New trends in fixation of proximal humeral fractures: a review

Surgical treatment of proximal humeral fractures continues to be a challenge especially in osteoporotic patients. Locking plates and intramedullary nails have been used with satisfactory results but the previous reported complications have not been substantially reduced. Most of the existing studies involve a small number of patients followed up for a rather short period of time. Since proximal humeral fractures constitute a heterogenous group of complex fractures in an even more heterogenous population, no single fixation method is a panacea. Choice of implant and method of fixation should be selected according to individual patient and fracture pattern characteristics based on clearly defined indications and contraindications. Based on the findings of the existing clinical studies the authors propose a treatment algorithm.     

踝关节骨折的治疗

2000～2007年,我们对136例踝关节骨折患者进行手法复位外固定或手术治疗,疗效满意。     

Clinical outcomes in the surgical management of ankle fractures: A systematic review and meta-analysis of fibular intramedullary nail fixation vs. open reduction and internal fixation in randomized controlled trials

BackgroundWhat level I evidence exists to support the use of FNF for surgical management of ankle fractures in high risk patients? The purpose of this study was to compare clinical outcomes following fibular intramedullary nail fixation (FNF) and open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of ankle fractures.MethodsA systematic review of the current literature was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Certainty of evidence reported according to GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation). Our primary hypothesis was that patients undergoing FNF procedures to manage an ankle fracture would have significantly higher patient reported outcome scores (PROs) than patients undergoing ORIF. Primary study outcome measures were validated PROs. Secondary outcome measures included complication rate, secondary surgery rate, and bony union.ResultsThe primary outcome analysis revealed no evidence of a significant effect difference on Olerud and Molander Ankle Score (OMAS) PRO and no evidence of statistical heterogeneity. Secondary outcome analysis revealed a significant 0.30 (0.12–0.74 95CI) relative risk reduction for complications in FNF (P = 0.008). No evidence of an effect difference for bony union. The GRADE certainty of the evidence was rated as low for bone union. No evidence of reporting bias was appreciated. Sensitivity analyses did not significantly alter effect estimates.ConclusionThis systematic review and meta-analysis restricted to evidence derived from RCTs revealed that the quality of evidence is reasonably strong and likely sufficient to conclude: (1) there is likely no clinically important difference between FNF and ORIF up to 12 months post-operatively, as defined by OMS (moderate certainty); (2) surgeons may reasonably expect reduced complications in 14 out of every 100 patients treated with FNF (moderate certainty); (3) there is likely no difference in bony union (low certainty). Future studies should investigate more patient-centered outcomes and if short-term findings are durable over time if these findings apply to lower risk populations.Level of EvidenceSystematic review and meta-analysis of level I evidence     

踝关节骨折合并脱位的手术治疗

2006年1月～2010年1月,我们采用不同手术方法治疗24例踝关节骨折合并脱位患者,取得了满意的效果。1材料与方法1.1病例资料本组24例,男23例,女1例,年龄18～56岁。开放损伤18例,闭合损伤6例。合并症:高血压病6例,糖尿病、低蛋白血症、下胫腓联合分     

手术治疗42例踝关节骨折

2004年8月～2008年10月,我院手术治疗踝关节骨折42例,疗效满意。1材料与方法1.1病例资料本组42例,男33例,女9例,年龄18～63岁。按Lauge-Han-sen分型方法：旋后内收型3例,旋后外旋型30例,旋前外展型1例,旋前外旋     

踝部骨折的手术疗效

目的评价踝部骨折的手术治疗效果.方法41例分别应用拉力螺钉、1/3管型钢板、腓骨远端解剖型钢板内固定.结果41例随访1～3年,优24例,良14例,差3例.结论踝部骨折手术治疗应遵循踝关节的生理特点,强调恢复外踝及下胫腓联合的解剖关系、踝关节的稳定、合理有效内固定和早期功能锻炼.     

