大学生心理压力与吸烟行为的相关性分析

目的研究心理压力对大学生吸烟行为的影响,为制定干预措施提供依据。方法采用整群抽样方法,抽取某综合性大学一～三年级在校大学生9 766名,以自填式结构问卷调查学生的心理压力、自身和同伴吸烟情况及社会经济学指标。以"从未吸烟者"作为对照组,分别以"尝试吸烟者"和"现吸烟者"作为病例组,分析心理压力对大学生吸烟行为的影响。结果进入大学后仍有学生尝试或形成吸烟行为。调整社会经济学指标和同伴吸烟行为的影响后,对未来工作和学业的担心(OR=1.021,95%CI=1.002～1.040)是男生尝试吸烟的危险因素;学习压力(OR=1.064,95%CI=1.011～1.116)是女生尝试吸烟的危险因素,人际与环境压力(OR=1.152,95%CI=1.013～1.314)是女生现吸烟的危险因素。结论心理压力与大学生吸烟行为存在一定程度的相关性,并且对不同性别和不同吸烟行为的影响不同。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病危险因素病例对照研究

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）发病的相关危险因素，为开展COPD的一级预防提供依据。方法采用按年龄±3岁进行1：1配比的病例一对照研究方法，对435例来源于2003年1月-2006年4月某市级医院的COPD患者及其对照者应用条件Logistic回归进行危险因素分析。结果单因素分析结果显示，性别（OR=1．802，95％CI：1．385--2．346）、药物过敏史（OR=4．346，95％CI：2．838～6．657）、吸烟（OR=2．857，95％CI：2．145～3．807）、吸烟年限〉10a（OR=2．719。95％CI：2．041～3．621）、日吸烟量〉10支（OR=2．250，95％CI：1．601～3．161）、开始吸烟年龄≤20岁（0R=1．909，95％CI：1．140。3．198）、吸烟指数大于300年支（OR=2．241，95％CI：1．645-3．054）和高血糖（OR=2．469，95％CI：1．772～3．441）为COPD的危险因素。多因素分析结果显示，性别（OR=1．595，95％CI：1．124～2．264）、药物过敏史（OR=4．029，95％（CI：2．411～6．735）、吸烟（OR：2．635，95％CI：1．844～3．764）和高血糖（OR=2．390，95％CI：1．632-3．502）为COPD的危险因素。结论男性、药物过敏史、吸烟和高血糖为COPD的主要危险因素。     

南京市白下区中学生抑郁障碍与健康危险行为的关系

目的了解南京市白下区中学生人群中主要健康危险行为的发生率及其与抑郁障碍的关系。方法采用横断面调查，研究对象来自南京白下区9个学校的27个班级1102名在校的初一至高三的中学生，其中初中生占63．6％，高中生占36．4％；男生为45．0％，女生为55．0％。调查的有效应答率为94．2％。结果该样本人群中5种健康危险行为：吸烟、饮酒、网吧上网、逃学、离家出走的发生率分别为4．3％、33．6％、8．0％、6．5％和4．5％，男生均高于女生，高三学生的发生率为最高，高中学生的健康危险行为的发生率高于初中学生，18岁以上年龄组的学生中，各种健康危险行为的发生率均为最高。罹患抑郁障碍的学生发生健康危险行为的可能性均大于非抑郁障碍患者，针对上述5种健康危险行为的OR值分别为3．30（95％CI=1．67～6．55），1．86（95％CI=1．27～2．73），2．78（95％CI=1．57～4．93），3．82（95％CI=2．15～6．81）和5．53（95％CI=2．95～10．40）。发生健康危险行为者（网吧上网者、逃学者和离家出走者）寻求心理医生进行疏导的比例显著高于未发生健康危险行为者，但两类学生与老师交流沟通的比例则无差异。结论健康危险行为的发生、抑郁障碍已成为中学生人群中一个越来越重要的公共卫生问题，有关职责部门应制定有针对性的预防控制措施。     

