超声声脉冲辐射力成像技术评价缺氧缺血后新生儿早期脑损伤的初步研究

目的探讨超声声脉冲辐射力成像技术(ARFI)评价缺氧缺血后新生儿早期脑损伤的临床应用价值。方法选择2009年1月至2010年1月出生3天内入住我院新生儿重症监护病房的适于胎龄儿,足月HIE组、早产脑损伤组、足月对照组和早产对照组各40例。采用SiemensAcuson S2000超声诊断系统,生后4～7天常规行颅脑二维超声及彩色多普勒检查,于ARFI模式下启动声触诊组织量化(VTQ)功能测量颅脑双侧顶叶、丘脑及大脑镰的VTQ值,并对各组进行比较。结果 (1)足月HIE组及早产脑损伤组双侧顶叶及丘脑、大脑镰VTQ值均大于同胎龄对照组(P均<0.05)。(2)早产儿脑损伤组双侧顶叶及右侧丘脑VTQ值大于足月HIE组(P均<0.05)。(3)早产对照组双侧顶叶VTQ值大于足月对照组(P均<0.05)。(4)VTQ值随足月儿HIE病情加重呈增加趋势。结论 ARFI能实时、敏感探测新生儿脑部不同部位正常与病变时VTQ值,有望成为新生儿特别是早产儿脑损伤早期诊断手段之一。     

窒息后缺氧缺血性脑病新生儿脐血S-100B蛋白变化的意义

目的研究脐血S-100B蛋白在窒息新生儿中的变化,探讨其对新生儿窒息后缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)的早期诊断价值。方法同期分娩足月正常新生儿43例为对照组(1组)。Apgar评分<7分未发生HIE 44例,为窒息组(2组);发生HIE 16例,为HIE组(3组)。用ELISA方法分别检测3组脐静脉血S-100B水平。结果1~3组S-100B蛋白水平分别为(1.055±0.356)(、1.572±0.533)(、2.394±0.943)μg/L。2、3组脐血S-100B较1组显著增高(t=2.306,7.991 P均<0.01)。3组脐血S-100B较2组显著增高(t=4.242 P<0.01)。结论窒息新生儿脐血S-100B蛋白较正常升高,其可作为窒息后HIE早期诊断指标之一。     

缺氧缺血性脑病新生儿血清细胞因子及T细胞亚群的变化

目的探讨缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)新生儿血清白介素(IL)-1β、IL-10、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平及外周血T细胞亚群的变化。方法选择2006年5月至2009年10月本院新生儿病房收住院的30例HIE患儿为病例组,同期无窒息的足月新生儿30例为对照组,应用ELISA法检测两组新生儿血清IL-1β、IL-10、TNF-α水平,分离外周血单个核细胞,用免疫组化法检测CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD4+/CD8+细胞百分率。结果病例组血清IL-1β、IL-10、TNF-α水平(pg/ml)均高于对照组[(16.2±4.6)比(13.0±4.1),(21.6±5.1)比(16.4±4.2),(19.5±0.3)比(12.1±0.3),P均<0.05],CD3+、CD4+、CD8+细胞数量(%)低于对照组[(41.3±7.1)比(45.2±7.3),(36.1±6.6)比(40.0±5.8),(22.9±4.2)比(25.8±4.4),P均<0.05]。结论 HIE患儿存在一定程度的免疫功能紊乱,IL-1β、IL-10、TNF-α和T细胞亚群可能参与了HIE的发病过程。     

血清S-100B蛋白在新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病诊断中的价值

目的探讨血清S-100B蛋白水平在缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)新生儿早期诊断、病情进展中的价值。方法HIE组新生儿46例(轻度31例,中重度15例),健康对照组43例为健康足月新生儿。采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测二组脐血和生后24h血清S-100B蛋白水平。结果1.健康对照组性别、出生体质量对脐血、24h血清S-100B蛋白水平无影响;2.健康对照与HIE组脐血血清S-100B蛋白水平分别为(1.03±0.32)和(2.53±1.1)μg/L,二组比较有显著性差异(t′=8.848P<0.05);轻度HIE组与中重度HIE组脐血血清S-100B蛋白水平分别为(2.06±0.65)和(3.49±1.23)μg/L,与健康对照组比较均有显著性差异(F=79.691P<0.01);3.健康对照与HIE组24h血清S-100B蛋白水平分别为(1.07±0.32)与(3.83±2.32)μg/L,二组比较有显著差异(t′=7.631P<0.05);4.轻度与中重度HIE组24h血清S-100B蛋白水平分别为(2.84±1.06)和(6.11±2.83)μg/L,与健康对照组比较均有显著差异(F=48.224P<0.01);5.HIE组脐血与24h血清S-100B蛋白水平呈显著正相关(r=0.6177P<0.001)。结论1.健康足月新生儿出生体质量及性别对血清S-100B蛋白水平无影响。2.脐血和24h血清S-100B蛋白水平均提示HIE的发生,且能反映其严重程度;脐血S-100B对早期预测HIE的发生更有意义。     

