基于UPLC-Q-TOF-MS技术分析乌蕨中的化学成分

目的：快速识别乌蕨中化学成分。方法：利用UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS技术对乌蕨药材进行分析,采用Waters C₁₈色谱柱,流动相为乙腈-0.2%甲酸溶液,流速为0.25 ml/min,柱温40℃;采用正、负离子模式进行检测;利用PeakView 1.2软件对所得的成分进行分析,整理其母离子,及二级碎片,通过与对照品、相关文献比对,分析其裂解途径,推断其化合物结构。结果：共推断出乌蕨中32种化合物,包括15个黄酮类化合物,15个有机酸类化合物,2个香豆素类成分,其中原儿茶酸葡萄糖苷、咖啡酰葡萄糖苷首次从乌蕨中发现。结论：从液质结果及相关文献表明,乌蕨中以有机酸、黄酮及其苷类成分为主。本研究可为乌蕨的药效物质基础研究提供参考依据。     

乌蕨抗炎活性部位研究

目的:比较乌蕨不同浓度乙醇洗脱物的抗炎活性。方法:将乌蕨不同浓度乙醇洗脱物作用于小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7,MTT法测定细胞活力;乌蕨醇洗脱物作用于LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞炎症模型,通过MTT法判断乌蕨醇洗脱物对细胞炎症的影响。结果:在乌蕨(水、30%乙醇、50%乙醇、70%乙醇、95%乙醇)洗脱物作用下,RAW264.7细胞均有较好的存活率;乌蕨(水、30%乙醇、50%乙醇、70%乙醇、95%乙醇)洗脱物对LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞炎症模型均有保护作用,且乌蕨(50%、70%、95%)乙醇洗脱物具有较强的保护作用。结论:乌蕨(50%、70%、95%)乙醇洗脱物具有显著的抗炎活性,这可为后期开发抗炎单体成分提供依据。     

乌蕨抗炎活性部位的研究

目的 比较乌蕨不同浓度乙醇洗脱物的抗炎活性。方法 乌蕨不同浓度乙醇洗脱物作用于小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7,MTT法测定细胞活力;乌蕨醇洗脱物作用于LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞炎症模型,通过MTT法判断乌蕨醇洗脱物对细胞炎症的影响。结果 在乌蕨(水、30%乙醇、50%乙醇、70%乙醇、95%乙醇)洗脱物作用下,RAW264.7细胞均有较好的存活率;对LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞炎症模型,均有保护作用,且乌蕨(50%、70%、95%)乙醇洗脱物具有较强的保护作用。结论 乌蕨(50%、70%、90%)乙醇洗脱物具有显著的抗炎活性,为后期开发抗炎单体成分提供依据。     

高效液相色谱法测定小儿清炎合剂中原儿茶醛的含量

目的 建立小儿清炎合剂中原儿茶醛的含量测定方法.方法 采用高效液相色谱法,选用Kromasil C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱；流动相为甲醇-1％冰醋酸溶液(12∶88)；检测波长:280 nm,流速0.9 mL min-1；进样量20 μL;柱温:35℃.结果 原儿茶醛在1.3～15.6 mg·L-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 6,n=6),平均回收率为99.03％,RSD为1.07％.结论 该方法检测小儿清炎合剂中原儿茶醛的含量具有简便、灵敏、结果准确的优点,可用于小儿清炎合剂中原儿茶醛的质量控制.     

牡荆苷药物应用研究进展

<正>牡荆苷是一种天然植物黄酮碳苷类化合物,广泛分布于自然界的金莲花、布渣叶、山楂叶、木豆叶、夜关门、绿豆、乌蕨、柳豆叶、檀香叶及光果甘草等几十种植物中,以蔷薇科植物山楂干燥成熟果实中的含量最高。牡荆苷又名牡荆素,化学名称8-β-D葡萄吡喃糖-4,7-二羟基异黄酮,相对分子量为432.4,外观呈黄色,不溶于石油醚等溶剂,难溶于水,易溶于二甲基亚砜、氯仿甲醇混合溶剂,具有极低毒性[1]。以往一项药理学研究显示,牡荆苷具有保护心脑血管、骨保护、抗     