中国农村人群高血压危险因素的meta分析北大核心CSCD

目的探讨中国农村人群高血压发病的主要危险因素,为今后防治提供依据。方法以高血压、农村、危险因素等为主题词或关键词,检索1998—2013年发表的有关中国农村人群高血压发病危险因素的病例对照研究,按照文献纳入与排除标准选择文献、评价质量,提取数据,采用RevMan5．1软件进行meta分析。结果共17篇文献符合条件纳入研究,meta分析结果表明各危险因素的合并OR值及95％a分别为：年龄（OR=1．07,95％CI：1．06—1．08）、BMI（OR=1．36,95％CI=1,27～1．45）、高血压家族史（OR=1．79,95％CI=1．34—2．39）、吸烟（OR=1．20,95％CI=1．07～1．34）、饮酒（OR=1．20,95％CI=1．14—1．27）、嗜盐（OR：1．28,95％CI=1．17—1．41）、高脂肪摄入（OR=1．17,95％CI=1．05—1．31）、文化程度高（OR：0．78,95％CI=0．71～0．87）、经济收入高（OR=0．90,95％CI=0．86—0．94）、锻炼（OR=0．81．95％CI=0．69～0．94）、腰臀比（OR=1．51,95％CI=1．2—1．89）、性别（OR：1．28,95％Cl=1．15-1．42）。结论高血压家族史、腰臀比、BMI、嗜盐、性别、吸烟、饮酒、高脂肪摄入、年龄为中国农村人群高血压发病的危险因素,文化程度高、锻炼、经济收入高则为保护性因素。     

道路交通伤害的病例交叉研究

目的探讨道路交通伤害的危险因素。方法采用病例交叉研究方法，通过专门设计的问卷对402名驾驶员进行面访，调查内容包括酒后驾驶、发怒水平、焦虑／烦躁、急性困倦状况、车辆故障、疏忽大意、不按规定让行和不按交通标志行驶等。应用1：1匹配的病例对照研究资料处理方法进行单因素分析，用条件logistic回归进行多因素分析。结果多因素分析结果显示的危险因素有：发怒水平高（OAS记分为5～7分）（OR=114．88，95％CI：4．29～3074．86）、不按规定让行（OR=46．96，95％CI：12．74～173．11）、不按交通标志行驶（OR=24．57，95％CI：8．69～69．45）、疏忽大意（OR=14．54，95％CI：6．85～30．86）、纵向间距不够（OR=14．30，95％CI：3．68～55．60）、感觉／判断错误（OR=14．67，95％CI：4．88～44．10）、车辆故障（OR=8．57，95％CI：1．38～53．27）和措施不当（OR=8．46，95％CI：2．46～29．14）。结论道路交通伤害的危险因素中，机动车驾驶员的不良行为、异常心理状态和驾驶技能等因素不容忽视，对驾驶员开展有针对性的道路交通安全教育十分必要。     

长沙市大学生尝试吸烟者吸烟行为演变及影响因素分析

目的 分析长沙市大学生尝试吸烟者吸烟行为演变及影响因素.方法 采用问卷调查方式在长沙市的高校大学生中进行调查,选择1个月前尝试过吸烟者为研究对象,然后根据现在是否吸烟将研究对象分成两组,再应用单因素x2检验和多因素logistic回归模型对影响现在吸烟的因素进行分析.结果 1550名过去尝试吸烟者中,477名现在吸烟,现在吸烟率为30.8％(95％CI:28.5～ 33.1).logistic回归分析结果显示:本科二批录取学生(OR=2.367)和本科三批录取学生(OR=2.562)较本科一批录取学生的现在吸烟率高,体育艺术专业学生(OR=2.456)较文科生高,父亲为干部的学生(OR=1.602)较父亲为工人的学生高;男性(OR=7.386)、每月零用钱多(OR=1.139)、家人吸烟者多(OR=1.801)、对吸烟好处持肯定态度(OR=1.140)是过去尝试吸烟者现在吸烟的危险因素,吸烟致病的相关知识掌握好(OR=0.806)对过去尝试吸烟者现在是否吸烟具有保护作用.结论 大学生尝试吸烟者可能演变为规律吸烟,其影响因素主要有学校类别、专业类别、性别、父亲职业、每月零用钱多少、家人吸烟情况、对吸烟的认识及对吸烟好处的认可态度等.     

