经鼻内镜颅底进路手术的探索

目的　探讨经鼻内镜颅底进路手术的可行性和适应证范围。方法　分别采用经鼻内镜前颅底进路和蝶窦后上壁进路完成前颅窝异物取出术、前颅窝嗅神经母细胞瘤和脑膜瘤切除术、侵入前颅窝的鼻腔内翻性乳头状瘤切除术、侵入中颅窝的巨大蝶窦囊肿切除术、原发性中颅窝鞍旁岩尖部胆脂瘤切除术、侵入鞍区的占位性病变切除术共 9例。结果　 9例手术均获成功 ,未发生术中和术后并发症。除 1例低分化鳞癌鞍区占位性病变术后 2年死于其他非相关性疾病外 ,另外良性 ( 5例 )和恶性 ( 3例 )占位性病变随访 1～ 7年未见复发。结论　紧靠颅底的颅内占位性病变有经鼻内镜手术的可能性 ,但是适应证选择应非常严格 ,术者必须具备熟练的解剖学知识、手术技巧和经验 ,并配备先进的手术设备。对范围局限的恶性病变 ,应强调手术后的综合性治疗     

经鼻内镜颅底进路手术的探索

目的 探讨经鼻内镜颅底进路手术的可行性和适应证范围。方法 分别采用经鼻内镜前颅底进路和蝶窦后上壁进路完成前颅窝异物取出术、前颅窝嗅神经母细胞瘤和脑膜瘤切除术、侵入前颅窝的鼻腔内翻性乳头状瘤切除术、侵入中颅窝的巨大蝶窦囊肿切除术、原发性中颅窝鞍旁岩尖部胆脂瘤切除术、侵入鞍区的占位性病变切除术共9例。结果 9例手术均获成功，未发生术中和术后并发症。除1例低分化鳞癌鞍区占位性病变术后2年死于其他非相关性疾病外，另外良性（5例）和恶性（3例）占位性病变随访1-7年未见复发。结论 紧靠颅底的颅内占位性疾病外，另外良性（5例）和恶性（3例）占位性病变随访1-7年未见复发。结论 紧靠颅底的颅内占位性病变有经鼻内镜手术的可能性，但是适应证选择应非常严格，术者必须具备熟练的解剖学知识、手术技巧和经验，并配备先进的手术设备。对范围局限的恶性病变，应强调手术后的综合性治疗。     

经鼻内窥镜垂体腺瘤切除术

目的 探讨鼻内窥镜在垂体瘤手术中的应用价值和适应证。方法开展了２４例经鼻内镜 体腺瘤切除手术。２４例垂体腺回味各２０例为经鼻蝶窦进路，４例为经鼻中隔蝶窦进路。结果 ２０例经鼻蝶窦进路瘤组织得到了完全切除，手术所需时间较经鼻中隔蝶窦进路显微外科手术明显缩短。４例经鼻中隔蝶窦进路中３例瘤组织完全切除，１例非分泌性腺瘤患者因瘤组织侵犯鞍旁及海绵窦，仅行大部分切除。所有秫后能、视力障碍和闭经泌乳等症状均有     

巨大岩尖胆脂瘤诊治初探（附2例临床分析）

目的：探讨岩尖胆脂瘤的临床特征、手术进路和方法,以提高手术疗效,减少并发症。方法：对2例巨大颞骨岩尖胆脂瘤患者采用迷路进路切除病灶,对其中1例成功施行了耳内镜辅助下迷路进路病灶切除术。结果：2例术后均无脑脊液漏和感染,无眩晕或平衡失调。结论：颞骨CT扫描及MRI对临床诊断及手术进路的选择有重要作用。手术清除病灶为本病治疗的惟一措施,经迷路进路为彻底清除胆脂瘤、处理面神经及脑脊液漏提供了最直接的途径,而彻底清除病变和术后长期严格随访、定期清理术腔是预防复发的关键。     