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病血浆肿瘤坏死因子-α与降钙素基因相关肽水平变化的研究

目的 探讨肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)在新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)中的变化及临床意义。方法 采用放射免疫分析法对38例HIE患儿和18例健康足月新生儿血浆TNF-α与CGRP水平进行了同期动态观察。结果 HIE患儿急性期TNF-α,CGRP水平分别为(1.12±0.42) ng/ml,(88.92±23.16) ng/ml;恢复期分别为(0.61±0.18) ng/ml,(68.39±19.32) ng/ml;对照组分别为(0.54±0.15) ng/ml,(66.2±14.54) ng/ml。急性期血浆TNF-α和CGRP水平较恢复期显著增高(P<0.01),并明显高于同期对照组水平(P<0.01),恢复期与正常对照组无显著差异,急性期不同程度HIE与对照组TNF-α,CGRP水平比较,重度HIE组TNF-α,CGRP分别为(1.28±0.41) ng/ml,(118.12±30.25) ng/ml;中度HIE组分别为(0.95±0.3) ng/ml,(86.49±24.36) ng/ml,轻度HIE组分别为(0.63±0.19) ng/ml,(68.31±18.38) ng/ml,重度组明显高于对照组、轻度组及中度组,中度组高于对照组和轻度组,轻度组与对照组无显著性差异。急性期患儿血浆TNF-α与CGRP呈直线正相关关系(r=0.513,P<0.05)。结论 TNF-α和CGRP参与了新生儿HIE的发病过程。急性期TNF-α的增高可能是促发HIE脑损伤的一个重要因素,而CGRP增高在HIE中对脑损伤可能具有一定的保护作用。     

缺氧缺血性脑病新生儿血清及脑脊液神经元特异性烯醇化酶水平变化的意义

目的探讨血清和脑脊液(CSF)神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)水平变化在缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)新生儿中的意义。方法常规留取重度窒息足月新生儿生后12~24 h和HIE恢复期血清和CSF标本,同时留取正常足月新生儿血清标本作对照,采用免疫放射分析法(IRMA)对符合纳入标准的41例HIE和10例正常足月新生儿的标本进行NSE水平检测。患儿均按常规进行监护和治疗。结果1.急性期HIE各组及对照组患儿血清NSE水平[分别为(30.81±4.55)(、43.63±8.20)(、62.13±17.55)、(21.85±2.53)μg/L]间均有显著性差异(F=30.98 P<0.01),且HIE程度越重,NSE水平越高(P<0.01);2.对照组与轻、中、重度HIE恢复组患儿血清NSE水平差异无显著性[分别为(15.35±4.59)(、19.92±6.29)(、20.92±7.58)(、23.65±9.50)μg/L)](F=2.41 P>0.05),重度HIE未恢复组患儿血清NSE水平[(77.03±20.94)μg/L]仍明显高于其他组,差异有极显著意义(P<0.01);3.HIE组患儿血清与CSF中NSE水平呈明显正相关(r=0.81 P<0.01)。结论血清NSE水平的变化用于判断新生儿HIE的发生及程度有重要的参考意义。     

