营养干预对妊娠期和哺乳期妇女骨密度的影响

目的 根据超声定量监测妊娠期及哺乳期妇女骨密度的变化,探讨营养干预的影响.方法 将孕妇分为2组,对120例接受营养干预的孕妇(观察组)分别在孕12周、26周、32周、产后30d、60d、90d进行骨密度检查,同时对120例(对照组)未接受相关营养干预的孕妇进行同时期骨密度检查.结果 ①观察组与对照组间孕12周和孕26周2组间骨密度的比较P＞0.05,而孕32周骨密度的比较P＜0.05;②观察组与对照组产后30d、60d、90d的比较P＜0.05,2组间差异均有显著性.结论 ①骨量减少贯穿于整个孕期,特别是孕晚期及哺乳期;②营养干预能预防孕期及哺乳期的骨量减少,增加乳汁中钙含量,有利于母婴的健康.     

中晚孕期系统超声筛查胎儿畸形的价值

目的探讨开展中、晚孕期两次系统超声在筛查胎儿先天性畸形中的应用价值。方法 2008年1月起,对来我院行产前系统超声检查的13 874名孕妇,均于中(孕20~24周)、晚孕(30~34周)期各进行一次系统超声检查。每位孕妇均详细登记,并对其异常胎儿进行追踪随访,所有胎儿资料均存放于工作站内以便行系统评估和统计。结果在13 874例孕妇中,经产后随访证实畸形胎儿384例,畸形发生率2.77%(384/13 874)。孕20~24周时检出畸形胎儿315例,检出率82.03%(315/384),孕30~34周时新检出畸形胎儿43例,检出率11.20%(43/384)。两次系统超声检查共检出畸形胎儿358例,畸形胎儿检出率提高至93.23%(358/384),漏诊26例,漏诊率6.77%(26/384)。结论于中、晚孕期各行一次系统超声检查可显著提高畸形胎儿的检出率,具有重要的临床价值。     

超声测量胎儿股骨远端、胫骨近端骨骺、骨化中心与孕周相关的研究及其临床意义

运用超声检查技术,对胎儿进行常规的双顶径、股骨长测量,探讨胎儿股骨远端、胫骨近端骨骺、骨化中心与孕周的相关性。首先研究骨骺与骨化中心的解剖学特征,包括解剖结构与组织学特点;其次研究骨骼组织检查中超声技术的原理与优势;然后研究超声检查在胎儿股骨远端、胫骨近端骨骺以及骨化中心的应用;最后分析了股骨远端、胫骨近端骨骺以及骨化中心与孕周之间的相关性。     

中晚孕期胎儿脊髓圆锥位置的超声定位研究

目的通过超声识别椎体以定位中晚孕期胎儿脊髓圆锥的位置,探讨胎儿期脊髓圆锥大致上升规律。方法选取2014年1~12月在我院门诊接受常规超声检查的正常孕19~37周单胎胎儿566例,应用二维超声识别胎儿椎体,其中296例孕19~28周胎儿同时行表面三维成像和容积对比成像两种三维超声技术,计数脊髓圆锥末端水平所对应腰椎椎体的位置。Kappa检验分析二维与三维超声成像定位脊髓圆锥位置的一致性。观察胎儿脊髓圆锥位置上升趋势,分析各孕周间脊髓圆锥位置的差异性;一元线性相关回归分析脊髓圆锥位置与孕周的关系。结果最终546例二维超声成像可清楚显示脊髓圆锥位置,其中280例孕19~28周胎儿同时获取了三维脊髓圆锥位置图像。二维与两种三维超声成像识别脊髓圆锥位置水平的一致性极好(Kappa值=1.0)。脊髓圆锥位置在孕19周时可位于L3.5甚至是L4,自孕21周开始至整个孕期95%的胎儿脊髓圆锥置均位于L3.5或者L3.5以上,孕28周之后95%的胎儿脊髓圆锥位置达到L3水平,孕37周之后95%的胎儿脊髓圆锥位置均位于L1~L2。脊髓圆锥位置与孕周之间的线性回归方程为:Y=0.098X+6.113(R=0.722,P0.01)。结论超声可清楚显示胎儿脊髓圆锥的位置和形态;通过识别椎体定位胎儿脊髓圆锥的位置,可初步获取其参考值范围。表面三维成像及容积对比成像技术均可与二维超声联合应用以准确判断胎儿脊髓圆锥位置。     