不同类型蝶窦开放治疗相关疾病

目的 提高对蝶窦开放术的认识,以选择合理术式治疗蝶窦及其相关疾病。方法 回顾分析于鼻内镜下行蝶窦开放术的患者42例的临床资料,其中行1型蝶窦开放术18例,相关疾病为细菌性蝶窦炎;2型蝶窦开放术19例,相关疾病为蝶窦真菌病、黏膜下囊肿及乳头状瘤;3型蝶窦开放术5例,相关疾病为蝶筛窦黏液囊肿、脑垂体瘤、岩尖胆脂瘤、岩尖胆固醇肉芽囊肿。结果 所有患者均治愈,随访半年至3年,无复发。其中1例脑垂体瘤患者术后出现脑脊液鼻漏,经保守治疗后治愈。结论 不同类型蝶窦开放不但可以治疗不同蝶窦疾病,还可作为经鼻内镜颅底手术的径路,均可获得良好效果。     

经蝶窦鼻内镜下垂体腺瘤切除术28例临床分析

目的：探讨垂体腺瘤经蝶窦鼻内镜下切除的可行性及方法。方法：回顾分析1996年4月-2000年4月28例患者接受经蝶窦鼻内镜垂体腺瘤切除手术治疗的治疗效果。全麻下选择肿瘤主体侧及蝶窦发育好的一侧鼻腔进路，将中鼻甲后端1/3切除，沿蝶窦开口扩大蝶窦前壁开口，切开蝶窦粘膜，打开并扩大鞍底，切开硬脑膜，用小刮匙或筛窦钳将肿瘤细心切除。结果：28例中26例得到了全部切除，1例巨大垂体瘤大部切除后，放射治疗，另1例部分切除后用溴鸳停药物治疗，随访1年-4年，症状得到了不同程度的改善。结论：经蝶窦鼻内镜垂体腺瘤切除术方法简便，微创，术中视野清晰，是垂体瘤切除的良好方法之一。     

鼻内镜下蝶窦手术入路及超越蝶窦腔病变的处理

目的：探讨蝶窦及鞍区更直接的手术径路,结合影像学资料对超越蝶窦范围的相关疾病进行适当处理,防止严重并发症的发生。方法：在鼻内镜下,分别采用经前筛-后筛-蝶窦、经上鼻道-后筛-蝶窦、经鼻中隔-蝶窦以及直接以后鼻孔上缘为标志经蝶窦前壁自然口进入蝶窦等途径,对46例蝶窦占位并蝶窦骨壁破坏的病变进行处理。结果：蝶窦囊肿及脓囊肿21例,经上鼻道径路处理后痊愈;蝶窦内血肿机化1例,经上鼻道径路清除;蝶窦内血肿并颈内动脉假性动脉瘤3例,1例术中探查发生致命性大出血,后经血管内介入治疗后痊愈,其余2例仅作鼻内镜检查,经DSA证实并行血管内介入治疗后治愈;蝶窦乳头状瘤4例,均行蝶窦自然开口径路,3例治愈,1例因广泛侵犯蝶窦外侧壁仅部分切除;蝶窦胆脂瘤2例,经上鼻道入路完整切除;蝶窦内脑膜脑膨出1例,经蝶窦前壁自然口打开蝶窦,经穿刺抽出脑脊液,手术停止并加固修补暴露脑膜;蝶窦真菌病1例,经上鼻道径路清除蝶窦内病变并联合抗真菌治疗后痊愈;蝶窦恶性肿瘤3例,经前后筛径路切除蝶窦内大部分肿瘤,后辅以放化疗;鼻咽癌侵入蝶窦5例,病理检查证实后行放化疗;垂体瘤术后蝶窦脑脊液鼻漏并肉芽增生5例,经上鼻道或鼻中隔径路均一次修补成功。结论：鼻内镜下处理蝶窦及蝶窦相关疾病径路多样,适当选择径路可达到直接、安全、微创等目的。术前蝶鞍CT薄层扫描、三维重建以及DSA是防止超越蝶窦范围病变手术并发症发生的有效手段之一。     

