冠心病患者外周血细胞外基质金属蛋白酶诱导因子表达量与斑块特征相关性分析

目的 分析冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(冠心病)患者外周血细胞外基质金属蛋白酶诱导因子(EMMPRIN)表达量与斑块特征的相关性.方法 选取2017年6月至2019年6月于山东第一医科大学附属济南人民医院心内科就诊的急性冠脉综合征患者(ACS组)82例和稳定型心绞痛患者(SAP组)57例作为研究对象,另选取同期于体检的健康...     

Coronary artery imaging with intravascular high-frequency ultrasound

Safe and effective clinical application of new interventional therapies may require more precise imaging of atherosclerotic coronary arteries. To determine the reliability of catheter-based intravascular ultrasound as an imaging modality, a miniaturized prototype ultrasound system (1-mm transducer; center frequency, 25 MHz) was used to acquire two-dimensional, cross-sectional images in 21 human coronary arteries from 13 patients studied at necropsy who had moderate-to-severe atherosclerosis. Fifty-four atherosclerotic sites imagined by ultrasound were compared with formalin-fixed and fresh histological sections of the coronary arteries with a digital video planimetry system. Ultrasound and histological measurements correlated significantly (all p less than 0.0001) for coronary artery cross-sectional area (r = 0.94), residual lumen cross-sectional area (r = 0.85), percent cross-sectional area (r = 0.84), and linear wall thickness (plaque and media) measured at 0 degrees, 90 degrees, 180 degrees, and 270 degrees (r = 0.92). Moreover, ultrasound accurately predicted histological plaque composition in 96% of cases. Anatomic features of the coronary arteries that were easily discernible were the lumen-plaque and media-adventitia interfaces, very bright echoes casting acoustic shadows in calcified plaques, bright and homogeneous echoes in fibrous plaques, and relatively echo-lucent images in lipid-filled lesions. These data indicate that intravascular ultrasound provides accurate image characterization of the artery lumen and wall geometry as well as the presence, distribution, and histological type of atherosclerotic plaque. Thus, ultrasound imaging appears to have great potential application for enhanced diagnosis of coronary atherosclerosis and may serve to guide new catheter-based techniques in the treatment of coronary artery disease.     

Contrast enhancement of coronary atherosclerotic plaque: a high-resolution, multidetector-row computed tomography study of pressure-perfused, human ex-vivo coronary arteries

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of contrast injection on atherosclerotic coronary plaque attenuation measured using multidetector-row computed tomography. BACKGROUND: Recent multidetector-row computed tomography studies have described the characterization of coronary atherosclerotic plaque on the basis of Hounsfield unit values. The influence of contrast injection on the attenuation of individual plaque components, however, is unknown. METHODS: Using a pressurized perfusion system, 10 human coronary arteries were examined postmortem with multidetector-row computed tomography and histology. Pre-enhanced, peak-enhanced, and delayed enhanced multidetector-row computed tomography images were acquired during continuous perfusion of the vessel. A total of 37 focal atherosclerotic plaques were identified. Vessel wall attenuation was measured from multidetector-row computed tomography images during all three enhancement phases. On the basis of the histology, plaques were categorized as noncalcified (predominantly fibrous or predominantly fibrofatty), mixed calcified (calcified fibrous or calcified necrotic core), or densely calcified. The mean Hounsfield unit was compared among contrast phases for all plaques and in plaque subgroups. RESULTS: We observed contrast enhancement of atherosclerotic plaques within the vessel wall. For noncalcified plaques including both fibrous and fibrofatty plaques, the mean Hounsfield unit of the vessel wall during and after contrast injection exceeded the mean value before injection (t-test, P<0.002). CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrates that intra-arterial injection of iodinated contrast agent results not only in luminal enhancement but also in atherosclerotic plaque enhancement in pressure-perfused coronary arteries imaged ex vivo. Plaque enhancement should be considered when characterizing plaque components on the basis of Hounsfield unit with multidetector-row computed tomography.     

