不同来源产志贺毒素大肠埃希菌分布特征

目的探讨不同标本中产志贺样毒素大肠埃希菌（STEC）的分布特征。方法采集动物粪便、肉类食品和排污口污泥样品，常规分离大肠埃希菌，血清学分型，PCR鉴定产志贺样毒素（stx1，stx2）菌株。结果293份标本中鉴定出8株STEC，1株为产志贺毒素O157：H7型，2株为不产志贺毒素O157：H7型，5株为产志贺毒素非O157：H7型。结论STEC存在于不同来源的标本中，菌株表型与毒力因子存在一定差异。     

大肠埃希菌O157血清型分离株的脉冲场凝胶电泳分型

目的了解杭州地区分离的产志贺毒素和不产志贺毒素大肠埃希菌O157菌株的分子流行病学特征。方法对杭州地区于1997～2005年间自散发腹泻患者和动物中分离的10株大肠埃希菌O157血清型菌株,PCR检测毒力基因stx1、stx2、eae和ehxA,eae阳性者进行eae基因分型;按标准化的脉冲场凝胶电泳法(pulsefieldgelelectrophoresis,PFGE)进行分子分型,并与国内其他省份分离的产志贺毒素大肠埃希菌(Shigatoxin_producingEscherichiacoli,STEC)O157∶H7菌株进行比较。结果杭州分离菌株HZ1_11携带毒力基因stx2、γ型eae和ehxA,为浙江省检获的首株STECO157∶H7;3株杭州O157∶NM分离菌株(2_1、26_1和SR05株)仅携带β型eae基因;其他6株杭州O157∶H?分离菌株中,均未检出毒力基因。PFGE揭示,在杭州人源O157菌株中,STECO157∶H7HZ1_11株与近年江苏和安徽分离STECO157∶H7菌株密切近缘,且其图谱与江苏菌株几乎完全相同;3株eae阳性的O157∶NM分离菌株聚类成与STECO157∶H7菌株较远的一簇,杭州1株stx阴性的O157∶H?(1_68株)则处于另一独立的一簇。5株杭州O157∶H?动物分离菌株与其他人源菌株图谱差异极大。结论浙江省首株STECO157∶H7可能是源自近年在江苏流行的STECO157∶H7菌株。β型eae阳性的大肠埃希菌O157∶NM菌株可能具有引起散发腹泻的能力。     

山东省首次检出O157大肠埃希菌志贺毒素Ⅱ变种

目的：了解山东省E．coli O157大肠埃希菌携带Stx2及Stx2vha情况。方法：采用从山东省5个监测点腹泻病人和家禽、家畜等粪便标本中分离的O157大肠埃希菌，用PCR方法检测特异性志贺毒素2及其变种毒素；提取菌株的染色体DNA进行限制性内切酶PstI消化，使用slt2探针进行Southern杂交检测菌株毒素的变化情况。结果：从腹泻病人、家禽家畜等粪便标本分离的O157大肠埃希菌PCR检测STL2(c，d)阳性的9株，用slt2探针杂交方法检测有4株为Stx2vha阳性，其中1株杂交带型不同于其他菌株，是否为新的毒素变种需进一步研究。结论：山东省从腹泻病人和外环境分离的O157大肠埃希菌存在志贺毒素Ⅱ变种。     

大肠埃希菌O157:H7嵌合荧光RAM检测分析

目的建立大肠埃希菌O157：H7的嵌合荧光法（SYBR Green I）实时网状分枝扩增（RAM）检测技术.方法将产志贺样毒素大肠埃希菌O157：H7靶基因递比稀释确定SYBR Green I实时RAM的灵敏度,并进一步检测临床分离的菌株.结果SYBR Green I实时网状分枝扩增技术最低能检测10个产志贺样毒素大肠埃希菌O157：H7,检测信号出现的时间与靶基因的浓度成正比,临床分离3株产志贺样毒素大肠埃希菌O157为阳性,而非致病性大肠埃希菌为阴性.结论SYBR Green I实时RAM是一种快速、灵敏、准确、实时、环保的检测大肠埃希菌O157：H7的新核酸扩增技术.     