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病血清铁和血清铁蛋白的动态变化及意义

目的探讨铁代谢紊乱在新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)再灌注损伤中的作用。方法 分别测定60例HIE足月新生儿(其中轻度30例,中度20例,重度10例)入院时(日龄48h内)、日龄3～5天时血清铁(SI)及血清铁蛋白(SF)含量,并与20名健康新生儿(对照组)进行比较。结果 轻、中、重度HIE组入院时SI分别为(9.8±3.6)μmol/L、(9.7±4.3)μmol/L和(7.8±2.7)μmol/L,均低于对照组(14.5±5.0)μmol/L(P均<0.05);入院时轻、中、重度HIE组SF分别为(145.2±59.9)μg/L、(141.7±30.8)μg/L和(110.6±29.0)μg/L,均低于对照组(216.0±90.0)μg/L(P均<0.05);轻、中、重度HIE组日龄3～5天时SI分别为(18.7±4.2)μmol/L、(19.2±5.5)μmol/L和(26.1±5.6)μmol/L,均高于对照组(14.8±4.8)μmol/L(P均<0.05);SF分别为(314.3±93.0)μg/L、(397.1±95.3)μg/L和(546.6±98.9)μg/L,均高于对照组(218.6±75.4)μg/L(P均<0.05)。结论 HIE患儿出生48h内循环铁降低,日龄3～5天时升高,提示铁代谢紊乱可能在HIE再灌注损伤中起一定作用。     

氢质子磁共振波谱和磁共振弥散加权成像早期诊断新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病的价值探讨

目的 探讨磁共振弥散加权成像(DWI)的表观弥散系数值(ADC)和氢质子磁共振频谱(1H-MRS)在评价足月新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)中的临床价值.方法 32例足月HIE患儿和同期10例健康足月新生儿生后10 d内行DWI和1H-MRS扫描,记录代谢产物1H-MRS波峰下面积和ADC值,并进行比较.结果 (1)HIE组右侧基底节和额叶的乳酸/肌酸比值(Lac/Cr)较对照组升高,N乙酰天门冬氨酸/肌酸比值(NAA/Cr)、胆碱/肌酸比值(Cho/Cr)较对照组降低,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05);轻度、中度、重度HIE组右侧基底节和额叶的Lac/Cr比值逐渐升高,均高于对照组(P均<0.05),右侧基底节NAA/Cr、Cho/Cr比值逐渐降低,均低于对照组(P均<0.05).HIE的临床分度与右侧基底节和额叶的Lac/Cr呈正相关,与右侧基底节的NAA/Cr、Cho/Cr呈负相关.(2)HIE组左右两侧豆状核及右侧额叶深部白质ADC值较对照组降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);HIE临床分度与左右两侧豆状核及右侧额叶深部白质的ADC值为负相关.(3)右侧基底节NAA/Cr与左右两侧豆状核ADC值呈正相关.结论 DWI和1H-MRS对新生儿HIE的临床诊断有重要临床意义,将两者结合可更好地评价脑损伤的严重程度,为临床诊疗提供有力依据,值得深入研究及推广.     

弥散加权成像早期预测新生儿缺氧缺血性脑损伤区域及其表观弥散系数值改变

目的 阐明弥散加权成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)可于生后早期预测HIE患儿的损伤区域,并且评估不同区域的ADC值变化情况.方法 研究对象为2006年7月至2009年7月,我院新生儿病房收治26例HIE患儿,其临床分度为重度19例和中度7例,均于生后72 h内完成常规MRI和DWI扫描.其中,10例重度HIE患儿(ADC值组)行8个感兴趣区的ADC值测量,以同期住院的12例无神经系统疾病的足月儿为对照.8个感兴趣区分别为内囊后肢(PLIC)、腹外侧丘脑、基底节、中央沟周围皮层、枕叶皮层、半卵圆中心、脑干、额叶白质.结果 生后72 h内,26例HIE患儿的常规MRI示5例蛛网膜下腔出血、2例硬膜下出血,仅1例患儿的T2WI可见部分皮层稍高信号,此外未见其他异常.但26例HIE患儿的DWI均可见异常高信号.在19例重度HIE患儿中,17例(89%)表现为双侧腹外侧丘脑和中央沟周围皮层的异常高信号(其中6例伴有双侧基底节区异常高信号),仅2例(11%)表现为皮层及皮层下白质的异常高信号.7例中度HIE中,4例表现为皮层及皮层下自质的异常高信号,2例表现为脑室周围白质的异常高信号,仅1例表现为双侧腹外侧丘脑和中央沟周围皮层的异常高信号.ADC值组内囊后肢(PLIC)、腹外侧丘脑、基底节、中央沟周围皮层、枕叶皮层、半卵圆中心、脑干、额叶白质的平均ADC值依次为0.68(0.56～0.88),0.73±0.13,0.67±0.11,0.78±0.22,0.90±0.16,0.87±0.21,0.73±0.19,1.32±0.22×10-3 mm2/S.对照组内囊后肢(PLIC)、腹外侧丘脑、基底节、中央沟周围皮层、枕叶皮层、半卵圆中心、脑干、额叶白质的平均ADC值依次为0.96(0.95～1.02),1.02±0.90,1.15±0.99,1.08±0.07,1.09±0.08,1.39±0.20,0.96±0.05,1.58±0.18×10-3 mm2/S.与对照组相比,ADC值组8个感兴趣区的平均表观弥散系数(apparent difusion coefficient,ADC)值明显降低(P＜0.01).结论 在生后早期,重度HIE患儿的损伤区域大部分为丘脑-中央沟周围皮层,仅少数为皮层及皮层下白质.中度HIE患儿的损伤区域较多样,依次为皮层及皮层下白质、脑室周围白质和丘脑-中央沟周围皮层.HIE患儿的DWI图像异常部位及未见异常部位的ADC值均有不同程度的下降.