不同类型冠状动脉斑块支架植入术的比较

目的 回顾性分析冠状动脉支架术前已行64层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像的病例,比较不同类型冠状动脉斑块支架术的差异.方法 选择2007年至2009年支架术前已行64层螺旋CT检查的患者86例,共植入支架137处.依据冠状动脉斑块平均CT值将冠状动脉斑块分为非钙化斑块组和钙化斑块组.比较两组的临床特征、预扩张球囊规格、预扩张球囊充盈压力、支架规格和支架释放压力.结果 与非钙化斑块组相比,钙化斑块组年龄相对较高,低密度脂蛋白更低,单支病变较少.两组的预扩张球囊和支架规格无明显差异.钙化斑块组预扩张球囊充盈压力(898.93±159.67 kPa)明显高于非钙化斑块组(810.22±112.61 kPa,P<0.01).钙化斑块组支架释放压力(1 403.90±273.12 kPa)明显高于非钙化斑块组(1 243.79±254.12 kPa,P<0.01).结论 与非钙化斑块相比,钙化斑块对预扩张和支架成形有较大阻力,硬度较高,术前识别斑块类型对支架术有一定意义.     

Diagnostic accuracy of optical coherence tomography and intravascular ultrasound for the detection and characterization of atherosclerotic plaque composition in ex-vivo coronary specimens: a comparison with histology

BACKGROUND: Both intravascular ultrasound and optical coherence tomography have been purported to accurately detect and characterize coronary atherosclerotic plaque composition. The aim of our study was to directly compare the reproducibility and diagnostic accuracy of optical coherence tomography and intravascular ultrasound for the detection and characterization of coronary plaque composition ex vivo as compared with histology. METHODS AND RESULTS: Intravascular ultrasound (20 MHz) and optical coherence tomography imaging was performed in eight heart specimens using motorized pullback. Standard histology using hematoxylin-eosin and van Gieson staining was performed on 4 mum thick slices. Each slice was divided into quadrants and accurately matched cross-sections were analyzed for the presence of fibrous, lipid-rich, and calcified coronary plaque using standard definitions for both intravascular ultrasound and optical coherence tomography and correlated with histology. After exclusion of 145/468 quadrants, we analyzed the remaining 323 quadrants with excellent image quality in each procedure. Optical coherence tomography demonstrated a sensitivity and specificity of 91/88% for normal wall, 64/88% for fibrous plaque, 77/94% for lipid-rich plaque, and 67/97% for calcified plaque as compared with histology. Intravascular ultrasound demonstrated a sensitivity and specificity of 55/79% for normal wall, 63/59% for fibrous plaque, 10/96% for lipid-rich plaque, and 76/98% for calcified plaque. Both intravascular ultrasound and optical coherence tomography demonstrated excellent intraobserver and interobserver agreement (optical coherence tomography: kappa=0.90, kappa=0.82; intravascular ultrasound: kappa=0.87, kappa=0.86). CONCLUSION: Optical coherence tomography is superior to intravascular ultrasound for the detection and characterization of coronary atherosclerotic plaque composition, specifically for the differentiation of noncalcified, lipid-rich, or fibrous plaque.     

Arithmetic of vulnerable plaques for noninvasive imaging

Sudden cardiac death and acute myocardial infarction often occur as the first manifestation of coronary artery disease. Otherwise asymptomatic individuals with subclinical atherosclerosis almost always have a classic risk-factor profile and it is essential that they are identified before the occurrence of an acute coronary event. The ability to recognize such individuals requires the development of strategies that can localize unstable atherosclerotic lesions. Plaques that are vulnerable to rupture demonstrate distinct histological characteristics, including large plaque and necrotic core volumes, extensive remodeling of the vessel at the lesion site, and attenuated fibrous caps. Precise metrics of typical vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque dimensions will need to be defined to facilitate their identification by noninvasive imaging modalities.     

