Three cases of emphysematous cystitis

Emphysematous cystitis is a rare form of acute cystitis presenting with gas collection in the bladder wall and lumen. We report three cases of emphysematous cystitis. The first patient was a 71-year-old woman with gross hematuria. Intravenous pyelography and cystoscopy revealed a characteristic gas collection in the bladder. The second patient was a 59-year-old man with abdominal fullness who was hospitalized for treatment of a cerebral infarction. Abdominal radiography and computed tomographic (CT) scan demonstrated emphysematous cystitis. The third patient was a 67-year-old man with diarrhea and abdominal pain after operation for rectal cancer. CT scan accidentally showed gas bubbles in the bladder wall and lumen. All of the cases, the symptoms were improved after treatment with antibiotics.     

气肿性肾盂肾炎14例诊治分析和治疗策略

目的总结气肿性肾盂肾炎病例的临床表现和诊治策略。方法回顾性分析浙江大学医学院附属邵逸夫医院泌尿外科2011年10月至2020年11月连续收治的14例气肿性肾盂肾炎患者的病例资料。男性3例, 女性11例。中位年龄59岁(范围:52～73岁)。病变位于左肾者10例, 右肾者4例。出现症状到就诊的中位时间3 d(范围:2～5 d)。所有患者均合并2型糖尿病。14例患者均有发热, 均出现脓毒性休克症状。致病菌主要为大肠埃希菌11例和肺炎克雷伯菌3例。CT检查主要表现为患侧肾实质内分叶状或气泡状积气5例、斑点状或条纹状积气者9例、积液3例, 肾周组织内积液1例。所有患者均于ICU接受抗休克、抗感染治疗, 3例患者单纯行经皮穿刺引流术, 3例患者行急诊患侧肾切除术, 8例患者先行经皮穿刺引流术, 病情稳定后再二期行患侧肾切除术。结果 3例死亡, 11例存活。中位ICU停留时间6 d(范围:3～11 d)。3例死亡患者中, 2例接受经皮穿刺引流术, 1例接受急诊肾切除术。11例治愈患者中, 1例接受经皮穿刺引流术, 10例接受肾切除术(8例先行经皮穿刺引流术)。11例存活患者出院后6个月时随访, 2...     

Surgical treatment of emphysematous bullae: late outcome

From 1967 to 1972 12 patients were operated on for emphysematous bullae in the Liverpool regional cardiothoracic centre. The patient with the poorest lung function died in the immediate postoperative period but the remainder survived for more than five years. All but one of the survivors showed evidence of benefit three to six months after surgery and all those not retired returned to full-time employment for at least five years. Nine patients were reviewed 5-10 years after surgery. These all reported a gradual return of dyspnoea, which was matched by a falling one-second forced expiratory volume (FEV1) (mean fall 82 ml a year); but five were still maintaining some of their postoperative improvement. When mean preoperative lung function values were compared with the values obtained 5-10 years later there was still a significant improvement in forced vital capacity; but FEV1, residual volume, transfer coefficient, and arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions were unchanged. Chest radiographs showed no new bullae or (except in one case) any increase in size of pre-existing bullae. We conclude that the removal of large emphysematous bullae did not hasten the progress of the underlying emphysema and that in most patients some benefit lasted for more than five years after the operation. Patients treated by lobectomy fared at least as well as those treated by bullectomy alone. It may be relevant to the relatively good progress of patients in this series that only three had suffered from chronic bronchitis before operation or smoked after operation, all but two had bullae occupying half or more of one hemithorax, and none had hypercapnia.     

Intracavity suction and drainage in the treatment of emphysematous bullae.