Abstract：

Objective To elucidate that diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) can be used to predict the injured regions of neonatal brain with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in the early phase of injury, and to measure the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values in the multiple regions of the brain.Method The participants in this study were twenty-six infants with HIE from neonatology ward hospitalized between July 2006 and July 2009.Nineteen patients had severe HIE, and seven had moderate HIE.DWI and conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were performed for each case within the first 72 hrs.The ADC values of eight regions of interest (ROIs) were measured in ten cases with severe HIE ( ADC values group). ROIs included posterior limb of internal capsule (PLIC), ventrolateral thalami, basal ganglia, perirolandic cortex, occipital cortex, centrum semiovale, brainstem, and frontal white matter.Twelve neonates were enrolled as the control subjects.Results During the first 72 hfs, the conventional MR1 of 26 patients showed subarachnoid hemorrhage in 5, subdural hemorrhage in 2, and mild high signal intensity in the cortex of only one patient.In the 19 cases with severe HIE, abnormal signal intensities were seen in ventrolateral thalami and perirolandie cortex of 17 patients ( 89% ), and the remaining 2 infants showed abnormal cortex and subcortical white matter.In 7 cases with moderate HIE, 4 had abnormal signal intensity in the cortex and subcortical white matter, 2 had abnormal periventricular white matter, and only one showed abnormal signal intensity in the ventrolateral thalami and perirolandic cortex.In the ADC values group, the average ADC values of posterior limb of internal capsule ( PLIC ), ventrolateral thalami, basal ganglia, perirolandic cortex, occipital cortex, centrum semiovale, brainstem, and frontal white matterrespectively were 0.68(0.56-0.88) ,0.73 ±0.13,0.67 ±0.11,0.78 ±0.22,0.90 ±0.16,0.87 ±0.21,0.73 ±0.19,1.32 ±0.22 × 10-3 mm2/S.In the control group, the average ADC values of posterior limb of internal capsule ( PLIC ), ventrolateral thalami, basal ganglia, perirolandic cortex, occipital cortex, centrum semiovale, brainstem, and frontal white matter respectively were 0.96(0.95-1.02), 1.02 ±0.90,1.15 ±0.99,1.08 ±0.07,1.09 ±0.08,1.39 ±0.20,0.96 ±0.05,1.58 ±0.18 × 10 -3 mm2/S. There was statistically significant difference in the average ADC values between each of 8 ROIs of infants with HIE and healthy neonates( P ＜ 0.01 ).Conclusion In the first days after birth, the major injured regions of severe HIE were ventrolateral thalami and perirolandic cortex, the minor injured regions were cortex and subcortical white matter.Multiple regions of moderate HIE were injured, including cortex with subcortical white matter,periventricular white matter, and ventrolateral thalami with perirolandic cortex. The ADC values of the regions with abnormal signal intensity decreased, also some regions with the normal signal intensity.     