Composition of atherosclerotic plaques in coronary arteries in women less than 40 years of age with fatal coronary artery disease and implications for plaque reversibility

This study analyzes the composition of atherosclerotic plaques in the 4 major epicardial coronary arteries in 8 women less than 40 years of age (mean 34) with fatal coronary artery disease (CAD) and compares these data to previous studies of 37 adults greater than 45 years of age (mean 59) with fatal CAD. Histologic sections were taken at 5-mm intervals from the entire lengths of the right, left main, left anterior descending and left circumflex coronary arteries. With the use of a computerized morphometry system, analysis of the 4 major epicardial coronary arteries showed the major component of plaque to be a combination of cellular (mean percent total plaque area = 65%, standard error = 6%) and dense (19%, standard error = 6%) fibrous tissue. Arterial segments narrowed greater than 75% in cross-sectional area from these young women were compared with similarly narrowed arteries from 37 older patients (32 men [86%]) with fatal CAD previously reported by this laboratory, and showed significantly more cellular fibrous tissue and lipid-rich foam cells, and lesser amounts of dense fibrous and heavily calcified tissue. The large amount of lipid-containing foam cells and relative lack of acellular scar tissue in coronary plaques in these young women suggests a greater potential for reversibility of these plaques in this subset of patients with CAD.     

应用光学相干断层成像对老年与中青年颈动脉粥样硬化性斑块特征的分析

目的 应用光学相干断层成像(OCT)评价老年与中青年患者颈动脉粥样硬化性斑块特征的区别.方法 回顾性连续纳入2017年6月至2021年2月在东部战区总医院神经内科完成颈动脉OCT检查的颈动脉粥样硬化性狭窄患者86例,分别将年龄<60岁、年龄≥60岁患者分为中青年组(17例,占19.8％)和老年组(69例,占80.2％)...     

Morphometric analysis of the composition of atherosclerotic plaques in the four major epicardial coronary arteries in acute myocardial infarction and in sudden coronary death

We studied at necropsy atherosclerotic plaque composition in the four major (right, left main, left anterior descending, and left circumflex) epicardial coronary arteries in 15 patients who died of consequences of an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and in 12 patients with sudden coronary death (SCD) without AMI. The coronary epicardial arteries were sectioned at 5-mm intervals, and a Movat-stained section of each segment of artery was prepared and analyzed using a computerized morphometry system. Within the AMI group and within the SCD group, there were no differences in plaque composition among any of the four major epicardial coronary arteries. Within both groups, plaque morphology varied as a function of cross-sectional-area narrowing of the segments. In both groups, the amount of dense relatively acellular fibrous tissue, calcified tissue, and pultaceous debris (amorphous debris containing cholesterol clefts, presumably rich in extracellular lipid) increased in a linear fashion with increasing degrees of cross-sectional-area narrowing of the segments, and the amount of cellular fibrous tissue decreased linearly. In the AMI group, the percentage of plaque consisting of pultaceous debris and of cellular fibrous tissue separated significantly narrowed (greater than 75% cross-sectional area) segments from less narrowed (less than 75%) segments. A comparison of the AMI group to the SCD group showed significant differences. The percentage of plaque consisting of pultaceous debris (16% in the AMI group and 7% in the SCD group), of cellular fibrous tissue (11% vs. 18%), and of heavily calcified tissue (8% vs. 16%) were significantly different in the severely narrowed segments in the AMI and SCD groups. When all arteries containing thrombi were deleted from the analysis, there were no significant changes in the results. Occlusive coronary thrombi were present in 13 of the 15 AMI patients and in one of the 12 SCD patients. Thus, the frequency of coronary thrombi and plaque composition differ in patients with AMI and in those with SCD without AMI.     

冠状动脉斑块显像特征与妊娠相关血浆蛋白A水平的关系

目的探讨老年冠心病患者血管内超声冠状动脉斑块显像特征与妊娠相关血浆蛋白A水平的关系。方法选择冠心病患者100例,其中急性冠状动脉综合征组50例,稳定性心绞痛组50例,另选除外冠心病的对照组50例,所有患者行冠状动脉造影术检查,术前1h检测妊娠相关血浆蛋白A水平,应用血管内超声比较急性冠状动脉综合征组和稳定性心绞痛组冠状动脉斑块显像特征及测量参数,比较3组患者妊娠相关血浆蛋白A水平。结果急性冠状动脉综合征组妊娠相关血浆蛋白A水平显著高于稳定性心绞痛组及对照组[(34.08±10.57)mU/L vs(11.38±8.56)mU/L,(9.50±6.24)mU/L,P<0.01];急性冠状动脉综合征组冠状动脉斑块纤维帽厚度、管腔面积明显小于稳定性心绞痛组(P<0.05),斑块面积、斑块负荷、偏心指数及重构指数明显大于稳定性心绞痛组(P<0.01)。妊娠相关血浆蛋白A水平与偏心指数、重构指数呈正相关(r=0.355,r=0.297,P<0.05),与纤维帽厚度呈负相关(r=-0.367,P<0.01)。结论妊娠相关血浆蛋白A水平与血管内超声的斑块易损性指标存在相关性,妊娠相关血浆蛋白A可作为评价冠状动脉斑块稳定性一个炎性指标。     