无菌保护套在术中肠道灌洗的应用

肠道梗阻因肠内容物不能正常运行,不能顺利通过肠道,致使肠腔高度胀气、胀液,术中必须对梗阻肠腔进行人工排气、排液,并用生理盐水进行肠腔灌洗,以减少肠道毒素的吸收.而肠道灌洗中一直存在以下问题:(1)手术台上提供的无菌容器容量不能满足盛装肠道灌洗流出的液量,因为容器容量只有2000 ml左右,而肠腔灌洗一般要冲洗5000 ml以上的生理盐水,才能将梗阻肠道内潴留的肠内容物清洗干净;(2)术中灌洗出的体液容易污染术野及手术敷料;(3)手术中无菌容器为开放容器,肠道灌洗流出的灌洗液直接盛放在此容器中,肠内容物气味从开放的容器中散发,对手术室环境污染大.     

急性药物中毒PEG液肠道冲洗法

PEG液,即含有电解质的聚乙烯二醇(Polyethylen glycol)溶液,为一种口服的肠道清洗液,1980年由Davis等研制。其特点是既不经肠道吸收,又不刺激肠道分泌。主要成分为聚乙烯二醇和硫酸镁,辅以少量氯化钾、氯化钠及碳酸氢钠,共300     

苏木有效成分对大鼠免疫活性细胞的影响

目的 探讨苏木提纯物的免疫抑制活性及其对IL－2生成 的影响。方法 不同成分、不同剂量的苏木提纯物大鼠灌胃7d后，取脾及腹腔液测定大鼠的T淋转、B淋转、MΦ和Nk细胞的活性，并检测混合淋巴细胞培养上清液中IL－2的水平。结果 苏木水提物大剂量组可明显抑T 转功能，但各剂量组均不影响B淋转功能、Nk细胞的活性及MΦ细胞的活性。苏木醇提物中剂量组及大剂量组均可影响T淋转功能，苏木醇提物大剂量组可影响B淋转功能，且苏木醇提物中剂量组及大剂量组还可影响MΦ细胞的活性，对Nk细胞的活性没有影响。苏木酯提物小剂量组对Nk细胞的活性有影响，中、大剂量组对MΦ细胞的活性有影响，对Nk细胞的活性亦有影响。苏木醇提物大剂量组和苏木水提物大剂量组可减少混合淋巴细胞培养上清液中的IL－2的生成。结论 苏木不同成分有不同的免疫抑制功能，苏木醇提物可能是一种很有前途的抗排斥新药。     

短肠综合征的营养康复治疗及护理

肠道的代偿能力甚强,切除50％的小肠并不引起症状;但切除75％以上可因吸收面积减少而出现严重腹泻、吸收不良,水、电解质紊乱,代谢障碍和进行性营养不良。短肠综合征（以下简称短肠）是指因各种原因引起广泛小肠切除,造成剩余的功能性小肠过短而导致水、电解质代谢紊乱以及各种营养物质吸收不良的综合征。肠外营养问世以前,造成短肠患者死亡的主要原因是原发病本身（如广泛的血管病变或肿瘤）、肠道吸收功能障碍导致的营养不良和肠外营养及其并发症所造成的肝肾功能损害。随着肠外营养技术的进步以及对短肠病理生理过程和肠道代偿机制认识的深入,短肠的病死率已有显著下降,部分患者已能长期存活。南京军区总医院普通外科研究所对1997年1月～2005年4月收治的114例短肠患者施行了营养康复治疗,取得满意的临床效果,现将有关护理体会报告如下。     

乳果糖联合高渗肠清液在结肠镜准备中的效果评价

目的考察乳果糖复合肠清液在结肠镜临床应用中的效果。方法将192例接受结肠镜检查的患者随机分为研究组和对照组,每组96例。对照组患者给予乳果糖复合聚乙二醇进行肠道准备,研究组患者给予乳果糖复合肠清液。比较两组患者肠道准备情况、药物不良反应以及患者主观接受度。结果研究组患者肠道清洁率显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。初次排便时间、肠内容物排清时间显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。排便次数显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。两组患者不良反应发生率无统计学差异(P>0.05)。研究组患者主观接受度显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论乳果糖复合肠清液在结肠镜准备中具有更为良好的肠道准备效果和主观接受度且不良反应发生率较低,具有临床应用价值。     