有限内固定结合踝关节外固定架治疗复杂开放性踝关节骨折46例

目的探讨有限内固定结合踝关节外固定架治疗复杂开放性踝关节骨折的手术方法及临床疗效。方法采用后外侧入路有限内固定结合踝关节外固定架手术治疗的复杂开放性踝关节骨折患者46例,其中男25例,女21例;年龄15~72岁,平均年龄39.3岁,并对其疗效进行分析。结果 46例患者均获完整随访,时间3~21个月。根据美国足与踝关节协会(AOFAS)评分:优24例,良18例,可4例,优良率为91.3%。结论对于复杂开放性踝关节骨折,采用后外侧入路有限内固定结合踝关节外固定架治疗,既可以保证踝关节获得较为满意的复位,又可以最大限度地避免内固定感染的发生。     

Supination external rotation ankle fractures: A simpler pattern with better outcomes

Background:

Rotational injuries are the most common and usually classified as per the Lauge Hansen classification; with the most common subgroup being the supination external rotation (SER) mechanism. Isolated fractures of the distal fibula (SE2) without associated ligamentous injury are usually treated with a splint or brace and the patient may be allowed to weight bear as tolerated. This study reports the functional outcomes following a stable, low energy, rotational ankle fracture supination external rotation (SER2) when compared to unstable SER4 fractures treated operatively.

Materials and Methods:

64 patients who were diagnosed and treated nonoperatively for a stable SER2 ankle fracture were followed prospectively. In the comparison group, 93 operatively treated fibular fractures were extracted from a prospectively collected database and evaluated comparison. Baseline characteristics obtained by trained interviewers at the time of injury included: Patient demographics, short form-36, short musculoskeletal functional assessment (SMFA) and American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) questionnaires. Patients were followed at 3, 6 and 12 months postsurgery. Additional information obtained at each followup point included any complications or evidence on fracture healing. Data were analyzed by the Student''s t-test and theFisher''s Exact Test to compare demographic and functional outcomes between the two cohorts. P < 0.05 was considered to be significant.

Results:

The average of patients’ age in the stable fracture cohort was 43 versus 45 in the SER4 group. Nearly 64% of the patient population was female when compared with 37% in the operative group. In the SER2 by 6 months all patients had returned to baseline functional status. There were 18 delayed unions (all healed by 6 months). Based on the functional outcome scores all patients had returned to preoperative level. In comparison, SE4 patients had less functional recovery at 3 and 6 months (P < 0.05) based on the SMFA scores and at 3, 6 and 12 months based on the AOFAS (P < 0.001) scores. There was no difference in pain levels between the two groups at all time points. There were three nonunions in the SE4 group and six delayed unions.

Conclusions:

An SER2 ankle fracture is a relatively benign injury with functional limitations resolving by 3 months while the need for surgical fixation in SER ankle fractures appears to affect lower extremity function to a greater degree for a longer time period. Patients should be counseled as to these expected outcomes.     

锁定钢板与交锁髓内钉内固定治疗肱骨外科颈骨折的疗效比较

目的比较锁定钢板与交锁髓内钉内固定治疗肱骨外科颈骨折的临床疗效。方法 52例符合纳入标准的肱骨外科颈骨折分为锁定钢板组和髓内钉组,每组各26例。锁定钢板组采用切开复位锁定钢板内固定,髓内钉组采用闭合或有限切开复位交锁髓内钉内固定。比较2组手术时间、术中出血量、骨折愈合时间及术后6个月Neer肩关节功能评分。结果 52例术后获得平均7.37(6~11)个月随访。术后6个月Neer肩关节功能评分:锁定钢板组优12例,良10例,可2例,差2例,优良率84.62%;髓内钉组优12例,良11例,可2例,差1例,优良率88.46%。2组手术时间、术后6个月Neer肩关节功能评分优良率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。与锁定钢板组相比,髓内钉组术中出血量减少,骨折愈合时间缩短,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论锁定钢板与交锁髓内钉内固定治疗肱骨外科颈骨折术后肩关节功能无明显差异,但交锁髓内钉内固定可以减少手术创伤,促进骨折愈合。在掌握手术技巧后,建议优先选择交锁髓内钉内固定治疗肱骨外科颈骨折。     

闭合复位经胫前空心加压螺钉内固定治疗后踝骨折

<正>2011年5月~2014年1月,我科应用闭合复位经胫前空心加压螺钉内固定治疗13例后踝骨折患者,疗效满意,报道如下。1材料与方法1.1病例资料本组13例,男8例,女5例,年龄20~70岁。后踝骨折块均超过关节面的1/4,均合并有内踝或外踝骨折。1.2治疗方法硬膜外麻醉。合并内、     

48例后踝骨折的治疗体会

2007年10月～2010年2月,我院手术治疗后踝骨折患者48例,经随访均取得满意疗效,报道如下. 1 材料与方法 1.1 病例资料 本组48例,男27例,女21例,年龄21～69（32±5.2）岁.左侧20例,右侧28例.患者均摄踝关节正、侧位X线片及CT三维重建.     

