膝关节达到满意活动度,术毕腔内注射关节粘连预防剂(透明质酸钠).结果本组32例患者术后平均随访19个月(8～29个月),膝关节平均活动度113°(90°～130°),较术前平均增加106°(98°～130°).结论关节镜下"H"形松解术治疗严重膝关节粘连是一种创伤小、痛苦少、松解彻底、疗效确切、并发症少、操作安全、方便实用的治疗方法.适用于以膝关节内粘连为主的患者,对合并有股四头肌粘连者应辅以其它松解成形术.     

全膝关节置换术后粘连的关节镜松解术

目的介绍和评价以关节镜松解手术处理全膝关节置换术后因纤维粘连导致的关节僵硬的疗效.方法对5例平均年龄56岁(41～70岁)的全膝关节置换术后关节粘连病例施行了关节镜松解术.本组不包括伴有明显关节疼痛及因全膝关节置换术后感染而导致的关节活动受限病例.本组患者在膝关节置换手术中关节活动度测试正常.全膝关节置换术后3～12个月由于关节粘连入院施行关节松解,术前平均屈曲度为70°(60°～85°),2例分别有10°30°伸直受限.以3点标准入路进行关节镜检查,发现屈曲受限的主要原因是髌周和内外侧沟的粘连束带形成,镜下切除粘连束带被动活动膝关节,均获得良好的关节松解.对2例使用保留后十字韧带假体的伸直受限病例行后十字韧带松解.术后当天开始持续被动活动(CPM)锻炼.关节镜松解术后平均随访时间20个月(8～46个月).结果关节镜术后当时膝关节活动度平均116°(100°～130°),至最后随访时为105°(90°～115°).关节活动度平均提高35°.本组未出现并发症.结论与闭合手法松解和开放手术相比,关节镜松解术处理非疼痛性及非感染性,单纯因纤维粘连导致的膝关节僵硬是一项有效、可靠和安全的技术.为获得更好的效果,松解手术应在全膝关节置换术后3～6个月内施行.     

经关节镜下松解及术后康复活动治疗膝关节僵直

目的探讨关节镜下松解及康复训练治疗外伤性膝关节粘连僵直的效果。方法20例膝关节粘连僵直行关节镜下松解,切除关节内粘连束带和瘢痕组织,分离和切断部分挛缩的股四头肌腱,术后早期行持续被动活动锻炼及间歇主动活动锻炼。结果20例随访10~20个月,膝关节活动度从术前平均40°增至术后110°,无感染、皮肤坏死或骨折等并发症发生。结论关节镜下对关节内粘连组织进行充分松解损伤小、辅以适当的康复训练,恢复快,是治疗膝关节粘连的一种良好方法。     

关节镜下与辅助小切口联合松解治疗膝关节僵直性功能障碍

[目的]探讨关节镜下与辅助小切口联合松解治疗膝关节僵直性功能障碍的疗效。[方法]自2001年3月~2003年10月,采用关节镜直视下松解膝关节粘连僵直25例,男21例,女4例;年龄22~47岁,平均33.7岁;左膝10例,右膝15例;病程3个月~4年,平均12.1月;术前屈曲角度最大70°,最小0°,平均36.2°;伸直角度最大0°,最小-30°,平均-20.6°。髌腱旁内侧或外侧入路,在关节内彻底松解后功能仍不能达到满意者,另取髌旁外侧小切口,分别采取肌外膜切断、股中间肌部分切断、髂胫束切断、股中间肌切除等方法,增加屈曲角度。术后CPM功能锻炼,辅以玻璃酸钠注射。[结果]术后平均随访22.5个月(6~35个月),屈曲角度平均为107°(95~135°),较术前平均改善70°。采用Lysholm膝关节评分标准,从术前的平均46分(33~61分)恢复至随访时的90分(80~100分)。无1例出现伤口感染及神经损伤。[结论]关节镜下与小切口切开联合松解,可以将关节内、外粘连的问题较彻底解决,同时保留了关节囊的完整,利于功能恢复,是一个比较好的方法。     