Atherosclerotic plaque characterization by 0.5-mm-slice multislice computed tomographic imaging.

BACKGROUND: It has been proposed that 0.5-mm-slice multislice computed tomography (MSCT) is a noninvasive tool for the detection of atherosclerotic plaque, but the validity of such an assessment has not been demonstrated by an invasive investigation. The present study was performed to compare the 0.5-mm-slice MSCT density of plaques with intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) findings. METHODS AND RESULTS: Atherosclerotic plaques were characterized in 37 consecutive patients undergoing percutaneous interventions. Based on the IVUS echogenecity, the plaques were classified as soft (n=18), fibrous (n=40) or calcified (n=40). In these 98 plaques, 0.5-mm-slice MSCT plaque density was calculated in 443 regions-of-interest, including 331 lesional foci and 112 luminal cross-sections, and represented as Hounsfield units (HU). MSCT density of the 3 types of plaque was 11+/-12 HU, 78+/-21 HU, and 516 +/-198 HU respectively. Computed tomography density of the (contrast-filled) lumen was 258+/-43 HU. There were statistically highly significant differences in the densitometric characteristics among the 4 groups (soft, fibrous, calcified plaque and lumen) by nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The IVUS-based coronary plaque configuration can be accurately identified by 0.5-mm slice MSCT. Noninvasive assessment of plaque characterization will ensure emphasis on the vessel wall beyond the vascular lumen.     

老年冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块钙化特征

目的探讨老年冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块钙化的总负荷和钙化特征。方法选择稳定性心绞痛患者72例,其中合并2型糖尿病40例(糖尿病组),无糖尿病32例(非糖尿病组)。均行冠状动脉造影,选取一处狭窄50%～70%的斑块进行血管内超声检查。测量斑块钙化弧面积,如果同一斑块内有多个钙化,分别测量每个钙化的弧面积,并将每个弧面积相加得到钙化总负荷,并记录每个斑块内钙化数量。结果与非糖尿病组比较,糖尿病组患者斑块钙化弧面积明显增大,钙化数量明显增多[(1343.0±1007.3)度×mm vs(707.7±589.0)度×mm,(2.4±2.0)个vs(1.4±1.3)个,P<0.05];糖尿病组与非糖尿病组每个钙化弧面积比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论老年冠心病合并糖尿病患者冠状动脉钙化负荷更重,这种负荷的加重是由于斑块内钙化数量的增加所致,合并和不合并糖尿病的老年冠心病患者冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块钙化数量相同。     

The relationship between growth of atherosclerotic plaques, variant angina and sudden death

Clinico-pathological findings are described in two patients with typical variant angina who died suddenly during an ischemic attack. In both cases, detailed pathologic examination of the coronary arteries disclosed severe focal atherosclerosis of the anterior descending coronary artery. The only distinctive histological finding was new intimal proliferation of smooth muscle cells enmeshed within mucoid substance, superimposed on the old fibrous cap of the plaque. These findings agree with experimental and clinical data which suggest that coronary vasospasm may be related to growth of atherosclerotic plaques. This study provides histological evidence that progression of an atherosclerotic plaque may underlie variant angina and sudden death.     