Monoamine metabolites and related compounds in human amniotic fluid: assay by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Some catecholamine metabolites and related compounds have been identified in amniotic fluid obtained by transabdominal amniocentesis at various stages of pregnancy, including 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymandelic acid, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylglycol, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylcetic acid, p-hydroxypheny lacetic acid, p-hydroxphenyllactic acid and N-benzoylglycine (hippuric acid). Analysis was by gas chromatography with electron capture detection and by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Two of these compounds were determined quantitatively, free 4-hydroxy-3-methoxphenylglycol and p-hydroxyphenllactic acid: the concentration of the former increased with advancing pregnancy and that of the latter tended to decrease. Conjugated 4-hydoxy-3-methoxyphenylglycol could not be determined with accuracy as appreciable amounts of the unconjugated compound were found in the snail extract used for enzymatic hydrolysis. Assay of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylglycol in amniotic fluid is likely to be of diagnostic importance in the prenatal diagnosis of congenital neuroblastoma. Although 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylethanol, 3, 4-dihydroxymandelic acid and 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid were specifically looked for in amniotic fluid, they could not be detected.     

Experimental evidence for in vitro fluid transport in the presence of a traditional medicinal fruit extract across rat everted intestinal sacs

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of aqueous fruit extract of Momordica charantia (MC), a traditional medicinal plant, on the transport of fluid in vitro. Everted intestinal sacs from rats were mounted in an organ bath containing Krebs solution. We compared the effect of MC extract on water transport with increasing inorganic phosphate concentration with or without D-glucose in the buffer. In the control experiments, fluid uptake was enhanced significantly (P < 0.05) at high inorganic phosphate concentration (8-10 mM) in the presence of 5.5 mM D-glucose. Addition of 3.0 mg/mL MC extract to the serosal side inhibits the uptake of fluid significantly (P < 0.05). At high inorganic phosphate concentration (8-10 mM), fluid uptake was not inhibited (P > 0.05) when incubated with 3.0 mg/mL MC fruit extract. It is hypothesized that an increase in inorganic phosphate enhances oxidative phosphorylation thereby increasing the fluid uptake across everted intestinal sacs of rat. These findings seem to indicate that the MC-induced reduction on intestinal fluid absorption capacity could be mainly the result of an interference with the carrier-mediated coupled entrance of glucose and Na(+) across the brush-border membrane.     

Effects of dihydroxy bile acids and hydroxy fatty acids on the absorption of oleic acid in the human jejunum.

Perfusion studies of the normal human jejunum were performed to test whether dihydroxy bile acids and hydroxy fatty acids inhibit the absorption of oleic acid, since previous reports documented their inhibitory effects on the absorption of several other organic solutes. 3 mM deoxycholate and 7 mM glycodeoxycholate inhibited the absorption of 3 mM oleic acid in isotonic micellar solutions while inducing net fluid secretion. Similarly, fractional absorption of oleic acid decreased in the presence of hydroxy fatty acids. However, only the changes induced by 2 mM ricinoleic acid could be distinguished from changes induced by an increase in total fatty acid concentration. Under all experimental conditions, close linear relationships existed between net water movement and fractional absorption of glucose, xylose, and fatty acids, as well as between the absorption rates of these solutes. In contrast, net fluid secretion induced by hypertonic D-mannitol (450 mosmol/liter) had no effect on solute absorption. Our data and observations in the literature do not allow formulation of a hypothesis which would adequately define all effects of dihydroxy bile acids and fatty acids on intestinal transport processes. The observations help explain the malabsorption of fat and other nutrients in patients with the blind loop syndrome.     