关节镜下与切开松解治疗严重关节粘连的比较

探讨关节镜下粘连松解术对治疗严重膝关节纤维性僵直的可行性及价值。方法作者自１９９２年１０月－１９９８年５月,采用钝性探钩分离结合关节镜下粘连松解术,治疗严重膝关节粘连２５例,与同期切开治疗的２２例者进行比较。结果关节镜下组关节活动度从术前平均５５．６８°,改善为平均１１０．４°,改善了５４．７°。与切开组相比,术后住院时间,手术时间,出血量,引流量均明显减少,并发症少且轻。结论关节镜下粘连松解术是     

股四头肌成形术治疗骨折后膝关节僵直

目的探讨股四头肌成形术治疗骨折后膝关节僵直的疗效。方法采用Ｔｈｏｍｐｓｏｎ法切断股中间肌肌腱,彻底松解关节内、外粘连后重组股四头肌治疗１８例。结果１７例随访１年４个月～７年,术后膝关节伸屈活动度平均增加７７°,平均屈膝度为９８°。结论Ｔｈｏｍｐｓｏｎ法仅切断股中间肌肌腱,保持了股直肌肌腱的完整性,在彻底松解关节内、外粘连后,患者能尽早开始锻炼,所以效果较佳,应是首选的治疗方法。     

关节镜下松解治疗膝关节纤维性僵直25例

目的　探讨关节镜下关节松解术治疗膝关节及关节周围创伤引起的膝关节纤维粘连性僵直的疗效。　方法　在 1999年 9月至 2 0 0 1年 11月 ,用钝头棒分离关节结合关节镜直视下关节内粘连带切除治疗严重膝关节僵直 2 5例 ,其中 2例辅助使用小切口股中间肌横断术。　结果　本组 2 5例中有2 3例于关节镜下松解屈膝达 12 0°以上 ,2例小于 12 0° ,结合小切口股中间肌横断术后 ,1例屈膝达 12 0°,但余 1例仅达 70°。平均手术时间 35分钟 ,(2 5～ 6 0 )分钟。 2 4例于 2～ 3周无痛屈膝达 112°出院 ,所有病例均无手术并发症。随访 3月～ 2 2月 ,优 19例 ,良 5例 ,可 1例 ,差 0例。　结论　关节镜下关节松解术治疗大多数膝关节纤维粘连性僵直 ,手术简单、安全、疗效好、术后并发症少 ,小部分需要结合股中间肌横断术以取得较好疗效。     

关节镜下松解膝关节粘连僵硬的探讨

目的　探讨关节镜下治疗膝关节僵硬的可行性及效果。方法　关节镜下行膝关节伸膝装置松解术治疗膝关节僵硬 2 0例 ,术中切断关节内粘连 ,松解髌骨支持带 ,在股中间肌同股骨干之间作切割分离 ,然后用刨削器将股中间肌刨除。术后早期CPM及主动股四头肌锻炼。结果　随访 3个月～3年 ,膝关节活动度均较术前明显改善 ,屈膝活动均超过 90° ;膝关节活动度达 12 0°者 13例 ,占 6 5 % ;股四头肌肌力均恢复到 5级 ;无严重并发症发生。结论　关节镜下作粘连松解创伤小 ,可早期功能锻炼 ,发生再粘连机会少 ,术后效果好 ,术中发现关节内其它病变可同时治疗     

保留股内侧肌止点的微创技术结合关节镜治疗膝关节僵直

[目的] 探讨关节镜辅助下小切口松解治疗膝关节僵直的方法和效果.[方法] 26例膝关节纤维性僵直,采用髌骨外上方小切口,用剪刀松解髌股关节、内外侧支持带与股骨间、股中间肌与股骨间,以及髌下脂肪垫与股骨髁之间的粘连,在髌骨外侧1 cm处切开髌外侧支持带及用剪刀在股内侧肌止点内侧切开髌骨内侧支持带,再在关节镜下清理关节内断裂及残留的粘连束带和髁间凹瘢痕组织并止血,结合徒手推拿松解.[结果] 随访8～32个月,平均19个月,膝关节活动度从术前平均32°增至113°,平均提高81°.无皮肤坏死、创口裂开、肌腱断裂、骨折等并发症.[结论] 关节镜辅助下小切口松解治疗膝关节纤维性僵直手术操作简单,创伤小,康复快.保留股内侧肌止点对保留伸膝力量、维持膝关节稳定、膝关节功能恢复及减少皮肤坏死等并发症有重要意义.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.