青春期性发育对青少年吸烟行为的影响

目的 研究青春期性发育早晚对青少年吸烟行为的影响。方法 2000年11月对随机整群抽取的1453名上海市高中学生进行横断面问卷调查，获取青少年吸烟，男孩首次遗精年龄，女孩月经初潮年龄及可能影响青少年吸烟的社会心理因素等信息。结果 男生的尝试吸烟率在性发育较晚组中最高（28．6％），其次为发育较早（21．3％）和中等组（21．7％）；现在吸烟率在性发育较早组最高（16．4％），然后依次为发育较晚（7．1％）和中等组（4．8％）；女生的曾经吸烟率在性发育早，中，晚各组中依次为24．2％，12．0％，6．3％。在控制影响青少年吸烟的一系列社会心理因素后，性发育较早是导致男生现在吸烟的独立危险因素（OR＝3.68,95%,CI:1.23-10.99)，也是女生吸烟的危险因素（OR＝2.23,95%,CI:0.89-5.60)；而性发育较晚可能导致男生尝试吸烟（OR＝1．48，95％CI：0．72－3．06），对女性却可能有一定的保护作用（OR＝0.64,95%CI:0.22-1.86)。结论 学校，家庭和社会应该关心，引导性发育时间偏离正常的男女青少年，加强吸烟危害健康教育。     

谷胱甘肽转硫酶M1、T1基因型及烟酒嗜好与胃癌易感性的关系

[目的]探讨谷胱甘肽转硫酶基因多态性M1（GSTM1）、T1（GSTT1）及烟酒嗜好与胃癌易感性的关系，并对GST基因多态性GSTT1、GSTM1与烟酒暴露在胃癌发生中的交互作用进行分析。[方法]采用1：1配对病例-对照研究方法和PCR技术，检测121例原发性胃癌患者和相应对照的GSTM1和GSTT1基因型，结合研究对象的烟酒嗜好，应用SAS统计分析系统，分析GSTM1和GSTT1基因型及烟酒暴露与胃癌发病的关系，并对基因-基因，基因-烟酒暴露在胃癌发生中的交互作用进行分析。[结果]GSTM1（-）基因型频率在病例组和对照组中分别占44．63％和33．88%，分布无显著性差异（χ^2=2．6436，P〉0．05），GSTT1（-）基因型频率在病例组和对照组中分别为52．89％和44．63名，分布也无显著性差异（χ^2=1．1650，P〉0．05）。吸烟者比非吸烟者发生胃癌的危险高（OR=2．538，95％CI：1．336～4．823）；饮酒者比非饮酒者发生胃癌的危险高（OR=2．097，95％CI：1．025～4．291）。同时携带GSTM1（-）和GSTT1（-）基因型者发生胃癌的危险性高于GSTM1（＋）和GSTT1（＋）基因型携带者（OR=2．097，95％CI：1．025～4．291）；同时有烟酒嗜好的个体发生胃癌的危险性高于无烟酒嗜好者（OR=2．330，95％CI：1．211～4．482）。携带GSTM1（-）和GSTT1（-）且有烟酒嗜好者，发生胃癌的危险显著高于携带GSTM1（＋）和GSTT1（＋）的无烟酒嗜好者（OR=3．600，95％CI：1．025～12．650）。[结论]吸烟、饮酒与胃癌易感性增加有关，GSTM1和GSTT1基因型及烟酒嗜好在胃癌发生中存在一定的交互作用。     

广州市大学生戒烟影响因素分析

目的了解广州市大学生戒烟情况及影响因素。方法采用分层随机整群抽样的方法,于2012年5月对广州市6所大学1～4年级学生进行问卷调查,采用多因素非条件Logistic回归分析戒烟的影响因素。结果共调查11593人,戒烟人数360,戒烟率33．77％;女性戒烟率（43．24％）高于男性（32．24％）;家庭平均月收入、学生月生活费及父亲文化程度越高,学生戒烟率越低;城职户籍学生戒烟率低于农村户籍;多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示戒烟的影响因素为：性别（OR=0．362,959CI：0．240—0．547）、学校（OR医学类与理工类=5．275,95％CI：2．872～9．689）、月生活费（OR〈500与〉12000=7．115,95％CI：2．538～19．945）、户籍（OR本省外市与本市=1．597,95％CI：1．044～2．442）、吸烟知识（OR=1．407,95％CI：1．047～1．891）、压力（OR无与中、重=0．503,95％CI：0．278～0．912）。结论吸烟大学生戒烟与否受多种客观因素的影响,需要社会、学校和家长联合对大学生开展控烟宣传教育以及加强管理工作,促使吸烟学生尽早改变吸烟行为。     