2007年浙江省衢州地区动物中产志贺毒素大肠埃希菌O157:H7感染状况

目的:了解2007年浙江省衢州地区产志贺毒素大肠埃希菌O157:H7在动物中的分布情况及其耐药性、PFGE分型及毒力基因携带状况。方法:按全国O157:H7监测方案于5~10月份肠道传染病高发季节,在衢州地区采集各种动物粪便/肛拭,用免疫磁珠富集后进行O157:H7分离培养、鉴定,可疑菌株以PCR法检测O、H抗原及志贺样毒素(SLT1和SLT2)、粘附抹平因子(eaeA)及溶血素(hly)4种毒力基因。用脉冲场凝胶电泳(pulse field gel electrophoresis,PFGE)方法进行同源性分析,同时选择14种抗生素进行药敏试验,分析分离所得菌株的耐药状况。结果:共监测动物粪便标本300份,分离得产志贺毒素大肠埃希菌O157:H7菌株16株,分离率为5.33%。16株O157:H7菌株,毒力基因Hly、eaeA、SLT2均阳性,SLT1均阴性。脉冲场凝胶电泳分型显示,16株O157:H7菌株可分2个PFGE基因型,型间差异较小。耐药性分析显示这些菌株对红霉素、利福平的耐药率最高,达100.0%,对其他受试抗生素均敏感。结论:该地区动物中产志贺毒素大肠埃希菌O157:H7带菌率较高,所分离菌株主要携带SLT2基因,因此推测该地区存在发生产志贺毒素大肠埃希菌O157:H7感染暴发或流行的潜在危险,需增加对动物源性O157:H7的监测力度。     

中国部分地区大肠埃希菌O157的分子分型及变异研究

目的了解出血性大肠埃希菌（EHEC）O157的分子流行特征和遗传变异关系并完善EHECO157：H7感染性腹泻监测制度。方法采用聚合酶链反应分析毒力基因的分布情况；用脉冲场凝胶电泳技术对1988-2005年部分地区分离到的249株EHECO157：H7（其中产志贺毒素的245株，不产志贺毒素的4株）和51株O157非H7进行分子流行病学分析。结果stx2基因在我国的EHECO157：H7菌株中有着很高的分布率，部分菌株携带stx2基因变种。300株O157共分为161种带型，其中51株O157非H7菌株共有42种带型，4株O157：H7非产毒株分别为4种带型，245株EHECO157：H7共有115种带型。结论EHECO157间的基因变异较大；产stx2原毒素的菌株和5衄2毒素发生变异的菌株带型相差较大。部分菌株之间存在着一定的交叉，说明虽然这两大类菌株有其特有的流行克隆系，但是它们的克隆系之间亲缘关系较近。     

浙江省首株产志贺毒素大肠埃希菌0157：H7的分子生物学特性研究

目的：了解自浙江省杭州市腹泻婴儿中分离的1株大肠埃希菌O157：H7（HZI-11株）的分子生物学特性。方法：应用ATB1525细菌半动化生化鉴定系统鉴定菌种。应用0157特异性抗血清玻片凝集试验、H7特异性抗血清试管凝集试验、以及PCR检测O抗原特异性rfbE基因和H7特异性fliC基因，进行菌株血清型的鉴定。应用多重Real-time PCR和常规PCR检测stx1、stx2、hly和eae毒力基因。对菌株进行脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）分型，并与国内代表菌株进行比较。ATB1525药敏检测仪和纸片法检测菌株的抗药性。结果：细菌生化鉴定为大肠埃希菌，山梨醇阴性。血清型为O157：H7。毒力基因stx2、hly和eae均阳性，stx1阴性。PFGE谱带同江苏分离O157：H7菌株几乎完全相同，带型的相似度为97％。结论：该菌株为浙江省首株产志贺毒素大肠埃希菌（STEC）O157：H7。与国内近年在江苏等地流行的STEC O157：H7菌株密切相关。STEC O157：H7已开始对浙江地区的人民健康构成了威胁。     