缺氧缺血性脑病新生儿血清白细胞介素-18及细胞间黏附因子-1水平的变化

目的 观察HIE新生儿血清IL-18及细胞间黏附因子-1(ICAM-1)水平的变化,探讨二者之间的相关性及其与HIE疾病程度的关系.方法 本院新生儿科收住HIE新生儿30例,根据病情分为轻度HIE组16例,中重度HIE组14例.同期健康新生儿20例为健康对照组.分别于出生第3、7天采用酶联免疫吸附法测定HIE组及健康对照组新生儿血清IL-18及ICAM-1水平.结果 1.出生第3天轻度HIE组、中重度HIE组及健康对照组新生儿血清IL-18水平分别为(120.1±12.7)、(175.1±15.4)、(100.3±12.5)ng/L,HIE组均高于健康对照组(P<0.05),中重度HIE组高于轻度HIE组(P<0.05),出生第7天较出生第3天时显著低(P<0.05),但仍高于健康对照组(P<0.05);2.出生第3天轻度HIE组、中重度HIE组及健康对照组新生儿血清ICAM-1分别为(350.45±55.20)、(600.10±94.22)、(250.12±47.09)μg/L,HIE组均显著高于健康对照组(Pa<0.05),中重度HIE组明显高于轻度HIE组(P<0.05),出生第7天较出生第3天时为低(P<0.05),但仍高于健康对照组(P<0.05);3.血清IL-18与ICAM-1水平呈正相关(P<0.05).结论 HIE新生儿血清IL-18及ICAM-1水平与HIE病情相关,可作为新的评价脑部损伤指标之一.     

MR and CT imaging patterns in post-varicella encephalitis

The aim of the investigation was to determine the patterns of cerebral involvement on computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in post-varicella encephalitis. Four children between the ages of 2 and 11 years presented over a 5-year period with a diagnosis of post-varicella encephalitis. Their imaging studies and clinical data were reviewed retro-spectively. The medical histories of all four children were noncontributory except for recent bouts of chickenpox 1 week to 3 months prior to hospitalization. Three children presented with parkinsonian manifestations. Bilateral, symmetric hypodense, nonenhancing basal ganglia lesions were found on CT. These areas showed nonenhancing low signal intensity on T1-weighted images and high signal intensity on T2-weighted images on MR. One child presented with diffuse, multiple gray and white matter lesions of similar imaging characteristics; some lesions, however, did enhance. This child had no gait disturbances. Post-varicella encephalitis can produce two patterns of dramatic CT and MR findings. With an appropriate history and clinical findings, varicella as a cause of bilateral basal ganglia or diffuse cerebral lesions can be differentiated from other possible etiologies which include trauma, anoxia, metabolic disorders and demyelinating diseases.     

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病MRI和1HMRS检查的临床意义

目的 研究新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病（ＨＩＥ）时脑形态学及代谢改变,并探讨其与临床的关系。方法 对２１你ＨＩＥ新生儿进行头颅ＭＲＩ和＾１ＨＭＲＳ检查,并以７例无窒息史的新生儿作为对照。结果 ＭＲＩ显示ＨＩＥ患儿均存在不同程度的脑水肿,但脑水肿的范围轻度组与中、重度组无明显差异（Ｐ〉０．０６）,而脑实质及基底节区出血发生率中、重度组高于轻度组（Ｐ〈０．０５）。＾１ＨＭＲＳ显示缺氧早期决肌酸／乳酸（Ｌａｃ／     

T1WI信号强度与1H MRS在新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病诊断中的价值

目的：探讨T1加权的信号强度和氢质子波谱（1H MRS）在新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病（HIE）诊断中的价值。方法：收集2007年1月至2009年12月西安交通大学医学院第一附属医院新生儿科收治的HIE患儿30名为HIE组,选择该院同期出生的正常足月儿10名为对照组,所有研究对象在出生15 d内行头颅磁共振检查。结果：①HIE组的后外侧豆状核信号强度高于或等于内囊后肢的信号强度,对照组后外侧豆状核信号强度低于内囊后肢的信号强度,信号强度的对比在两组间的差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）;②额叶与基底核的乳酸/肌酐、谷氨酸盐/肌酐比值在HIE组中明显升高,二者的比值在两组间的差异有统计学意义（P<0.05 或0.01）。③后外侧豆状核与内囊后肢的信号强度与1H MRS的乳酸/肌酐、谷氨酸盐/肌酐比值呈显著正相关（P<0.05）。结论：MRI中后外侧豆状核与内囊后肢在T1加权上的信号强度对比对新生儿HIE具有较高的诊断价值,其与1H MRS相结合有利于提高HIE诊断准确性。     

Neuroradiological Findings in Glutaric Aciduria Type I: Report of Four Japanese Patients