吸烟对不同收入人群慢性病患病的影响

目的探讨吸烟对不同经济状况人群的健康影响。方法采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样的方法，在全国共抽取95个县、950个村(居委会)，每个样本村(居委会)随机抽取60户家庭，全国共抽取55200户家庭中15～65岁男性5．93万人。结果研究发现在控制年龄、经济状况、文化程度、就业状况、工作岗位的情况下，不论农村、城镇，与从不吸烟的人相比，有吸烟史的人群慢性病患病率均高(农村OR=1．185，95％CI：1．121～1．253；城镇OR=1．083，95％CI：1．010～1．161)；吸烟对农村男性患慢性病的影响(戒烟OR=2．764，95％CI：2．471～3．092)要大于城镇的相应人群(戒烟OR=2．112，95％CI：1．844～2．419)；另外发现吸烟对低收入人口患慢性病的影响(城镇OR=2．076，95％CI：1．551～2．780；农村OR=2．903，95％CI：2．248～3．749)大于对高收入人口的影响(城镇OR=1．785，95％CI：1．285～2．479；农村OR=2．466，95％CI：1．941～3．134)。结论吸烟对收入低下的人群健康损害更大，应该引起重视。     

大学生自杀行为相关因素比较分析

目的 了解大学生自杀发生率,分析影响自杀行为的相关因素.方法 采用分层整群随机抽样方法,问卷调查9808名大学生的自杀行为发生情况及相关因素.结果 自杀未遂的报告率为1.7%;有无自杀未遂的大学生在自杀态度、所认识的人发生自杀行为的情况及所遭受负性生活事件方面均有显著差异.多因素logistic回归分析显示,主要影响自杀行为的危险因素是:近一年感到绝望的频率高(OR=4.23,95%CI:3.05～5.85),一级亲属有过自杀行为(OR=2.85,95%CI:1.72～4.73),认识的人中有自杀行为(OR=2.82,95%CI:2.05-3.88),已发生过性行为(OR=2.73,95%CI:1.88～3.96),近一个月因心理问题对学习或日常生活有影响(OR=2.53,95%CI:1.80～3.56),女性(OR=2.47,95%CI:1.77～3.45)及其他有血缘关系的亲属有过自杀行为(OR=2.36,95%CI:1.63～3.41).结论 大学生的自杀行为受心理、生物、社会因素的共同作用,必须采取针对性措施对自杀行为实施有效干预.     

Weight control measures among university students in a developing country: a cultural association or a risk behavior

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence of university students, in Lebanon, trying to lose weight and assess the relation of trying to lose weight with demographic, scholastic and health behavioral factors. METHODS: The study was cross-sectional conducted in the academic year 2000-2001. A proportionate random sample of 2,013 students was selected among five public and private universities in Beirut. Participants completed a self-administered anonymous questionnaire that included questions on trying to lose weight, demographic, scholastic, and health behavioral factors including smoking, alcohol, and seat belt use. Bivariate and stepwise logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the association between trying to lose weight and the above-mentioned characteristics. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of students trying to lose weight was 30%, with 71% of them being under weight or normal weight. Use of medications and inducement of vomiting constituted 12% and 11%, respectively. Stepwise logistic regression analysis showed that the variables significantly associated with trying to lose weight were socio-economical factors rather than risky behaviors. Students who were at increased odds of performing such methods were females OR = (2.08, 95% CI = 1.6-2.5), employed (OR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.01-1.8), and registered in a private university (OR = 1.69, 95% CI = 1.25-2.0). The major of students was also a significant predictor. CONCLUSION: In Lebanon, weight reduction could be re-enforced by socio-economical factors and not necessarily be an adolescent risk behavior.     

大学生社交性吸烟行为及吸烟影响因素研究

目的了解大学生社交性吸烟行为的发生情况并探讨认知态度对大学生启动吸烟的影响。方法采用分层随机抽样方法,对某市579名高校大学生进行社交性吸烟行为、吸烟认知态度、家庭环境和应对方式的调查。采用χ2检验、单因素方差分析和回归分析进行统计分析。结果被调查者总体吸烟率为19.6%,其中社交性吸烟者占全部吸烟者的18%。对吸烟行为的认知态度和同伴影响与社交性吸烟行为呈正相关(r=0.264,P=0.000;r=0.428,P=0.000);社交场合的饮酒行为与社交性吸烟行为呈正相关(r=0.220,P=0.000)。年龄、同伴影响、社交场合的饮酒行为是大学生启动吸烟行为危险因素,其中社交场合递烟是启动吸烟的重要危险因素(OR=6.284,95%CI:3.213-12.287)。结论社交性吸烟行为在大学生中较为普遍,更容易受到认知态度和社交群体行为的影响。     

