双波长紫外分光光度法测定口洁含漱液的含量

目的：建立口洁含漱液的含量测定方法.方法：采用双波长分光光度法不经分离直接测定口洁含漱液中替硝唑、醋酸氯己定的含量.替硝唑的测定波长317.0 nm,参比波长221.8 nm;醋酸氯己定的测定波长254.0 nm,参比波长328.2 nm.结果：替硝唑的平均回收率为100.13%,RSD＝0.64%,醋酸氯己定平均回收率100.13%,RSD＝0.78%.结论：该法快速、简便、结果准确,适用于该制剂质量控制.     

双波长法测定复方甲硝唑含漱液含量

目的建立复方甲硝唑含漱液的含量测定方法。方法采用双波长紫外分光光度法直接测定样品中甲硝唑及醋酸氯己定的含量。结果甲硝唑线性范围2.7～24.3mg.L-1,回归方程C=18.7266A 0.1792(r=0.9998,n=5);醋酸氯己定线性范围2.7～24.3mg.L-1,回归方程C=33.4021A-006424(r=0.9998,n=5)。结论不经分离可直接测定样品中甲硝唑和醋酸氯己定的含量。     

复方替硝唑含漱液的含量测定

目的建立复方替硝唑含漱液的含量测定方法。方法采用双波长紫外分光光度法直接测定样品中的替硝唑及醋酸氯己定。结果替硝唑线性范围2.3～21.1mg·L     

高效液相色谱法测定复方替硝唑氯己定含漱液中醋酸氯己定含量

目的 建立测定复方替硝唑含漱液中醋酸氯己定含量的高效液相色谱法.方法 采用美国Agilent 1260型高效液相色谱仪,流动相为三乙胺缓冲液(0.05 mol/L,用磷酸调pH至3.5)-乙腈-甲醇(42:13:45),流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长为259 nnl.结果 醋酸氯己定在该条件下实现基线分离,质量浓度线性范围为10.4～82.9μg/mL(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为103.25%,RSD=0.32%(n=6).结论 所用方法简便快速、结果准确可靠,可作为复方替硝唑氯已定含漱液的质量控制方法.     

醋酸氯己定凝胶剂的制备与质量控制

目的:制备醋酸氯己定凝胶剂并建立质量控制方法.方法:以卡波姆940为基质制备醋酸氯己定凝胶剂,采用紫外分光光度法测定凝胶剂中醋酸氯己定的含量.结果:醋酸氯己定在6～13μg·mL-1浓度范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),平均回收率99.51%,RSD=0.42% (n=6).结论:醋酸氯己定凝胶剂制备工艺可行,含量测定方法简便、准确.     

复方奥硝唑含漱液的制备及质量控制

目的 :制备复方奥硝唑含漱液 ,并建立其含量测定方法。方法 :以紫外分光光度法测定制剂中奥硝唑含量 ,以双波长等吸收点法测定醋酸氯己定含量。结果 :奥硝唑检测浓度在5 5～16 6μg/ml范围内线性关系良好 ,醋酸氯己定检测浓度在5 6～16 8μg/ml范围内线性关系良好 ,2组分的平均回收率分别为100 23 %、99 77 % ,相对标准差分别为0 47 %、0 31 %。结论 :本制剂制备和含量测定方法简便、快速、准确 ,质量可控。     

高效液相色谱法测定银仙通肺宝颗粒中岩白菜素的含量

目的:建立反相高效液相色谱法测定醋酸氯己定器械保存液中醋酸氯己定的含量.方法:采用Shim-pack CLC-C8为色谱柱,以乙腈-水(含1%三乙胺,并用醋酸调节pH至4.0)(42:58)为流动相,检测波长为258 nm,流速1.0 mL/min,柱温为30℃,进样体积为20μL.结果:醋酸氯己定在20～80 μg/mL浓度范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 8).醋酸氯己定的平均回收率为99.96%;RSD=1.71%(n=6).结论:本法用于测定器械保存液的醋酸氯己定含量,快速准确,结果满意.     

高效液相色谱法测定复方替硝唑漱口液中主药的含量

目的 :测定复方替硝唑漱口液中替硝唑和醋酸氯己定的含量。方法 :采用高效液相色谱法 ,以ODS为固定相 ,乙腈 -水(35∶65)为流动相 ,甲硝唑为内标,检测波长为254nm。结果 :替硝唑在0 01～0 10mg/ml浓度范围内线性关系良好(r=0 9999) ;醋酸氯己定在0 01～0 10mg/ml浓度范围内线性关系良好 (r=0 9997)。替硝唑和醋酸氯己定的平均回收率分别为97 06%～102 02 %、97 21%～103 40% ;日内差分别为0 20%～1 26 %、0 71 %～1 11% ,日间差分别为0 50 %～2 06 %、0 80%～2 17%。结论 :本法可用于测定替硝唑、醋酸氯己定在各种制剂中的含量。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定复方咽炎喷雾剂中3种药物含量

目的:建立HPLC法同时测定喷雾剂中的地塞米松磷酸钠、醋酸氯己定、甘草酸二铵含量的方法。方法:色谱柱为Diamonsil C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为0.01 mol.L-1磷酸溶液(用三乙胺调pH 2.8)-乙腈(68∶32)。柱温30℃,检测波长为250 nm。结果:地塞米松磷酸钠、醋酸氯己定、甘草酸二铵的分离度均>1.5,理论塔板数均>2 000;回归方程依次分别为:y=43 811x+180 553(r=0.999 5);y=23 956x+107 969(r=0.999 6);y=16 423x-56 524(r=0.999 5);线性范围分别为10～200μg.mL-1,10～200μg.mL-1,25～500μg.mL-1。结论:本法操作方便,结果准确可靠,可用于复方咽炎喷雾剂中的地塞米松磷酸钠、醋酸氯己定、甘草酸二铵含量测定。     

紫外分光光度法测定复方替硝唑溶液的含量

目的建立复方替硝唑溶液的含量测定方法。方法用紫外分光光度法直接测定替硝唑含量,测定波长为317nm;用双波长分光光度法测定醋酸氯己定含量,测定波长为260nm,参比波长为350．8nm。结果替硝唑质量浓度线性范围是5-25μg／mL,r=0．9999,平均回收率为101．30％,RSD=0．53％（n：6）;醋酸氯己定质量浓度线性范围是2-7．5μg／mL,r=0．9999,平均回收率为98．78％,RSD=0．56％（n=6）。结论所用方法简便、准确,适用于该制剂的质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.