内外向人格特质的关联性负变电位研究

目的:考察内外向人格特质与关联性负变电位的关系,探索人格形成的脑机制。方法:在651名在校大学生中选取内外向典型被试各30名。此60名典型被试中各30名参与标准的和改进的CNV范式实验。结果:内、外向组在标准和改进范式下CNV面积、PINV面积均差异显著,而在改进范式下的差异大于标准范式;内向组的反应时大于外向组的反应时,差异显著。结论:CNV与内外向人格特质存在密切关系,CNV具有区分内外向人格特质的可能性。改进的CNV范式能选择性地放大内外向在CNV上的表现,更适合评测内外向人格特质。     

内地藏族初中生人格特质的特点

目的了解内地藏族初中生人格特质的特点,为他们的人格发展教育提供心理学依据。方法采用龚耀先修订《艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)》(少年版)对110名初中生进行量表测量。结果内地藏族初中生的人格特质大多属于中间型。从典型人格类型看,精神质型所占比例最高,神经质型次之,外向型最低;在神经质和内外向性上不存在显著差异,在精神质和掩饰性上存在显著差异(P<0.05);在掩饰性上存在性别差异(P<0.05),男生较为内向,女生较为倔强。结论内地藏族初中生的人格特质在一些维度上明显区别于汉族初中生。     

A Study on the Personality Traits of the Mainland Tibetan Students in Junior High Schools

目的 了解内地藏族初中生人格特质的特点,为他们的人格发展教育提供心理学依据.方法 采用龚耀先修订《艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)》(少年版)对110名初中生进行量表测量.结果 内地藏族初中生的人格特质大多属于中间型.从典型人格类型看,精神质型所占比例最高,神经质型次之,外向型最低；在神经质和内外向性上不存在显著差异,在精神质和掩饰性上存在显著差异(P＜0.05)；在掩饰性上存在性别差异(P＜0.05),男生较为内向,女生较为倔强.结论 内地藏族初中生的人格特质在一些维度上明显区别于汉族初中生.     

部队基层连队干部人格特征问卷的初步编制

目的编制适用于军队基层连队干部的人格特质问卷,为优化连队干部的心理素质提供实用的心理学测量工具。方法在问卷调查及访谈的基础上,运用探索性因素分析技术,对106名军队基层连队干部的人格特质结构进行了探讨。结果军队基层连队干部的人格特质主要包括5个方面：意志品质、工作能力、独立性、情绪稳定性和组织协调能力。所缟的问卷具有较好的信度和效度。结论该问卷基本上能够较为准确地测量出军队基层连队干部的人格特质。     

城市与农村高三学生人格特质及应对方式的状况研究

目的探讨某市区与农村高三学生在应对方式、人格特质是否存在差异。方法采用特质应对方式问卷、艾森克人格问卷简式量表中国版(EPQ-RSC),对市区和农村高中各100名高三学生进行调查。结果城市与农村高三学生①在应对方式上有显著差异,在积极应对(t=2.833,P<0.01)和消极应对(t=-2.552,P<0.05)上均存在显著差异;②在人格特质的精神质(t=-3.113,P<0.01)维度上的有显著差异,在内-外向(t=1.539,P>0.05)、神经质(t=0.603,P>0.05)和掩饰性(t=-1.011,P>0.05)的维度上无显著差异。结论①城市高三学生应对能力高于农村的;②在人格特质中的精神质方面农村高三学生比城市高三学生得分高,更多的表现为孤独、适应性差等,在内、外向、情绪稳定性和问卷效度上没有区域差异。     

湘西少数民族地区初中生人格特质与心理健康的相关研究

为探讨湘西少数民族地区初中生人格特质与心理健康的关系。采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）和卡特尔16种人格因素问卷（16PF）对湘西少数民族地区共834名学生进行调查。结果显示，①男、女生心理健康状况在一些因子上差异有统计学意义。②男、女生在部分个性特质上差异有统计学意义。③乐群性、聪慧性、稳定性等人格特质与心理健康各因子存显著负相关，恃强性、幻想性、世故性等人格特质与心理健康各因子成显著正相关。由此可见湘西少数民族地区初中生人格特质与心理健康相关密切。     

人格特质、网络使用动机与网络成瘾倾向的关系

目的：探讨人格特质、网络使用动机与网络成瘾倾向之间的关系。方法：使用大五人格问卷（NEO-PI-R）、自编的网络使用调查问卷和中文网络成瘾量表（CIAS），调查了207名大、中学生被试。结果：①不同网络成瘾倾向组在经验开放性（O）、宜人性（A）和神经质（N）人格特质上存在显著差异，成瘾倾向与经验开放性、宜人性呈负相关．与神经质呈正相关；②不同网络成瘾倾向组在娱乐动机、学习动机、信息动机和交际动机上存在显著差异，成瘾倾向高者动机更强；③信息上网动机、娱乐上网动机以及神经质人格维度可以对网络成瘾倾向进行有效预测。结论：人格特质、网络使用动机影响网络成瘾倾向。     