江苏省医学生酒精滥用相关因素研究

  目的  探讨江苏省医学生酒精滥用的危险因素,为制订减少有害使用酒精策略提供参考依据。  方法  以江苏省医学生酒精滥用现况调查中319例酒精滥用者作为病例组,按照1:2匹配同性别、专业、年级的对照组638人。采用SPSS 22.0软件进行单因素和多因素条件Logistic回归分析模型分析。  结果  江苏省医学生饮酒率为44.59%,酒精滥用发生率为8.25%。多因素分析结果显示:少数民族(OR=4.800,95% CI: 2.487~9.262)、家庭人均月收入 < 2 000元(OR=4.660,95% CI: 2.600~8.350)、家庭人均月收入2 000~6 000元(OR=1.764,95% CI: 1.142~2.725)、家庭人均月收入>10 000元(OR=2.395,95% CI: 1.456~3.941)、饮酒是适应社会必须(OR=1.768,95% CI: 1.071~2.920)、饮酒不一定是适应社会必须(OR=1.948,95% CI: 1.311~2.894)、性格外向(OR=1.651,95% CI: 1.126~2.423)、有一些情感压力(OR=1.812,95% CI: 1.283~2.558)、情感压力很大(OR=7.207,95% CI: 3.970~13.085)和吸烟(OR=5.352,95% CI: 3.325~8.612)与医学生酒精滥用有关。  结论  江苏省医学生酒精滥用情况与民族、性格、吸烟、情感压力、对饮酒是否为适应社会必须的态度、家庭人均月收入有关,应该针对性的采取防治措施降低酒精滥用的发生。     

Factors associated with smoking and the intention to smoke in secondary school pupils: results of the ESFA project in Barcelona, Spain

Objective: To describe the factors asssociated with smoking and intention to smoke among a representative sample of first-grade pupils of secondary education (12-13 years old) in Barcelona.Subjects and methods: 37 secondary schools were randomly selected to evaluate the impact of a European-wide smoking prevention program (European Smoking prevention Frame Approach, ESFA project). In these schools, 1041 pupils of first grade of secondary education responded to a questionnaire designed at the University of Maastricht to study life-style attitudes and behaviours, mainly smoking.Results: 9.8% of boys and 12.6% of girls declared to smoke either regulary or ocasionally. Among the no-smokers, 61.4% of the boys and 73.3% of the girls reported to have the intention to smoke in the future. Among the boys, factors associated with smoking included social norms (odds ratio [OR] = 2.5; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2-5.2), smoking by siblings (OR = 2.4; 95% CI, 1.1-5.2), attitudes against smoking (OR = 0.3; 95% CI, 0.1-0.6), practicing some sports in the leisure time (OR = 0.3; 95% CI, 0.1-0.7) and having more available pocket money (OR = 3.2; 95% CI, 1.5-6.8). Intention to smoke was only related to attitudes (OR = 0.3; 95% CI, 0.2-0.5). Among girls, smoking was associated to perceived pressure to smoke (OR = 2.5; 95% CI, 1.2-5.0), consumption by friends (OR = 6.0; 95% CI, 2.4-15.4) and attitudes against smoking (OR = 0.2; 95% CI, 0.1-0.4), while intention was only associated to attitudes (OR = 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2-0.6) and hanging out in the street in the leisure time (OR = 2.2; 95% CI, 0.3-3.5).Conclusions: The results stress the need to deal simultaneoulsy with the different factors associated to smoking initiation and attitude shaping, including cognitive factors, environmental factors, and patterns of leisure time utilization.     

Cigarettes and Cinema: Does Parental Restriction of R-Rated Movie Viewing Reduce Adolescent Smoking Susceptibility?