早孕期妇女抑郁调查研究

目的 了解成都市早孕期妇女抑郁现状.方法 对3所医院624例确诊为妊娠、孕≤12+6孕周、自愿参加本研究的孕妇,进行一般情况调查表及爱丁堡产后抑郁量表(EPDS)的填写,对其抑郁情况进行调查.结果 成都市早孕期妇女抑郁发生率为39.1%,流产≥2次的孕妇抑郁发生率高于流产<2次的孕妇;意外怀孕的孕妇抑郁发生率高于计划怀孕的孕妇.结论 早孕期妇女容易产生抑郁情绪,家人和医护人员应积极地给予心理支持及疏导,减少早孕期妇女抑郁发生率.     

钙尔奇D饮食运动联合治疗对中孕妇女胫骨骨密度的影响

1994年定量超声骨密度仪问世,以其具有无创性、可重复性,准确性、敏感性较高、操作方便等优点,为研究孕妇骨密度及骨质量的变化提供了新的检测条件.本文对30例孕20～28周胫骨骨量减少妇女综合治疗5周,研究中孕妇女发生骨量减少后的快速改善方法.     

早孕期胎儿肢体规范化检查方法及应用研究

目的探讨连续顺序追踪超声法在11~13+6周早孕期胎儿肢体规范化检查中的应用及声像图特征。方法选取应用连续顺序追踪超声法对2011年6月至2012年8月在深圳市妇幼保健院行早孕期超声检查的533例正常胎儿(宫内胎儿组,孕11~13+6周)及6例早孕期流产或引产胎儿(产后胎儿组,无肢体畸形,孕12~13+6周,胎儿标本浸入水盆中检查)的肢体行双上肢长轴切面(多位于胸廓前方)及双下肢长轴切面扫查,对不能在同一切面显示整条肢体长轴切面的胎儿,连续观察并显示胎儿肢体三节段(近段、中段及远段),分析两组胎儿肢体解剖结构的超声声像图特征。结果宫内胎儿组533例胎儿经腹部超声双上肢长轴切面可依次清晰显示双侧上臂及其内肱骨、前臂及其内尺(桡骨)、双手;双下肢长轴切面可依次清晰显示双侧大腿及其内股骨、小腿及其内胫(腓骨)、双足(足趾不能显示);手足的长轴切面表现为以初级骨化中心的条状强回声为中心,周围为稍低回声的软组织包绕;手指及足趾的显示多表现为指端皮肤或软组织的点状稍强回声。完成胎儿肢体检查的时间为36~189 s,平均(98.6±37.4)s。产后胎儿组6例,超声清晰显示肢体长骨(肱骨、股骨、胫骨、腓骨、尺骨、桡骨、掌骨、跖骨)骨化中心及软组织。其中3例大于13孕周的胎儿除第五指中节指骨外产前超声能稳定显示手指骨化中心;而3例小于13孕周的胎儿足趾骨化中心完全不显示。结论应用连续顺序追踪超声法可在较短时间内完成11~13+6周早孕期胎儿肢体检查,产前超声不能完全显示胎儿部分手指和足趾。早孕期胎儿规范化检查的推广和普及对减少漏误诊,减少肢体畸形胎儿出生有重要意义。     