The roles of P-glycoprotein and intracellular metabolism in the intestinal absorption of methadone: in vitro studies using the rat everted intestinal sac

Methadone is used as a treatment for opiate detoxification in methadone maintenance programs. Intra- and inter-patient variations in methadone bioavailability have been observed after oral methadone treatment and this makes it difficult to predict a dosing regimen. Intestinal absorption and metabolism could explain these variations. The in vitro gut sac model was used to study the intestinal absorption of methadone, and it confirmed that methadone is a substrate for P-glycoprotein. The transport of methadone was increased in presence of P-gp inhibitors verapamil and quinidine. The appearance of a major metabolite of methadone, 2-ethylidene-1, 5-dimethyl-3, 3-diphenyl pyrrolidine (EDDP) in the gut sac contents also demonstrated the existence of intestinal metabolism of methadone.     

Alcohol and gene interactions.

Alcohol use produces both desirable and undesirable effects, ranging from short-term euphoria and reduction in cardiovascular risk, to violence, accidents, dependence and liver disease. Outcomes are affected by the amount of alcohol used (which is itself affected by genetic variation) and also by the drinker's genes. Genetic effects have been most clearly demonstrated for alcohol dependence, and several of the genes for which variation leads to increased dependence risk have been identified. These include genes for enzymes involved in alcohol metabolism (alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase), and genes for receptors affected by alcohol (particularly gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors). Many other gene/dependence associations have been reported but not fully substantiated. Genetic effects on phenotypes other than alcohol dependence are less well understood, and need to be clarified before a full picture of gene-alcohol interactions can be achieved.     

D-lactic acidosis in short bowel syndrome--an examination of possible mechanisms

Two patients, both with short bowel syndrome, presented with severe D-lactic acidosis associated with subacute small bowel obstruction and bizarre neurological signs. In neither patient were D-lactic acid-producing organisms isolated from the upper intestine. In both, upper intestinal aspirates yielded a glucose-fermenting yeast, Torulopsis glabrata. Although intestinal aspirates from both contained significant quantities of ethanol alcohol could not be detected in concomitant blood samples. A glucose load test produced a rise in blood D-lactic acid in both. One patient has evidence of mild persisting renal tubular damage. The same patient responded to oral antibiotics but the other relapsed frequently despite continuous antibiotic treatment. He was shown to be thiamine deficient and since the administration of oral thiamine he has had no recurrence of symptoms or of D-lactic acidosis.     

Characterization and effect of phospholipid on bile acid absorption by villi isolated from hamster small intestine

The effects of phospholipid on absorption of bile acids by hamster small intestine were studied to determine if this compound inhibits absorption of bile acids. Absorption of taurocholic and cholic acids was studied using a new in vitro technique that relates uptake rates to the weight of the villi present on the intestinal sample rather than to the weight of the entire segment of intestine used for the study. This procedure removes from consideration various components of the intestinal wall that are not directly involved with the absorptive process. Using radioactive techniques absorption of each type of bile acid was determined over a broad range of concentrations both in the presence and absence of phospholipid in the incubation medium. Absorption of taurocholic acid by villi from jejunum was determined to be a passive process, as previously reported by others. Villi from ileum absorbed both bile acids by an apparent active process when initial concentrations of bile acids were below 2.0 mM. Above this concentration bile acid absorption by the ileum appeared to be mainly passive. Phospholipid was found to inhibit bile acid absorption by ileum when initial bile acid concentrations were moderately high. However, at low substrate concentration, phospholipid has no appreciable effect on bile acid transport.     