PurposeTo examine the relationship between exposure to pro-smoking messages in media and susceptibility to smoking adoption among middle school students. The hypothesis that parental restriction of R-rated movie viewing is associated with lower adolescent smoking susceptibility was tested.MethodsA sample of 1687 6th-, 7th-, and 8th-grade students from four Wisconsin middle schools were surveyed about their use of cigarettes, exposure to smoking in media, their views of smoking, and peer smoking behaviors.ResultsAn index of smoking susceptibility was created using measures of cigarette use and future intention to smoke. A zero-order correlation for parental restriction of R-rated movie viewing and smoking susceptibility showed a strong association (r = −.36, p < .001). A hierarchical logistic regression yielded odds ratios (ORs) for being susceptible to or having tried smoking for three levels of parental R-rated movie restriction. Results show that compared to full restriction, respondents with partial or no restriction were more likely to be susceptible to smoking (partial restriction: OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.5–2.8; no restriction: OR = 3.3, 95% CI = 2.3–4.6), when controlling for demographic factors, and family and friend smoking. Analyses using a measure of smoking prevalence as the dependent variable yielded similar results (partial restriction: OR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.0–2.2; no restriction: OR = 2.5, 95% CI = 1.7–3.7).ConclusionsParental restriction of R-rated movie viewing is associated with both lower adolescent smoking susceptibility and lower smoking rates.     

Association of occupational stress and social support with health-related behaviors among chinese offshore oil workers

To explore the relationship of occupational stress and social support with health-related behaviors of smoking, alcohol usage and physical inactivity, a cross-sectional survey was conducted among 561 offshore oil installation workers of a Chinese state-owned oil company. They were investigated with a self-administered questionnaire about socio-demographic characteristics, occupational stress, social support and health-related behaviors. Logistic regression analysis was used to study the association between occupational stress, social support and health-related behaviors and adjusted for age, educational level, marital status, duration of offshore work and job title. Of 561 workers, 218 (38.9%) were current smokers, 124 (22.1%) current drinkers, and 354 (63.1%) physically inactive in their leisure time. Further multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that: (1) Current smoking was significantly negatively related with perceived stress from "Safety" (OR=0.74; 95% CI=0.58-0.94) and lack of supervisors' instrumental support (OR=0.34; 95% CI=0.18-0.65); (2) Current drinking was significantly positively related to perceived stress from "Interface between job and family/social life" (OR=1.32; 95% CI=1.02-1.70) and "Organizational structure" (OR=1.35; 95% CI=1.06-1.74), but was significantly negatively related to poor emotional support from friends (OR=0.54; 95% CI=0.62-0.96); (3) Physical inactivity after work was significantly positively associated with perceived stress from "Safety" (OR=1.44; 95% CI=1.16-1.79) and lack of instrumental support from both supervisors (OR=1.74; 95% CI=1.16-2.65) and friends (OR=1.68; 95% CI=1.06-2.42). The findings suggest that psychosocial factors of occupational stress and social support at offshore oil work might affect workers' health-related behaviors in different ways.     

Factors associated with smoking progression among Spanish adolescents

Smoking onset takes place in the early years of adolescence, and can be seen as a progression through stages of preparation, trying, experimentation, regular smoking and nicotine dependence or addiction. The objective of this study is to identify 1-year predictors of smoking consolidation among occasional smokers (experimenters) and of cessation among all smokers. A questionnaire developed to monitor trends in smoking and other health-related behaviors was administered in the spring of 1992 and again 1 year later (1993). The survey was carried out in six large, private schools in Barcelona and Raimat, in the Lleida province, in Catalonia (Spain). In total, 1460 schoolchildren aged 12-19 responded to both the baseline and follow-up questionnaires; 1236 questionnaires (84.7%) were matched through a personal code and were used for the longitudinal study. At the baseline survey 28% of the schoolchildren were regular smokers and 17.1 % were occasional smokers, with no differences by gender. At the follow-up survey, progression from occasional to regular smoking was observed in 42% of the girls and 22.7% of the boys. Other predictors of consolidation included drinking alcohol (OR = 3.1; 95% CI = 1.1-10.1) and reporting the intention to smoke in the future (OR = 2.5; 95% CI = 1.3-4.9). Among all the smokers at the baseline, predictors of cessation were smoking occasionally (versus regularly) (OR = 4.9; 95% CI = 2.8-8.6), negative attitudes regarding smoking (OR = 3.3; 95% CI = 1.9-5.4), reporting no intention to smoke in the future (OR = 2.2; 95% CI = 1.3-3.8), gender (OR for boys = 2.1; 95% CI = 1.2-3.6), receiving weekly pocket less than 1000 ptas (OR = 1.7; 95% CI = 1.1-5.3) and age (OR for being 15 and younger = 1.6; 95% CI = 1.1-4.9). We conclude that consolidation of smoking is twice as likely among girls than among boys. Intention to smoke seems to be a good predictor of future behavior, while attitudes may predict cessation, but not consolidation. Available pocket money seems to be a strong risk factor for smoking at this age.