Patients with large intrapulmonary emphysematous bullae present a considerable therapeutic problem, particularly if their respiratory reserve is low, because of the risks of open operation. The method of draining intrapulmonary cavities, pioneered by Monaldi for the treatment of tuberculosis, is here described as applied to emphysematous bullae. Thirty-one patients were treated by intracavity suction and drainage. There were two operative deaths (6.5%). Apart from infection, no other significant postoperative complications ensued. Radiographic improvement occurred in all patients but one (96.7%). Where forced expiratory volume in one second and vital capacity were measured improvement was obtained in five out of six patients. Symptomatic improvement, which generally corresponded well to improvement in respiratory function tests, occurred in 28 patients (90.3%), all but one of whom survived.     

A case of emphysematous pyelonephritis--review of 32 cases in Japanese literature

A case of emphysematous pyelonephritis is presented. A 66-year-old woman with diabetes mellitus was hospitalized for sudden pyrexia and left abdominal pain on January 13, 1987. She had shown preshock, pre-disseminated intravascular coagulation, hyperglycemia and renal dysfunction. Plain X-ray films of the abdomen and abdominal computer tomographic scanning showed a gas shadow in the left kidney. Retrograde pyelography demonstrated the left complete ureteral obstruction. A diagnosis was made of emphysematous pyelonephritis associated with diabetes mellitus and ureteral obstruction. Left nephrectomy was performed on January 17, 1987, and the pus obtained from the kidney yielded E. coli. After the operation, she has been doing well with diabetes mellitus under good control without insulin therapy. Thirty two cases of emphysematous pyelonephritis in the Japanese literature including our case are reviewed.     

Giant emphysematous bullae: surgical treatment using the median sternotomy approach

Seven patients were operated for simultaneous excision of giant emphysematous bullae through a median sternotomy. They were all symptomatic and with a history of alcohol and/or drug abuse. Preoperative evaluation included bilateral chest tomograms and complete pulmonary function test. Surgical technique included bilateral resection of giant bullae and pleurodesis with minimal postoperative morbidity and no mortality. No correlation was found between symptomatic clinical improvement and measured postoperative pulmonary function. The median sternotomy approach is indeed the method of choice for bilateral giant emphysematous bullae.     

关节镜辅助下治疗反式Segond骨折2例

正Segond骨折是外侧胫骨平台前外侧韧带止点的撕脱骨折,其损伤由暴力使膝关节屈曲内翻时胫骨内旋引起,常常合并有前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)损伤或外侧关节囊半月板损伤[1]。因此Segond骨折是ACL断裂的间接征象。反式Segond骨折位于胫骨平台内侧缘累及内侧副韧带深层的撕脱骨折,与Segond骨折位置相对应,于1997年,由Hall和Hochman[2]首先报道。其受伤机制与Segond     

经皮肾穿刺造瘘术治疗气肿性肾孟肾炎10例

目的介绍经皮肾穿刺造瘘术治疗气肿性肾盂肾炎的手术方法及临床效果。方法对10例气肿性肾盂肾炎患者在连续硬膜外麻醉下实施经皮肾穿刺造瘘术治疗。其中左肾8例,右肾2例。其中4例因肾周积气部位较多放置2根造瘘管引流。术后定期随访6个月到3年。结果 10例患者手术均成功完成,联合内科治疗,其中8例患者生存,2例死亡,8例存活患者术后6个月后静脉肾盂造影和肾功能检查肾功能基本正常。结论气肿性肾盂肾炎成功治疗的关键是手术引流,同时积极控制血糖和广谱抗生素的应用。经皮肾穿刺造瘘术和传统肾脏切除术相比创伤小,有利于更好地保存肾脏功能,为气肿性肾盂肾炎的治疗提供了更好的选择。     

Outcome of nephrectomy and kidney-preserving procedures for the treatment of emphysematous pyelonephritis