经蝶窦鼻内镜下垂体腺瘤切除术28例临床分析

目的:探讨垂体腺瘤经蝶窦鼻内镜下切除的可行性及方法。方法:回顾分析１９９６年４月~２０００年４月２８例患者接受经蝶窦鼻内镜垂体腺瘤切除手术治疗的治疗效果。全麻下选择肿瘤主体侧及蝶窦发育好的一侧鼻腔进路,将中鼻甲后端１/３切除,沿蝶窦开口扩大蝶窦前壁开口,切开蝶窦粘膜,打开并扩大鞍底,切开硬脑膜,用小刮匙或筛窦钳将肿瘤细心切除。结果:２８例中２６例得到了全部切除,１例巨大垂体瘤大部切除后,放射治疗。另１例部分切除后用溴隐停药物治疗。随访１年~４年,症状得到了不同程度的改善。结论:经蝶窦鼻内镜垂体腺瘤切除术方法简便、微创、术中视野清晰,是垂体瘤切除的良好方法之一。     

鼻内镜下鼻蝶入路垂体腺瘤显微切除术(附19例报告)

目的探讨鼻内镜下鼻中隔蝶窦入路垂体腺瘤切除术的方法及并发症的防止。方法唇龈沟切口鼻内镜下经鼻中隔蝶窦径路显微切除垂体腺瘤19例,16例微腺瘤施行全切,3例大腺瘤行囊内次全切除并用无水酒精烧灼,全部病人用唇筋膜和鼻中隔骨片重建鞍底。结果肿瘤全切除16例,次全切除3例。7例术前视力损害者6例得到不同程度的恢复,所有病例症状改善,术后除1例视力一过性减退和2例嗅觉一过性减退外,其余病例均无脑脊液漏和脑膜脑膨出等并发症。术后随访3~36个月,16例肿瘤无复发,3例次全切除者肿瘤生长缓慢。结论鼻内镜唇下-鼻中隔-蝶窦入路是切除垂体腺瘤的较理想径路,术中囊内烧灼可有效地防止或减缓术后肿瘤复发,术后唇筋膜和鼻中隔骨片重建鞍底可防止相应并发症。     

鼻内镜下鼻蝶入路垂体腺瘤显微切除术19例

目的：探讨鼻内镜下鼻中隔-蝶窦入路垂体腺瘤显微切除术的方法及并发症的预防。方法：采用唇龈沟切口鼻内镜下经鼻中隔一蝶窦径路显微切除垂体腺瘤19例,肿瘤施行囊内切除并用无水乙醇烧灼．用唇筋膜和鼻中隔骨片重建鞍底,其中肿瘤全切除17例,次全切除2例。结果：7例术前视力损害者中6例得到不同程度的恢复,所有病例症状改善,术后除1例视力一过性减退和2例嗅觉一过性减退外,其余病例均无脑脊液鼻漏和脑膜脑膨出等并发症。术后随访3个月～3年,17例全切除者肿瘤无复发,2例次全切除者肿瘤生长缓慢。结论：采用鼻中隔一蝶窦入路垂体腺瘤显微切除术,术中囊内烧灼可有效地防止或减缓术后肿瘤复发。术后唇筋膜和鼻中隔骨片重建鞍底可防止相应并发症。     

Transnasal endoscopic management of petrous apex and clivus selected lesions

The objective of this study was to report a series of selected primary skull base benign lesions midline located by transnasal endoscopic transsphenoidal approach. A retrospective review of 5 cases is presented: four cholesterol granuloma of the petruos apex and one of the clivus. All patients have been successfully treated via transnasal endoscopic transsphenoidal approach. The mean duration of follow-up was 27 months (range 12–50 months). No postoperative complication such as CSF leak, meningitis, or encephalocele and no signs of recurrence have been noticed. The transnasal route is a minimally invasive, safe, and efficient technique to approach the petrous apex and clivus for selected midline skull base lesions removal.     