正常胎儿脾脏及脾动脉超声特征

目的 探讨正常中、晚孕期胎儿脾脏形态及脾动脉血流特点。方法 收集551胎正常中、晚孕期单胎胎儿, 中孕期胎儿分为21~22⁺⁶孕周和23~24⁺⁶孕周组, 晚孕期胎儿分为28~31⁺⁶孕周、32~35⁺⁶孕周和36~40孕周组。产前超声观察胎儿脾脏及脾动脉特征, 测量并比较各组间脾脏及脾动脉各参数差异, 分析各参数与孕周的相关性。结果 99.27%(547/551)胎儿可完整显示脾脏, 其横切面上呈半月形、月牙形或三角形, 呈均匀低回声;脾动脉起自腹腔动脉, 沿胃泡后缘自右向左走行, 经脾门进入脾脏。中孕期23~24⁺⁶孕周胎儿脾脏周长、面积和厚度以及脾动脉收缩期峰值流速(PSV)均大于21~22⁺⁶周胎儿(P均 <0.05), 脾动脉舒张末期血流速度(EDV)和阻力指数(RI)两组差异无统计学意义(P均 >0.05);晚孕期胎儿脾脏周长、面积和厚度及脾动脉PSV和EDV随孕周增加逐渐增加(P均 <0.05), 脾动脉RI无明显改变(P >0.05)。中、晚孕期脾脏周长、面积、厚度、脾动脉PSV以及晚孕期脾动脉EDV与孕周之间呈线性正相关。结论 正常中、晚孕期胎儿脾脏的超声显示率较高, 正常胎儿脾脏超声形态特征及正常参考值范围可为评估相关疾病提供依据。     

妊娠期骨密度的超声测定

为了观察妊娠妇女骨密度（ＢＭＤ）的变化情况，对１８７例不同孕期的妇女用超声骨密度测量仪测量胫骨前缘ＢＭＤ，同期选择５６例健康非孕妇女作为对照组。结果：各孕周ＢＭＤ较对照组明显下降，Ｐ＜０．００１，ＢＭＤ与孕周呈明显负相关，ｒ＝－０．３２，Ｐ＜０．０５，但各孕周之间差异无显著性，Ｐ＞０．０５。孕３２～４０周的妇女ＢＭＤ与新生儿体重呈明显负相关，ｒ＝－０．２５，Ｐ＜０．０５。结论：妊娠期骨密度明显下降，干孕末期下降最为显著，且ＢＭＤ与孕周、新生儿体重相关。超声骨密度测量仪简便易行，安全有效，可用它监测孕妇ＢＭＤ变化情况，以加强孕期保健     

正常早孕期胎儿耳郭形态学相关参数的初步研究

目的研究正常早孕期胎儿耳郭形态学相关参数。方法观察342例孕龄为11~13+6周正常早孕期胎儿耳郭形态,分析相关参数测量值与头臀径(CRL)的关系,并建立早孕期胎儿CRL与耳郭形态学参数测量值的线性回归方程。结果研究获得了正常胎儿早孕期部分耳郭形态学参数参考值范围,且发现相关测量值与孕周及相应的CRL存在显著相关性。双耳下缘水平间距、双耳连线至双上颌骨化中点连线垂直距离与孕周及CRL呈线性正相关,而双耳长轴延长线交角与孕周及CRL呈线性负相关。结论早孕期正常胎儿部分耳郭形态学参数测量值与孕周及CRL变化显著相关,其变化规律可对耳郭畸形筛查提供部分参考价值,并具有一定的临床意义。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.     

护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响分析

目的研究护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响。方法选取本院在2014年4月~2016年7月诊治的136例面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者,随机分为研究组与对照组,每组68例;所有患者均依据其情况给予对应的治疗,其中对照组在治疗期间给予常规护理,研究组在对照组的基础上再给予综合性护理干预,比较两组的治疗效果及护理满意度情况等。结果患者在接受治疗和护理后,研究组中度与重度患者的治疗效果较对照组均明显提高(P0.05),研究组护理满意度较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论对面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者在其治疗期间给予综合性护理干预,具有良好的效果。