OBJECTIVE: Emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN) is an acute necrotizing infection of the kidney characterized by gas formation. In order to compare the outcome of nephrectomy and kidney-preserving procedures for the treatment of EPN we reviewed our experiences of EPN over the past 18 years. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The medical records of 17 patients with EPN treated between October 1986 and September 2004 were retrospectively reviewed. Abdominal X-ray and/or CT were used as diagnostic methods. RESULTS: Women outnumbered men (12 vs five), and all patients had diabetes. Obstruction of the corresponding reno-ureteral unit was found in one patient. Thirteen of the 17 patients (76%) had poorly controlled diabetes (hemoglobin A1c>7%). The diagnosis of EPN was confirmed by gas in the parenchymal or perinephric space as detected by abdominal X-ray or CT. Escherichia coli was the commonest organism present in urine cultures (52%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (24%). Prompt efforts were made to control diabetes, and i.v. antibiotics were given. Nephrectomy was performed in 10 patients and nine patients survived (90% success rate). The success rate among those who received medical therapy only was 50% (2/4 patients). Percutaneous drainage was performed in three patients, two of whom survived (67% success rate). The overall mortality rate was 17.6% (3/17 patients). CONCLUSIONS: Immediate nephrectomy with glycemic control measures and antibiotic administration is crucial for the successful treatment of EPN. However, in inoperable cases, percutaneous drainage can be an effective treatment option.     

A case of emphysematous pyelonephritis with emphysematous cystitis]

A 74-year-old woman with diabetes mellitus had a high fever, and was treated with antibiotics and insulin in another hospital. She was referred to our department, because CT scan showed the right hydronephrosis and the abnormal gas shadow in the right renal calyces. Ureteral catheterization was performed on the right side and cloudy urine was drained. Urine culture yielded E. coli. Since submucosal emphysematous changes were demonstrated in the bladder mucosa by cystoscopy, she was diagnosed with emphysematous pyelonephritis with emphysematous cystitis associated with diabetes mellitus. Administration of antibiotics and insulin and the ureteral catheter drainage improved her condition immediately. Abnormal gas shadow on CT scan and submucosal emphysema on cystoscopy disappeared. We reviewed 110 cases of emphysematous pyelonephritis and 23 cases of emphysematous cystitis including our case in Japan, and report their clinical characteristics.     

Percutaneous drainage and/or nephrectomy in the treatment of emphysematous pyelonephritis

OBJECTIVES: To assess the current and past literature relating to the differential treatment of emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN). Some of the newer literature suggests percutaneous drainage (PCD), as compared to the standard nephrectomy, as a better modality. Since these two may complement each other, we sought to seek indications when to perform each treatment. METHODS: Medline and MD Consult were used for our journal review. Ten articles, ranging from 1980 to 2000, were chosen, which covered 162 patients. The criteria for selecting these articles were study size (n < 3 were excluded) and non-overlapping of patient information. Patient data was then used to certain risks of the various treatment modalities. RESULTS: Due to the lack of randomization of the studies, it is difficult to say whether PCD is superior to nephrectomy or not. It appears to be that each treatment may complement each other, and that treatment should be individualized based on the severity of the EPN and the medical condition of the patient. PCD though appears to be acceptable for use in the initial phases of the disease. However, long-term data is lacking to corroborate the overall benefit of PCD compared to nephrectomy. CONCLUSION: PCD could be utilized initially in some cases of EPN if certain conditions exist. This treatment may complement nephrectomy if the need exists, and therefore, treatment may be staged. Truly randomized studies need to be done to determine if one treatment is better than the other, and provide documented long-term follow-up of these patients.     

Two successful cases in the treatment of post-operative bronchial stump fistulae.

We report on two successful cases of managing lung resections that had been complicated by bronchial stump fistulae. In the first case, an endobronchial blocker tube was used to intubate the patient, in order to control inflammation in the event of aspiration pneumonia. This treatment improved the general condition, so we were able to perform a second operation to close the fistula safely. This attachment is very useful in serious cases, allowing intervention before a second operation. In the second case, a bronchial fistula recurred following a second operation, which then healed without surgical treatment. A minimal fistula may heal spontaneously when it is wrapped with an appropriate, vascularized, pedicle flap in advance, and adequate drainage is provided.