中学生的自尊与人格特质的相关性

目的:考察中学生的自尊与人格特质的关系及其性别和年级特点。方法:采用Rosenberg整体自尊量表和小五人格问卷,对北京和西安4所中学1432名中学生进行调查。结果:不同自尊水平的中学生在人格各维度上都具有显著差异,高自尊的学生更外向、宜人、谨慎、情绪更稳定、对经验更开放(F分别为59.104、39.826、185.799、33.913、127.999,P<0.01)。情绪性、开放性和外向性与自尊的相关都比较高(r分别为-0.534、0.424、0.335),宜人性和谨慎性与自尊有较弱的正相关(r分别为0.245、0.217,P<0.01)。男女中学生、中学各年级学生的自尊都主要受到情绪稳定性和开放性的影响(β的范围分别为-0.418--0.509、0.244-0.339,P<0.01),但是在影响中学生自尊的其他人格特点上男女生之间和不同年级之间稍有不同。结论:高自尊的中学生一般具有情绪稳定、经验开放、外向和谨慎尽责的人格特点;中学生的自尊与人格特质的关系具有性别和年级差异。     

湘西少数民族地区初中生人格特质与心理康的相关研究

为探讨湘西少数民族地区初中生人格特质与心理健康的关系.采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)和卡特尔16种人格因素问卷(16PF)对湘西少数民族地区共834名学生进行调查.结果显示,①男、女生心理健康状况在一些因子上差异有统计学意义.②男、女生在部分个性特质上差异有统计学意义.③乐群性、聪慧性、稳定性等人格特质与心理健康各因子存显著负相关,恃强性、幻想性、世故性等人格特质与心理健康各因子成显著正相关.由此可见湘西少数民族地区初中生人格特质与心理健康相关密切.     

美术学生的感觉寻求人格发展比较研究

目的:探讨美术专业学生和普通大学生的感觉寻求人格特质发展差异.方法:将135名美术专业大学生与152名普通大学生的感觉寻求特质进行比较,并在不同性别、年级和专业之间进行多因素方差分析.结果:美术专业大学生的ES、GEN得分明显高于普通大学生,男性间差异小显著,女性间差异在TAS、ES、GEN上显著.不同专业和年级间交互效应在ES、GEN上显著,其中女性被试在TAS、ES、GEN上尤其显著,发展趋势存在差异.结论:美术专业的学习有可能影响感觉寻求人格发展的趋势.     

Role of development in reorganization of the SI forelimb-stump representation in fetally,neonatally, and adult amputated rats

Rats that sustain forelimb removal on postnatal day (P) 0 exhibit numerous multi-unit recording sites in the forelimb-stump representation of primary somatosensory cortex (SI) that also respond to hindlimb stimulation when cortical GABAA+B receptors are blocked. Most of these hindlimb inputs originate in the medial SI hindlimb representation. Although many forelimb-stump sites in these animals respond to hindlimb stimulation, very few respond to stimulation of the face (vibrissae or lower jaw), which is represented in SI just lateral to the forelimb. The lateral to medial development of SI may influence the capacity of hindlimb (but not face) inputs to "invade" the forelimb-stump region in neonatal amputees. The SI forelimb-stump was mapped in adult (>60 days) rats that had sustained amputation on embryonic day (E) 16, on P0, or during adulthood. GABA receptors were blocked and subsequent mapping revealed increases in nonstump inputs in E16 and P0 amputees: fetal amputees exhibited forelimb-stump sites responsive to face (34%), hindlimb (10%), and both (22%); neonatal amputees exhibited 10% face, 39% hindlimb, and 5% both; adult amputees exhibited 10% face, 5% hindlimb, and 0% both, with approximately 80% stump-only sites. These results indicate age-dependent differences in receptive-field reorganization of the forelimb-stump representation, which may reflect the spatiotemporal development of SI. Results from cobalt chloride inactivation of the SI vibrissae region and electrolesioning of the dysgranular cortex suggest that normally suppressed vibrissae inputs to the SI forelimb-stump area originate in the SI vibrissae region and synapse in the dysgranular cortex.     