浙江省首株产志贺毒素大肠埃希菌O157:H7的分子生物学特性研究

目的:了解自浙江省杭州市腹泻婴儿中分离的1株大肠埃希菌O157:H7(HZ1-11株)的分子生物学特性.方法:应用ATB1525细菌半动化生化鉴定系统鉴定菌种.应用O157特异性抗血清玻片凝集试验、H7特异性抗血清试管凝集试验、以及PCR检测O抗原特异性rfbE基因和H7特异性fliC基因,进行菌株血清型的鉴定.应用多重Real-timePCR和常规PCR检测stx1、stx2、hly和eae毒力基因.对菌株进行脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分型,并与国内代表菌株进行比较.ATB1525药敏检测仪和纸片法检测菌株的抗药性.结果:细菌生化鉴定为大肠埃希菌,山梨醇阴性.血清型为O157:H7.毒力基因stx2、hly和eae均阳性,stx1阴性.PFGE谱带同江苏分离O157:H7菌株几乎完全相同,带型的相似度为97%.结论:该菌株为浙江省首株产志贺毒素大肠埃希菌(STEC)O157:H7,与国内近年在江苏等地流行的STECO157:H7菌株密切相关.STEC O157:H7已开始对浙江地区的人民健康构成了威胁.     

应用高分辨率熔解曲线技术检测大肠埃希菌O157:H7志贺毒素基因变种stx2c

目的:探索高分辨率熔解曲线(High Resolution Melting,HRM)分析技术在检测大肠埃希菌O157:H7志贺毒素基因变种stx2c中的应用。方法:用HRM技术对20株O157:H7代表性菌株志贺毒素2基因进行分型,并与测序结果进行比较。结果:20份O157:H7样品中有3种类型熔解曲线。测序结果显示,12例A型熔解曲线中除1例为stx2a+stx2c杂合型外,其它均为原毒素基因型stx2a;1例B型熔解曲线测序结果为stx2a+stx2c杂合型,7例C型熔解曲线菌株测序结果均为stx2c纯合子。结论:HRM技术简便、快速,可作为志贺毒素2基因变种stx2c的检测方法。     

2005～2007年中国食品中疑似O157大肠埃希菌的鉴定及毒素基因的检测

目的对中国2005～2007年食源性疾病监测网分离疑似O157大肠埃希菌进行鉴定,了解各种不同类型监测食品中大肠埃希菌O157的分布及毒力基因的携带情况。方法运用API20E生化试剂条进行初步鉴定,使用血清分型和PCR方法确定菌株,并检测毒力基因。结果(1)通过API20E生化初步鉴定共获得154株疑似O157大肠埃希菌。(2)通过血清学方法和特异基因的检测,共确定89株大肠埃希菌O157,其中42株是O157:H7(47%),其余的菌株为O157:NM和O157:hund(未确定型)。(3)毒力基因的检测:42株O157:H7和6株O157:NM携带eaeA+hlyA基因;共29株菌携带stx基因,主要分布在不发酵山梨醇O157:H7菌株中。(4)监测的生羊肉、生牛肉、生猪肉、生鸡肉、蔬菜沙拉等食品中均检出了携带stx基因的O157:H7。结论鉴定结果显示中国部分监测食品中均分离到有一定程度致病力的大肠埃希菌O157。     

Comparison of Escherichia coli Isolates from humans, food, and farm and companion animals for presence of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli virulence markers