Studies of the Mechanism of the Antidiarrheal Effect of Codeine

To determine whether the antidiarrheal action of opiate drugs in humans is due to enhanced intestinal absorption rates, as suggested by recent experiments in animals, or is due to altered intestinal motility, as traditionally thought, we studied the effect of therapeutic doses of codeine on experimental diarrhea and on the rate of intestinal absorption of water and electrolytes in normal human subjects. Our results show that codeine (30-60 mg i.m.) markedly reduced stool volume during experimental diarrhea induced by rapid intragastric infusion of a balanced electrolyte solution. There was, however, no evidence that codeine stimulated the rate of intestinal absorption in the gut as a whole or in any segment of the gastrointestinal tract, either in the basal state or when absorption rates were reduced by intravenous infusion of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. We also measured segmental transit times to determine whether and where codeine delayed the passage of fluid through the intestine. Codeine caused a marked slowing of fluid movement through the jejunum, but had no effect on the movement of fluid through the ileum or colon. In other studies, we found that the opiate antagonist naloxone did not significantly affect water or electrolyte absorption rates in the jejunum or ileum. We conclude (a) that therapeutic doses of codeine increase net intestinal absorption (and thereby reduce stool volume) by increasing the contact time of luminal fluid with mucosal cells, not by increasing the rate of absorption by the mucosal cells; and (b) that endogenous opiates do not regulate intestinal absorption in humans.     

Characterization of key aroma compounds in Meilanchun sesame flavor style baijiu by application of aroma extract dilution analysis,quantitative measurements,aroma recombination,and omission/addition experiments

The aroma components in Meilanchun sesame flavor style baijiu were identified by aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA), quantitative analysis, aroma active compound recombination, and omission/addition experiments. 92 components in Meilanchun were identified. Among them, 47 odor active compounds were further confirmed by GC-MS/O with aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA). Ethyl pentanoate, 3-methy-1-butanol, methional, ethyl 3-phenylpropanoate, phenethyl alcohol had the highest flavor dilution (FD) factors (FD = 2187). Among the 88 components that were determined in terms of their odor activity values (OAVs), 35 compounds showed OAVs ≥ 1. Furthermore, a reconstitution model was prepared by mixing the above mentioned 35 compounds, lactic acid, phenethyl alcohol and 2-methoxy-1,3-dioxolane, and showed a good similarity to the aroma of Meilanchun baijiu. Omission/addition experiments further confirmed that ethyl hexanoate (OAV 1945), ethyl butanoate (OAV 838), 3-methyl-1-butanol (OAV 2), 3-methylbutanal (OAV 618), methional (OAV 59), and dimethyl trisulfide (OAV 44), might be the most important compounds for the unique flavor of Meilanchun baijiu. In addition, phenols and acetoin (OAV 66) were confirmed to be the key odorants and the odorless compound lactic acid played a significant role in the roasted sesame flavor baijiu by the omission experiments.

The aroma components in Meilanchun sesame flavor style baijiu were identified by aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA), quantitative analysis, aroma active compound recombination, and omission/addition experiments.     

Polished rice as natural sources of cancer-preventing geranylgeranoic acid

Geranylgeranoic acid, a 20-carbon polyprenoic acid (all-trans 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2,4,6,10,14-hexadecatetraenoic acid) and its derivatives were previously developed as synthetic “acyclic retinoids” for cancer chemoprevention. Recently, we demonstrated the natural occurrence of geranylgeranoic acid in various medicinal herbs (Shidoji and Ogawa, 2004). In this present study, we present several lines of evidence to demonstrate that geranylgeranyl diphosphate taken in foods could be metabolized to GGA through geranylgeraniol and geranylgeranyl aldehyde via the following steps: 1) The conversion from geranylgeranyl diphosphate to geranylgeraniol was demonstrated to occur by the action of bovine intestinal alkaline phosphatase, with a K_m of 46.1 µM. 2) Geranylgeraniol oxidase-mediated conversion of geranylgeraniol to geranylgeranyl aldehyde was revealed in rat liver homogenates, which activity was mainly localized in the mitochondrial fraction. The mitochondrial enzyme showed a K_m of 92.9 µM. 3) The conversion of geranylgeranyl aldehyde to geranylgeranoic acid by geranylgeranyl aldehyde dehydrogenase in rat liver homogenates was absolutely dependent on exogenously added NAD⁺ or NADP⁺. The K_m of the mitochondrial geranylgeranyl aldehyde dehydrogenase was 27.5 µM for geranylgeranyl aldehyde. Taken together, our data suggest that cancer preventive geranylgeranoic acid could be a physiological metabolite from commonly consumed foods.