We examined neuroradiological computerized tomography (CT) findings and the clinical course of four Japanese children with glutaric aciduria type I (GA1) whose enzyme activity of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase was undetectable. Brain CT in all cases examined showed low density white matter, fluid collection in bilateral frontotemporal regions (particularly surrounding the Sylvian fissures), enlargement of the lateral ventricles and slight atrophy of the basal ganglia. Although these findings seemed to be characteristic for GA1, they were unlikely to be more extended, at least over 2 years after infancy. The low density white matter was observed more evidently in the neonatal or early infantile periods than in later periods. The degree of enlargement of fissures in bilateral frontotemporal regions about the Sylvian fissures appeared to correlate with the severity of symptoms such as dystonia or choreo-athetosis. Magnetic resonance images (MRI) in one case showed bilateral linear-shaped low intensity in areas of the external capsules and putamen on a Tl-weighted image. These CT and MRI findings, as well as clinical symptoms such as choreoathetosis or dystonia, may suggest that metabolic abnormalities in GA1, such as glutaconate, are toxic to the extrapyramidal tract system in the central nervous system, and that the clinical symptoms of the patients are attributable to atrophy of basal ganglia. Brain CT may be useful in diagnosis and evaluation of the clinical course of GA1 patients.     

Noninvasive measurements of regional cerebral perfusion in preterm and term neonates by magnetic resonance arterial spin labeling

Magnetic resonance arterial spin labeling (ASL) at 3 Tesla has been investigated as a quantitative technique for measuring regional cerebral perfusion (RCP) in newborn infants. RCP values were measured in 49 healthy neonates: 32 preterm infants born before 34 wk of gestation and 17 term-born neonates. Examinations were performed on unsedated infants at postmenstrual age of 39-40 wk in both groups. Due to motion, reliable data were obtained from 23 preterm and 6 term infants. Perfusion in the basal ganglia (39 and 30 mL/100 g/min for preterm and term neonates, respectively) was significantly higher (p < 0.0001) than in cortical gray matter (19 and 16 mL/100 g/min) and white matter (15 and 10 mL/100 g/min), both in preterm neonates at term-equivalent age and in term neonates. Perfusion was significantly higher (p = 0.01) in the preterm group than in the term infants, indicating that RCP may be influenced by developmental and postnatal ages. This study demonstrates, for the first time, that noninvasive ASL at 3T may be used to measure RCP in healthy unsedated preterm and term neonates. ASL is, therefore, a viable tool that will allow serial studies of RCP in high-risk neonates.     

磁共振形态学半定量评分对新生儿细菌性脑膜炎出院结局的评估价值

目的 分析MRI形态学半定量评分对新生儿细菌性脑膜炎出院结局的评估价值。方法 收集复旦大学附属儿科医院2011年7月至2013年12月NICU收治的出院诊断为新生儿细菌性脑膜炎的病例,采用基于大脑损伤MRI形态学分析的半定量评分,对头颅MRI图像进行回顾性分析。MRI形态学评价包括脑室扩大、脑室旁白质容积丢失、脑白质囊性病灶、内囊后肢髓鞘化异常、皮质信号异常、颅内脑外间隙异常、基底节信号异常、脑白质非囊性信号异常、脑室内出血、脑室积脓、脑膜异常强化、室管膜异常强化和脑脓肿。将上述13项评分归纳为脑白质异常（WMA）、脑灰质异常（GMA）和非脑实质异常（NPA）。同时采集患儿出生孕周、发病时间、MRI检查时间、发病至MRI检查间隔时间和出院结局。按照出生孕周分为早产儿组和足月儿组,再按照出院结局分为预后良好和预后不良亚组,在各组内比较亚组之间时间因素、MRI单项评分和综合评分的差异。结果 63例新生儿细菌性脑膜炎病例进入分析（早产儿组18例,足月儿组45例）。MRI单项评分构成预后良好和预后不良亚组间差异有统计学意义的指标：早产儿组中有脑室扩大(P=0.012)和脑室旁白质容积丢失(P=0.004);足月儿组有脑室扩大(P=0.002)、脑室旁容积丢失(P=0.040)、颅内脑外间隙异常(P=0.005)和脑室内出血(P=0.038)。MRI综合评分中,早产儿组WMA评分(P=0.001)和NPA评分（P=0.039）、足月儿组NPA评分(P=0.018)在预后不良和预后良好亚组之间分布差异有统计学意义。足月儿组和早产儿组内不同预后亚组的各时间因素差异未发现统计学意义或临床意义。结论 新生儿细菌性脑膜炎MRI脑室扩大和脑室旁白质容积丢失预示早产儿出院不良结局;脑室扩大、脑室旁白质容积丢失、颅内脑外间隙异常和脑室内出血预示足月儿出院不良结局。WMA评分高预示早产儿出院不良结局,NPA评分高预示早产儿和足月儿出院不良结局。     