The objective of this study was to characterize Escherichia coli isolates from dairy cows/feedlots, calves, mastitis, pigs, dogs, parrot, iguana, human disease, and food products for prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) virulence markers. The rationale of the study was that, isolates of the same serotypes that were obtained from different sources and possessed the same marker profiles, could be cross-species transmissible. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect presence of genes encoding Shiga toxin 1 and 2 (stx1 and stx2), H7 flagella (flicC), enterohemolysin (hly) and intimin (eaeA) in E. coli isolates (n = 400). Shiga toxin-producing isolates were tested for production of Shiga toxins (Stx1 and Stx2 and enterohemolysin. Of the E. coli O157:H7/H- strains, 150 of 164 (mostly human, cattle, and food) isolates were stx+. Sixty-five percent of O157 STEC produced both Stx1 and Stx2; 32% and 0.7% produced Stx2 or Stx1, respectively. Ninety-eight percent of O157 STEC had sequences for genes encoding intimin and enterohemolysin. Five of 20 E. coli O111, 4 of 14 O128 and 4 of 10 O26 were stx+ . Five of 6 stx+ O26 and O111 produced Stx1, however, stx+ O128 were Stx-negative. Acid resistance (93.3%) and tellurite resistance (87.3%) were common attributes of O157 STEC, whereas, non-O157 stx+ strains exhibited 38.5% and 30.8% of the respective resistances. stx-positive isolates were mostly associated with humans and cattle, whereas, all isolates from mastitis (n = 105), and pigs, dogs, parrot and iguanas (n = 48) were stx-negative. Multiplex PCR was an effective tool for characterizing STEC pathogenic profiles and distinguished STEC O157:H7 from other STEC. Isolates from cattle and human disease shared similar toxigenic profiles, whereas isolates from other disease sources had few characteristics in common with the former isolates. These data suggest interspecies transmissibility of certain serotypes, in particular, STEC O157:H7, between humans and cattle.     

Detection and characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli from seagulls

Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains isolated from a seagull in Japan were examined. A total of 50 faecal samples was collected on a harbour bank in Hokkaido, Japan, in July 1998. Two different STEC strains, whose serotypes were O136:H16 and O153:H-, were isolated from the same individual by PCR screening; both of them were confirmed by ELISA and Vero cell cytotoxicity assay to be producing active Stx2 and Stx1, respectively. They harboured large plasmids, but did not carry the haemolysin or eaeA genes of STEC O157:H7. Based on their plasmid profiles, antibiotic resistance patterns, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis (PFGE), and the stx genes sequences, the isolates were different. Phylogenic analysis of the deduced Stx amino acid sequences demonstrated that the Stx toxins of seagull-origin STEC were closely associated with those of the human-origin, but not those of other animal-origin STEC. In addition, Stx2phi-K7 phage purified from O136 STEC resembled Stx2phi-II from human-origin O157:H7, and was able to convert non-toxigenic E. coli to STEC. These results suggest that birds may be one of the important carriers in terms of the distribution of STEC.     

Characterization and epidemiologic subtyping of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains isolated from hemolytic uremic syndrome and diarrhea cases in Argentina

Argentina has a high incidence of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS); 12.2 cases per 100,000 children younger than 5 years old were reported in 2002. Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is the primary etiologic agent of HUS, and STEC O157 is the predominant serogroup isolated. The main objective of the present work was to establish the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of the STEC strains in general isolated from Argentine children during a prospective study and the clonal relatedness of STEC O157:H7 strains using subtyping techniques. One hundred and three STEC strains isolated from 99 children were included. The phenotypic and genotypic features were established, and a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCRRFLP) was performed to determine stx2 variants. The clonal relatedness of E. coli O157 isolates was established by phage typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The 103 STEC strains belonged to 18 different serotypes, and 59% were of serotype O157:H7. Stx2 was identified in 90.3%, and stx1 in 9.7%. Among the 61 STEC O157 strains, 93.4% harbored the stx2/stx2vh-a genes; PT4 (39.3%) and PT2 (29.5%) were the predominant phage types. Using PFGE with the enzyme XbaI, a total of 41 patterns with at least 80% similarity were identified, and seven clusters with identical profiles were established. Some of the clusters were further split by PFGE using BlnI as the second enzyme. Isolates with indistinguishable PFGE patterns were with one exception also indistinguishable by phage typing and stx genotyping. These findings confirmed that some isolates were genetically related. However, no epidemiological linkages were identified. STEC strains with different genotypes and belonging to diverse serotypes were isolated in Argentina. Some STEC O157 strains could not be distinguished by applying subtyping techniques such as PFGE and phage typing.     