AO锁定接骨板治疗肱骨髁间骨折31例

目的探讨采用后路尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路,双AO锁定接骨板治疗肱骨髁间骨折的疗效。方法2006年1月至2008年6月应用AO锁定接骨板治疗肱骨髁间骨折31例,按AO/ASIF分类：C1型7例,C2型18例,C3型6例。所有患者均采用后路经尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路,双AO锁定接骨板内固定。术后尽早行肘关节的主动功能锻炼。结果全部获得随访,随访时间为8～36个月,平均14.8个月,骨折均愈合。根据Cassebaum评分系统,优9例,良17例,可4例,差1例,优良率为83.9%。结论采用后路尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路,双AO锁定接骨板治疗肱骨髁间骨折,疗效满意。     

后外侧入路在老年性踝关节骨折中的应用

[目的]评价后外侧入路在老年踝关节骨折中的临床应用.[方法]2005年3月-2007年8月对13例老年踝关节骨折采取后外侧入路行外后踝骨折切开复位内固定,同一切口中外踝骨折钢板内固定放置于腓骨远端后侧、后踝骨折行螺钉或钢板固定.观察术后伤口愈合、骨折恢复及内固定情况,同时按Olerud和Molander踝关节骨折术后评分系统对踝关节功能进行评估.[结果] 13例均获随访,随访时间6～23个月,平均15个月.伤口无裂开、坏死,1例出现症状不甚严重的腓骨肌腱炎,骨折愈合后取出钢板后症状消失.术后4～6个月X线片显示骨折均愈合,无内固定松动、断裂.踝关节骨折术后功能评分平均为91分,其中优9例,良3例,可1例,优良率为92.3％.[结论]后外侧入路能同时完成后外踝骨折的治疗,可减少老年患者的手术创伤、创面感染及坏死等并发症,对伴骨质疏松老年患者的外踝骨折能进行牢靠安全固定.     

A systematic review of locking plate fixation of proximal humerus fractures

Purpose

Technique for the fixation of two, three, and four part proximal humerus fractures has rapidly shifted towards the use of specially contoured proximal humerus locking plates. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the short to medium term functional results and common complications associated with the fixation of proximal humerus fractures with locking plates.

Methods

The PubMed and EMBASE databases were used to perform a systematic review of the English literature to assess the functional results and complications associated with proximal humerus locking plates. Our inclusion criteria were proximal humerus fracture due to trauma (excluding pathologic fractures), patients greater than 18 years of age, more than 15 patients in the study or subgroup of interest, at least 18 months follow-up, at least one relevant functional outcome score, and quality outcome score of at least 5/10. Studies that did not meet these criteria were excluded. All institutional, author, and journal information was concealed to minimize reviewer bias.

Results

Twelve studies including 514 patients met the inclusion criteria. At most recent follow-up patients achieved a mean Constant score of 74 and a mean DASH score of 27. The overall rate of complications was 49% including varus malunion, 33% excluding varus malunion, and reoperation rate was 14%. The most common complications included varus malunion 16%, AVN 10%, screw perforation of the humeral head into the joint 8%, subacromial impingement 6%, and infection 4%.

Discussion

Fixation of proximal humerus fractures with proximal humerus locking plates is associated with a high rate of complications and reoperation. Further study is needed to determine what technical errors and patient characteristics are risk factors for failure of this now common fixation technique.     