Atherosclerotic plaque rupture in the apolipoprotein E knockout mouse

The rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque is the main underlying cause of coronary artery thrombotic occlusion and subsequent myocardial infarction, but research into the causes and treatment of plaque rupture is hampered by the lack of a suitable animal model. Although complex atherosclerotic plaques can be induced in a number of experimental animal systems, in none of these is plaque rupture an established feature. We have surveyed branch points in the carotid arteries and aortas of apolipoprotein E knockout mice fed a diet supplemented with 21% lard and 0.15% cholesterol for up to 14 months. Six male and five female mice were used. Four of the male mice and four of the female mice died, after 46+/-3 weeks of feeding (range 37-59 weeks). Lumenal thrombus associated with atherosclerotic plaque rupture was observed in three male and all four female mice. In six of these seven mice, an atherosclerotic plaque rupture was found where the brachiocephalic artery branches into the right common carotid and right subclavian arteries. The ruptures were characterised by fragmentation and loss of elastin in the fibrous caps of relatively small and lipid-rich plaques overlying large complex lesions, with intraplaque haemorrhage. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed loss of smooth muscle cells from ruptured caps. These data suggest that long-term fat-feeding of apolipoprotein E knockout mice is a useful and reproducible model of atherosclerotic plaque rupture, and that these ruptures occur predominantly in the brachiocephalic artery.     

Ultrasonic tissue characterization of the atherosclerotic carotid artery: histological correlates or carotid integrated backscatter.

Histological abnormalities of the atherosclerotic lesion are closely related to the stability of the plaque. Specifically, the plaque is likely to be unstable if the fibrous cap is thin. However, ultrasonic characterization of the atherosclerotic lesion has not been done from this viewpoint. Thus, in the present study ultrasonic tissue characterization of the carotid atherosclerotic lesion was attempted to assess the stability of the plaque. Integrated ultrasonic backscatter (IBS) in the atherosclerotic lesion was compared with histological findings of the respective tissue in 35 patients with carotid artery stenosis who underwent carotid endarterectomy. Carotid IBS was determined by locating the region-of-interest (ROI) in the center of the atherosclerotic lesion and calibrating by subtracting the IBS in the tunica externa of the vessel from the IBS of the ROI. IBS was also determined at the interface of the plaque, and at this site it was analyzed in relation to the thickness of the fibrous cap. Lipid content, fibrous tissue, thrombus, hemorrhage and calcification were histologically assessed in the respective tissue. Carotid IBS in the lipid lesion (-22.5+/-4.1 dB) was significantly different from that of fibrous, hemorrhagic or calcified lesions (-11.1+/-7.1, -27.5+/-4.1, +2.1+/-6.5 dB, respectively), but there was no significant difference in IBS between the lipid lesion and thrombus (-15.2+/-8.8 dB). IBS was lower in the thin fibrous cap than in the thick lesion (-10.9+/-6.4 vs -2.4+/-6.2 dB, p<0.001). IBS can be used to characterize atherosclerotic lesions in the carotid artery; a low value at the interface suggests a thin fibrous cap, which is frequently associated with unstable plaque.     

双源CT评价代谢综合征患者冠状动脉病变的临床研究

目的:研究双源CT冠脉造影评估伴或不伴代谢综合征(MS)患者冠状动脉病变的效果。方法:74例拟诊为冠心病患者被分为MS组(26例)和非MS组(48例),在传统的冠脉造影前,使用双源CT血管造影评估冠脉钙化积分,同时定量评估冠脉显著狭窄程度和不同性质的冠脉粥样硬化斑块数目。结果:MS组患者冠脉显著狭窄的血管支数明显高于非MS组[(2.27±0.92)支:(1.46±1.20)支,P0.005]。两组患者间的钙化积分无显著性差异(P0.05)。非参数检验显示两组患者的钙化斑块[MS组144个(5.54个/例),非MS组140个(2.91个/例)和软斑块[MS组134个(5.15个/例),非MS组109个(2.27个/例]有显著性差异(钙化斑块,P0.05;软斑块,P0.005)。多元回归分析显示MS与软斑块独立相关(OR=1.44,P=0.028)。结论:在伴代谢综合征的患者中,冠状动脉显著狭窄的血管支数、钙化斑块和软斑块发病率升高,提示代谢异常可以增加冠脉斑块和斑块的易损性。     

Anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and plant sterols in hyperlipidemic individuals