12株疑似O157:H7大肠菌PCR鉴定研究

目的:对12株疑似O157:H7大肠菌采用PCR法进行鉴定。方法:利用单一PCR和多重聚合酶链反应(mPCR)检测不同来源菌株志贺样毒素(stx1和stx2)、溶血素(hly)、粘附抹平因子(eaeA)、β-葡糖醛酸糖苷酶(u idA)、O157抗原编码(rfbE)、H7鞭毛抗原编码(fliC)基因。结果:4株大肠菌rfbE和fliC基因检测为阳性,确认为EHEC O157:H7,其中1株菌株扩增出全部毒力基因,另3株菌株扩增出除stx1外其它全部毒力基因;2株大肠菌rfbE基因检测阳性,确认为O157:H7-大肠菌;其它均为非O157:H7其它大肠菌。结论:PCR技术的应用能对可疑O157:H7大肠菌进行有效鉴定与分析,应成为今后病原学鉴定的主要技术手段。     

Human infections with non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, Switzerland, 2000-2009

We characterized 97 non-O157 Shiga toxin (stx)-producing Escherichia coli strains isolated from human patients during 2000-2009 from the national reference laboratory in Switzerland. These strains belonged to 40 O:H serotypes; 4 serotypes (O26:H11/H-, O103:H2, O121:H19, and O145:H28/H-) accounted for 46.4% of the strains. Nonbloody diarrhea was reported by 23.2% of the patients, bloody diarrhea by 56.8%. Hemolytic uremic syndrome developed in 40.0% of patients; serotype O26:H11/H- was most often associated with this syndrome. Forty-five (46.4%) strains carried stx2 genes only, 36 strains (37.1%) carried stx1, and 16 (16.5%) strains carried stx1 and stx2. Genes encoding enterohemolysin and intimin were detected in 75.3% and 70.1% of the strains, respectively. Resistance to ≥1 antimicrobial agent was present in 25 isolates. High genetic diversity within strains indicates that non-O157 stx-producing E. coli infections in Switzerland most often occurred as single cases.     

衢州市2000-2009年肠出血性大肠埃希菌O157∶H7监测

目的了解浙江省衢州市肠出血性大肠埃希菌O157∶H7人的感染、食品污染以及动物和媒介昆虫带菌情况。方法在流行季节采集腹泻患者、动物粪便以及各类食品、苍蝇等样本,MEC肉汤增菌后,用特异性免疫磁珠集菌,以科玛嘉显色平板分离,纯化的菌株进行生化鉴定、血清分型及毒力基因检测。结果 2000-2009年,共检测样本12 292份,检出EHEC O157∶H7 19株,总检出率为0.15%。其中4种宿主动物粪便样本中检出18株,检出率分别为羊2.14%、牛1.29%、猪0.45%、鸭0.19%;食品中从生猪肉中检出1株,检出率0.17%;腹泻患者和苍蝇样本中均未检出。经毒力基因检测,其中16株stx2+hly+eaeA阳性,1株hly+eaeA阳性,其余2株不带毒力基因,带毒率89.47%。结论浙江省衢州市部分动物中产毒的EHEC O157∶H7带菌率较高,表明该地区存在暴发或流行的潜在危险,应加强综合监测。     

Sorbitol-fermenting, β-glucuronidase-positive, Shiga toxin-negative Escherichia coli O157:H7 in free-ranging red deer in South-Central Spain