Approaches to sella turcica in endoscopic pituitary surgery

Recent advances in endoscopic sinus surgery suggested the potential for its surgical application to pituitary surgery. A number of institutions have reported the advantage of endoscope use in pituitary surgery, which is now widely accepted, but approaches to the sella vary in the literature. We retrospectively studied sella approaches in endoscopic pituitary surgery as rhinologists. Subjects included 6 cases of pituitary adenoma and 2 cases of Rathke's cleft cyst. A both-nostril transnasal transsphenoidal approach, our standard technique, was used in 6 cases. This approach consisted of elevation of mucoperiosteal flaps, resection of the vomer and sphenoid anterior wall, and opening of the sellar floor. Elevated mucoperiosteal flaps were used to close of the sella after tumor resection. All tumors were removed and no significant postoperative complications occurred. We found the both-nostril transnasal approach to be easy and time-saving and provided surgeon with a broad surgical field necessary to treat large tumors and accidental cases. Postoperative observation of the sella was easy for wide opening of the anterior wall of the sphenoid sinus. In our experience with reoperation, we quickly accessed the sella and easily removed tumors in the second operation. Our technique therefore has an advance in treatment of recurrence. The both-nostril transnasal approach involves the same procedures as median drainage of the sphenoid sinus, so our technique may have advantages in preventing mucocele of the sphenoid sinus as a late complication of transsphenoidal surgery. The transnasal transsphenoidal approach via both nostrils is preferable rhinologically.     

鼻内镜下鼻中隔径路蝶窦手术

目的探讨利用鼻内镜手术治疗蝶窦良性病变伴有鼻中隔偏曲的方法和体会。方法26例患者均在鼻内镜下行鼻中隔径路蝶窦手术,先行鼻中隔矫正,再沿骨性中隔向后找到蝶嘴,并开放蝶窦前壁,处理蝶窦病变。结果本组患者均顺利完成经鼻中隔径路蝶窦开放,术后症状完全消失,其中24例经随访6个月至1年未见复发,其余患者中1例蝶窦囊肿在术后7个月复发,1例蝶窦后鼻孔息肉在术后10个月复发,均于门诊复查时顺利摘除。结论鼻内镜下经鼻中隔径路蝶窦开放具有创伤小、定位准确等优点,是一种安全、有效的手术方式。     

Endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery for cholesterol granulomas involving the petrous apex

? Surgery for cholesterol granulomas involving the petrous apex has traditionally been performed via a lateral skull base approach. ? We present a case‐series of four cholesterol granulomas treated through the endoscopic–transsphenoid approach over the last 10 years. ? Drainage was successful and symptomatic improvement was obtained in all cases (follow‐up 6 months–10 years). ? Primary ‘sphenoid’ lesions, which can be widely drained and remain marsupialised, should be differentiated from primary ‘petrous’ lesions that can be removed safely through the sphenoid sinus only in case of extension medial to the internal carotid artery (ICA). ? We feel that the endoscopic transsphenoidal approach is a safe and effective way to access cholesterol granulomas of the petrous apex.     

Endoscopic anatomy of the parasellar region

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to describe the endoscopic anatomy of the cavernous sinus and adjoining parasellar regions and their relationships to the sphenoid sinus. METHODS: An endoscopic transnasal transsphenoidal approach to the pituitary gland and posterior skull base was performed on three fresh frozen cadaver heads (six sides). Neural and vascular anatomic landmarks of the cavernous sinus and parasellar regions were identified and correlated with sphenoid surface anatomy. RESULTS: The posterior wall of the sphenoid sinus presents several surface landmarks allowing the identification of the sella, carotid artery, and optic nerve. Identification of the optic-carotid recess allows reflection of the internal carotid artery medially and access to the cavernous sinus. Further lateral dissection allows for easy identification of the oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, and abducens nerves. The ophthalmic artery then can be followed from its origin on the internal carotid artery coursing anteriorly into the orbit. The optic chiasm also can be easily identified superiorly. Posteriorly, careful dissection allows access to the basilar artery along the clivus. CONCLUSION: As endoscopic surgeons continue to expand their procedures to involve areas of the skull base outside the paranasal sinuses, knowledge of the endoscopic anatomy of the sella, parasellar, and adjacent areas is paramount. Critical landmarks are readily evident in the sphenoid sinus providing good access to neural and vascular structures of this region of the skull base.     

Petrous apex cholesterol granuloma: transsphenoid endoscopic approach

The transsphenoid approach to the petrous apex, a surgical procedure described for the first time by Montgomery in 1977, is a rarely performed approach for the drainage and ventilation of cholesterol granuloma. We consider this approach to be the technique of choice when the cholesterol granuloma is located in the medial section of the petrous apex abutting and/or prolapsing into the posterior wall of the sphenoid sinus. The transsphenoid approach, unlike other lateral approaches to the petrous apex, is highly conservative and spares cochlear and vestibular function; moreover, it allows simple and adequate post-operative endoscopic follow up as an out-patient, with easier treatment in the case of recurrence.     