Recent studies have indicated that positive remodeling is strongly associated with development of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The aim of this study was to compare plaque composition of vascular remodeling patterns by an established in vivo tissue characterization method using integrated backscatter (IB)-intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). The study population consisted of 41 consecutive patients who received IVUS prior to percutaneous coronary intervention. Remodeling index (RI) was calculated as the external elastic membrane (EEM) area at the minimal lumen area (MLA) site divided by average EEM area at the proximal and distal reference sites. The patients were divided into two groups based on RI: positive remodeling (PR) defined as RI>1 and non-PR as RI相似文献   

Detection of vulnerable plaque in a murine model of atherosclerosis with optical coherence tomography.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of optical coherence tomography (OCT) to identify the components of vulnerable plaques in a well-established murine model of human atherosclerosis. BACKGROUND: Although the pathologic features that predict plaque rupture at autopsy are well known, the development of a technology to identify these high risk features in vivo is lacking. OCT uses reflected light to provide histology-like images of plaque with higher resolution than competing imaging modalities. Whether OCT can reliably identify the features of an atherosclerotic plaque that define it as vulnerable-thin fibrous cap, large lipid core, and high percent of lipid in the artery-requires further study. METHODS: OCT images of the atherosclerotic innominate artery segments from the apolipoprotein E knockout (apoE(-/-)) mice were recorded and correlated with histology in both in vivo (n = 7) and well as in ex vivo experiments (n = 12). RESULTS: Excellent correlation between the OCT and histology measurements for fibrous cap thickness, lipid core size, and percentage lipid content was found. The fibrous cap thicknesses examined span those of human fibrous caps known to rupture (< 65 microm). Regions of greatest light reflection in OCT images were observed when calcium hydroxy-apatite was scattered in lipid, less in fibrous tissue, and least in lipid. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that OCT holds promise for the identification of features defining vulnerable plaque including fibrous cap thickness, lipid core size, and the percentage of lipid content.     

高分辨磁共振成像评价颈动脉粥样硬化斑块成分

目的探讨高分辨MRI不同序列检查评价缺血性脑血管病患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块成分的临床意义。方法选择64例缺血性脑血管病患者,其中短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)患者18例,脑梗死患者46例。采用头颈联合线圈,行高分辨MRI检查,先后选用三维时间飞跃法、T_1WI、T_2WI和质子加权成像4种不同序列,分析斑块成分。结果 64例患者中,有完整厚纤维帽25例(39.1%)、完整薄纤维帽20例(31.2%)、破损纤维帽19例(29.7%),脂质池和坏死核心53例(82.8%),斑块内钙化44例(68.8%),斑块内出血31例(48.4%),斑块内纤维化33例(51.6%),脑梗死患者与TIA患者各类斑块成分所占比例比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论高分辨MRI不同序列检查对颈动脉斑块的检测有助于分析斑块的成分特征,确定斑决的稳定性。     

In vivo comparison of optical coherence tomography and angioscopy for the evaluation of coronary plaque characteristics

Atherosclerotic yellow plaques identified by coronary angioscopy are considered as vulnerable plaques. However, characteristics of yellow plaques are not well understood. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) provides accurate tissue characterization in vivo and has the capability to measure fibrous cap thickness covering a lipid plaque. Characteristics of yellow plaques identified by angioscopy were evaluated by OCT. We examined 205 plaques of 41 coronary arteries in 26 patients. In OCT analysis, plaques were classified as fibrous or lipid. Minimal lumen area of the plaque, arch of the lipid, and fibrous cap thickness on the lipid plaque were measured. Yellow grade of the plaque was defined as 0 (white), 1 (light yellow), 2 (medium yellow), or 3 (dark yellow) based on the angioscopy. A total of 149 plaques were diagnosed as lipid plaques. Neither the minimal lumen area nor the arch of the lipid was related to the yellow grade. There was an inverse relationship between color grade and the fibrous cap thickness (grade 0 [n = 45] 218 +/- 89 microm, grade 1 [n = 40] 101 +/- 8 microm, grade 2 [n = 46] 72 +/- 10 microm, and grade 3 [n = 18] 40 +/- 14 microm; p <0.05). Sensitivity and specificity of the angioscopy-identified yellow plaque for having a thin fibrous cap (thickness 相似文献