We investigated the prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in free-ranging red deer in south-central Spain, to assess their potential as reservoir hosts of sorbitol-fermenting (SF) E. coli O157:H7 strains, which are emerging causes of hemolytic uremic syndrome in Europe. Fecal samples from 264 hunter-harvested Iberian red deer (Cervus elaphus) were collected in 25 different game estates and examined for E. coli O157:H7 by culture and PCR. E. coli O157:H7 was detected and isolated in 4 of the 25 game estates sampled (16%) and the isolates obtained (four in total) were further phenogenotypically characterized. One of them was biochemically typical of E. coli O157:H7, that is, neither fermented sorbitol nor exhibited β-glucuronidase (GUD) activity, and carried genes encoding Shiga toxins (Stx) 1 and 2, the intimin subtype γ1, the enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)-hemolysin, and the ter gene cluster. The rest of the isolates (three of four) fermented sorbitol, exhibited GUD activity after 18-24?h incubation, and carried genes encoding the intimin subtype γ1 and the EHEC-hemolysin, although no Stx-encoding genes were detected. All these atypical isolates carried the sfp gene cluster, lacked the ter gene cluster, and were unable to grow on cefixime tellurite sorbitol MacConkey agar, which are typical features of SF E. coli O157:H7 strains isolated from patients. In total, SF, GUD-positive, Stx-negative E. coli O157:H7 strains were isolated in 3 of the 25 game estates sampled (12%), with an overall sample-level prevalence of 1.1% (3/264). Our findings indicate that free-ranging red deer may be one of the possible reservoir hosts of Stx-negative derivatives of SF E. coli O157:H7.     

Shiga Toxin Subtypes Associated with Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Red Deer, Roe Deer, Chamois, and Ibex

Abstract A total of 52 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains, isolated from fecal samples of six ibex, 12 chamois, 15 roe deer, and 19 red deer were further characterized by subtyping the stx genes, examining strains for the top nine serogroups and testing for the presence of eae and ehxA. Eleven of the 52 strains belonged to one of the top nine STEC O groups (O26, O45, O91, O103, O111, O113, O121, O145, and O157). Eight STEC strains were of serogroup O145, two strains of serogroup O113, and one strain of serogroup O157. None of the strains harbored stx2a, stx2e, or stx2f. Stx2b (24 strains) and stx1c (21 strains) were the most frequently detected stx subtypes, occurring alone or in combination with another stx subtype. Eight strains harbored stx2g, five strains stx2d, three strains stx1a, two strains stx2c, and one strain stx1d. Stx2g and stx1d were detected in strains not harboring any other stx subtype. The eae and ehxA genes were detected in two and 24 STEC strains, respectively. Considering both, the serogroups and the virulence factors, the majority of the STEC strains isolated from red deer, roe deer, chamois, and ibex do not show the typical patterns of highly pathogenic STEC strains. To assess the potential pathogenicity of STEC for humans, strain isolation and characterization is therefore of central importance.     

A novel transducible chimeric phage from Escherichia coli O157:H7 Sakai strain encoding Stx1 production

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), and especially enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) are important, highly virulent zoonotic and food-borne pathogens. The genes encoding their key virulence factors, the Shiga toxins, are distributed by converting bacteriophages, the Stx phages. In this study we isolated a new type of inducible Stx phage carrying the stx1 gene cluster from the prototypic EHEC O157:H7 Sakai strain. The phage showed Podoviridae morphology, and was capable of converting the E. coli K-12 MG1655 strain to Shiga toxin-producing phenotype. The majority of the phage genes originate from the stx2-encoding Sakai prophage Sp5, with major rearrangements in its genome. Beside certain minor recombinations, the genomic region originally containing the stx2 genes in Sp5 was replaced by a region containing six open reading frames from prophage Sp15 including stx1 genes. The rearranged genome, together with the carriage of stx1 genes, the morphology and the capability of lysogenic conversion represent a new type of recombinant Stx1 converting phage from the Sakai strain.     

安阳市首次分离到产毒O157:H7菌株的PCR鉴定

目的:鉴定从生羊肉中分离到的大肠杆菌O157:H7菌株的毒性基因和rfbO157、flicH7特异性基因。方法:PCR技术同时检测大肠杆菌O157:H7的四种毒性基因和rfbO157、flicH7特异性基因。结果:可疑菌株含有鞭毛H7基因(fli-cH7),志贺毒素2(stx2)基因,溶血素基因(hlyA),肠上皮细胞纤毛清除素基因(eaeA)和O157:H7特异性基因(rfbO157),但不含有志贺毒素1(stx1)基因。结论:菌株为产志贺毒素大肠杆菌O157:H7血清型。