Comparison of techniques for transsphenoidal pituitary surgery

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare three different techniques for transsphenoidal pituitary surgery: (1) sublabial transseptal approach with microscopic resection, (2) transnasal transseptal approach with endoscopic resection, and (3) endoscopic approach with endoscopic resection. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of 50 pituitary surgeries performed by the same neurosurgeon. Demographic, radiographic, and clinical data were collected. RESULTS: Fifteen patients underwent sublabial approach with microscopic tumor resection, 21 patients underwent the transnasal approach with endoscopic resection, and 14 patients underwent the completely endoscopic technique. There were a total of 20 complications in the sublabial group, 13 transnasal complications, and 6 endoscopic complications. Cerebrospinal fluid leak incidence was 53% in the sublabial approaches, 47% transnasal, and 28% in the endoscopic patients. Diabetes insipidus was encountered in 33% of sublabial approaches, 5% of transnasal approaches, and 7% of endoscopic approaches. Lumbar drains were required in 40% of sublabial approaches, 38% of transnasal approaches, and 7% of endoscopic approaches. Nasal packing was used in 100% of sublabial and transnasal approaches and 0% of endoscopic approaches. Mean recurrence rate and follow-up was sublabial in 6.6% (50 months), transnasal in 9.5% (11 months), and endoscopic in 0% (7 months). Average hospital stay for sublabial approaches, transnasal approaches, and endoscopic approaches was 8.3, 6.2, and 3.4 days, respectively (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Transsphenoidal pituitary surgery has evolved over the past several decades, because advances in technology have been the catalyst for minimally invasive surgeries. Less invasive approaches, such as the transnasal approach with endoscopic resection of tumor and the completely endoscopic .technique have less morbidity and a shorter hospital stay than traditional sublabial approaches. Continued follow-up is needed to confirm long-term benefits and similar recurrence rates.     

鼻内镜下扩大的经鼻腔蝶窦入路治疗鞍周病变的解剖研究和临床应用

目的：通过扩大的经鼻腔蝶窦人路的内镜解剖学研究和初步临床应用,为扩大的经鼻腔蝶窦手术适应证及范围提供理论依据。方法：在4具(8侧)已经染料动脉灌注的成人尸头上模拟扩大经鼻腔蝶窦手术入路,同时测量海绵窦旁重要结构与鞍底的距离。结果：根据蝶窦后壁的骨性结构特征将蝶窦腔分为1个中间腔、2个旁中间腔及2个外侧腔。扩大经蝶手术入路可清晰显示鞍底骨膜、硬脑膜外层、海绵窦内侧壁、海绵窦内颈内动脉及其分支血管、动眼神经、滑车神经、外展神经及眼神经等结构;打开蝶骨平台可显示视神经、视交叉、垂体柄、鞍隔及视丘下部等解剖结构。临床初步用于治疗1例巨大侵入海绵窦的生长激素型垂体腺瘤患者,取得了较好的手术效果。结论：内镜扩大经鼻腔蝶窦手术入路可清晰显露蝶鞍周围的解剖结构,适用于鞍旁、鞍上病变的手术治疗,但应熟练掌握内镜鞍周解剖学及熟练的经鼻腔蝶窦手术经验。     

Recurrent meningitis in a child secondary to a parasellar arachnoid cyst: A case report

We report a case of recurrent pneumoccal meningitis in an 8-year-old boy with an underlying congenital cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fistula of the sphenoid sinus associated with a large parasellar arachnoid cyst. High resolution computed tomography (CT) scan showed no obvious skull base defects. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan revealed a large parasellar arachnoid cyst. He underwent obliteration of the right sphenoid sinus via an endoscopic transsphenoidal approach. Conclusion: Recurrent bacterial meningitis requires needs to be fully investigated with CT scan and MRI of the brain and skull base. Repair of these skull base defects are mandatory.