Periventricular low intensities on fluid attenuated inversion recovery imaging in the newborn infant: Relationships to chronic white matter lesions

BACKGROUND: Neurological disadvantages due to hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) are still very serious problems. In order to support the infant with HIE, it is important to evaluate the severity of the brain injury early. The authors performed a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study of the neonatal brain in order to assess the clinical value of periventricular low intensities (PVLI) detected on fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) imaging. METHODS: A total of 451 MRI from 167 preterm and 113 term infants were sorted into groups according to the corrected age at the time of scanning. Intensities in the white matter were then divided into five grades according to the severity of the finding on FLAIR imaging. Chronic abnormalities such as periventricular hyperintensities (PVHI) were also analyzed. RESULTS: In early MRI, which was obtained before 2 months corrected age, the incidence of PVLI was 63%, while it was only 3% and 0% in the middle (2-8 months) and the late (8-18 months) scans, respectively. Instead of PVLI, PVHI were commonly observed both on late FLAIR imaging (89%) and late T2-weighted imaging (72%). The severity of the white matter damage diagnosed on early FLAIR imaging had a significant correlation with that of late FLAIR imaging. CONCLUSIONS: F-PVLI on early FLAIR imaging would be a good predictor of chronic white matter damage. FLAIR imaging would be also useful in follow-up of infants because of its high sensitivity to the chronic white matter lesion.     

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病磁共振诊断与损伤类型的分类建议

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)有比较统一的临床诊断与分度标准,但是符合相同诊断标准的窒息所致HIE的临床表现、神经病理损伤类型有很大差异。磁共振成像(MRI)能很好地呈现HIE损伤类型、损伤进程,且与其远期神经发育结局密切相关,但不同MRI检查序列所反映的损伤表现可能不尽相同。弥散加权序列适宜的检查时间为出生后2~4 d,常规序列为出生后的4~8 d。HIE的MRI主要损伤类型有丘脑基底节+内囊后肢损伤、分水岭样损伤累及皮层和皮层下白质、局灶-多灶性微小性白质损伤,以及广泛全脑性损伤。严重的急性产时窒息易导致深部灰质损伤(丘脑基底节),也可累及脑干,锥体束是最易受累的白质纤维束,而反复间断性缺氧缺血以及伴有感染、低血糖等易导致分水岭区和深部白质损伤。但上述损伤类型有时很难明确区分,而是以某一类型为主,并非所有HIE都有特征性的MRI表现。     

Neuroimaging findings in glutaric aciduria type 1

Objective To review the imaging features of glutaric aciduria type 1 (GA-1) in a group of 20 patients, the largest published series to date. To document the findings not previously reported and compare our findings with the imaging characteristics of GA-1 previously reported in the literature.Materials and methods For 14 patients the original scans were examined and in the remaining 6, where the imaging was unavailable, the radiology reports were consulted. Nine patients had serial cranial US examinations, 13 had 18 CT scans performed and 14 patients had 39 MRI scans.Results Widening of the sylvian fissures and of the fluid spaces anterior to the temporal lobes was seen in 93% of cases. The mesencephalic cistern was also widened in 86%. Abnormal high-signal intensity on T2-weighted (T2-W) images was seen in the basal ganglia and periventricular white matter in 64% of children. Subdural collections were found in 3 patients, all of which resolved spontaneously. Four neonates followed with serial cranial US showed bilateral multiple caudothalamic cysts. Abnormal high signal on T2-W images was seen in the dentate nucleus, substantia nigra and the pontine medial lemniscus in 79, 43 and 64%, respectively.Conclusions Widening of the sylvian fissure, mesencephalic cistern and expansion of CSF spaces anterior to the temporal lobes are cardinal signs of GA-1. If combined with abnormalities of the basal ganglia and white matter, GA-1 should be strongly suspected.Presented at 37th Annual Congress of ESPR, Lisbon, Portugal, May 2000