应用Lauge-Hansen分型手术治疗踝关节骨折

目的探讨应用Lauge-Hansen分型手术治疗踝关节骨折的临床疗效。方法对30例踝关节骨折患者按Lauge-Hansen分型行手术治疗。术中按分型的损伤机制进行复位,根据骨折特征选择合适内固定。对踝关节术后疗效使用Baird-Jackson评分标准评价。结果术后X线片显示骨折复位良好,踝穴形态恢复正常,内固定位置满意。患者均获得随访,时间3~46个月。按踝关节Baird-Jackson评分标准评价:优20例,良7例,可2例,差1例,优良率90%。结论应用Lauge-Hansen分型手术治疗踝关节骨折,可指导术中骨折复位,选择合适内固定,判断下胫腓联合损伤情况,提高手术疗效。     

髓内钉与经皮锁定钢板治疗胫骨中下段骨折临床疗效分析

目的比较髓内钉（IMN）与经皮锁定钢板（MIPPO）治疗胫骨中下段骨折的临床疗效。 方法回顾性分析2016年1月至2019年12月江苏省苏州高新区人民医院应用IMN与MIPPO两种手术方式治疗的胫骨中下段骨折患者共60例,其中IMN组30例,男性19例,女性11例;MIPPO组30例,男性21例,女性9例,比较两组患者在性别、年龄、受伤类型、OTA分型、受伤原因、是否合并开放性骨折、是否合并腓骨骨折、随访时间、术前等待时间、胫骨手术时间、胫骨术中透视次数、胫骨手术出血量、骨愈合时间、住院时间、手术并发症、术后Johner-Wruhs评分等方面的差异。 结果60例患者均获随访,随访时间12～26个月。与MIPPO组比较,IMN组术前等待时间、住院时间短,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;两组胫骨手术时间、术中透视次数、手术出血量、骨愈合时间、Johner-Wruhs评分结果比较差异无统计学意义;髌前痛、软组织激惹、力线不良、骨不连、骨延迟愈合等并发症比较差异无统计学意义;伤口并发症发生率比较,IMN组低于MIPPO组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论IMN与MIPPO两种固定方法均是治疗胫骨中下段骨折的有效方法。IMN内固定对皮肤软组织干扰小,更加适合用于局部软组织条件不良者。     

Fixation of ankle fragility fractures by tibiotalocalcaneal nail

Introduction Fragility fractures of the ankle are difficult to treat by conventional fixation due to poor bone quality, compromised soft tissues, and inherent instability. Conservative management of these patients also has its problems. Materials and methods We retrospectively reviewed 13 patients who underwent intramedullary nailing through the tibiotalocalcaneal joints in an attempt to achieve the dual aims of fracture control and early mobilisation. The Olerud and Molander scale was used as outcome measures. Results There were 12 females and 1 male with a mean age of 78.9 (range 64–93). Half of the patients were discharged from hospital within the first 2 weeks after the operation. All achieved a comparable function to their pre-operative state. The mean follow-up period was 11 months (range of 2–62 months). Six are now deceased from unrelated causes. The mean Olerud and Molander score was 50 (range 30–65). All the radiographs showed evidence of fracture union with no changes in the overall alignment of the joint. Conclusion Given the low survivorship of this frail group of patients the main objectives are achieving early mobilisation whilst maintaining good fracture position. In our experience, tibiotalocalcaneal nailing is a very useful and successful way of treating fragility fractures of the ankle because it has a low risk of complications and restores function with impressive patient satisfaction. The potential benefits of this technique, we believe, outweigh the disability ensued from subtalar joint fusion.     

单侧与双侧钢板内固定治疗A3型股骨远端骨折的比较研究

目的比较单侧钢板(外侧解剖锁定钢板)与双侧钢板(锁定钢板联合重建钢板)治疗A3型股骨远端骨折的疗效。方法自2008-12—2014-12治疗35例A3型股骨远端骨折,按内固定方式不同分为单侧钢板组(16例)和双侧钢板组(19例),比较2组手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量、骨折愈合时间、末次随访时膝关节活动度、VAS评分及膝关节功能评分。结果 2组获得随访12~36个月,平均21个月。2组手术时间比较差异有统计学意义(t=-4.053,P0.001);2组术中出血量(t=-1.023,P=0.314)、术后引流量(t=-0.359,P=0.722)、骨折愈合时间(t=0.455,P=0.652)、膝关节活动度(t=0.874,P=0.389)、VAS评分(t=0.103,P=0.918)及膝关节功能评分优良率(χ~2=0.036,P=0.982)比较差异均无统计学意义。2组各有2例发生骨折延迟愈合,限制负重后均愈合。结论单侧或双侧钢板内固定治疗A3型股骨远端骨折均能取得较好疗效,但单侧钢板内固定手术时间短,且可以减轻患者经济负担。