Cortical reorganization and phantom phenomena in congenital and traumatic upper-extremity amputees

The relationship between phantom limb phenomena and cortical reorganization was examined in five subjects with congenital absence of an upper limb and nine traumatic amputees. Neuromagnetic source imaging revealed minimal reorganization of primary somatosensory cortex in the congenital amputees (M=0.69 cm, SD 0.24) and the traumatic amputees without phantom limb pain (M=0.27 cm, SD 0.25); the amputees with phantom limb pain showed massive cortical reorganization (M=2.22 cm, SD 0.78). Phantom limb pain and nonpainful phantom limb phenomena were absent in the congenital amputees. Whereas phantom limb pain was positively related to cortical reorganization (r=0.87), nonpainful phantom phenomena were not significantly correlated with cortical reorganization (r=0.34). Sensory discrimination was normal and mislocalization (referral of stimulation-induced sensation to a phantom limb) was absent in the congenital amputees. The role of peripheral and central factors in the understanding of phantom limb pain and phantom limb phenomena is discussed in view of these findings. Received: 4 June 1997 / Accepted: 13 September 1997     

Effect of speed on the energy cost of walking in unilateral traumatic lower limb amputees

In this work, the effect of walking speed on the energy expenditure in traumatic lower-limb amputees was studied. The oxygen consumption was measured in 10 transfemoral amputees, 9 transtibial amputees and 13 control subjects, while they stood and walked at different speeds from 0.3 m s(-1) to near their maximum sustainable speed. Standing energy expenditure rate was the same in lower-limb amputees and in control subjects (approximately 1.85 W kg(-1)). On the contrary, during walking, the net energy expenditure rate was 30-60% greater in transfemoral amputees and 0-15% greater in transtibial amputees than in control subjects. The maximal sustainable speed was about 1.2 m s(-1) in transfemoral amputees and 1.6 m s(-1) in transtibial amputees, whereas it was above 2 m s(-1) in control subjects. Among these three groups, the cost of transport versus speed presented a U-shaped curve; the minimum cost increased with the level of amputation, and the speed at which this minimum occurred decreased.     

Level walking and stair climbing gait in above-knee amputees

To evaluate quantitatively the contribution of each muscle to amputee gait during level walking and stair climbing in transfemoral amputees and healthy individuals, gait analysis and electromyography with transfemoral amputees (n = 8) and healthy adults (n = 10) were performed to evaluate muscle balance during each ambulatory task. Time – distance and kinematic parameters by gait analysis were calculated, and the rms EMG of major muscles and hamstring and tibialis anterior coactivity were measured by electromyography. Most kinematic parameters showed no statistical difference between each task, excluding pelvic tilt, pelvic obliquity and hip abduction. Major muscle activities and coactivities of hamstring and tibialis anterior showed that the stair ascent task needed excessive muscle activity compared with the stair descent task and level walking, and that muscle activity and coactivity of amputees were greater than those of healthy individuals, excluding hamstring coactivity during stair ascent (p < 0.05).     

Magnitude and variability of loading on the osseointegrated implant of transfemoral amputees during walking

This study directly measured the load acting on the abutment of the osseointegrated implant system of transfemoral amputees during level walking, and studied the variability of the load within and among amputees. Twelve active transfemoral amputees (age: 54 +/- 12 years, mass: 84.3 +/- 16.3 kg, height: 17.8 +/- 0.10 m) fitted with an osseointegrated implant for over 1 year participated in the study. The load applied on the abutment was measured during unimpeded, level walking in a straight line using a commercial six-channel transducer mounted between the abutment and the prosthetic knee. The pattern and the magnitude of the three-dimensional forces and moments were revealed. Results showed a low step-to-step variability of each subject, but a high subject-to-subject variability in local extrema of body-weight normalized forces and moments and impulse data. The high subject-to-subject variability suggests that the mechanical design of the implant system should be customized for each individual, or that a fit-all design should take into consideration the highest values of load within a broad range of amputees. It also suggests specific loading regime in rehabilitation training are necessary for a given subject. Thus the loading magnitude and variability demonstrated should be useful in designing an osseointegrated implant system better able to resist mechanical failure and in refining the rehabilitation protocol.     

Non-invasive brain stimulation reveals reorganized cortical outputs in amputees

EMG responses to non-invasive electromagnetic brain stimulation (EMS) were recorded from arm muscles of congenital amputees. Responses were obtained with lower thresholds on the amputated than on the intact side and were evoked from a larger cortical area. Contracting muscles showed increased responses to EMS; the increase was more pronounced on the amputated side. Similar findings were obtained in one traumatic amputee who suffered an early amputation, but not in another patient with a late amputation. We conclude that in congenital amputees there is substantial reorganisation of the corticospinal system and that this may also occur in early traumatic cases.     

Preserved grip selection planning in chronic unilateral upper extremity amputees

Upper limb amputees receive no proprioceptive or visual sensory feedback about their absent hand. In this study, we asked whether chronic amputees nevertheless retain the ability to accurately plan gripping movements. Fourteen patients and matched controls performed two grip selection tasks: overt grip selection (OGS), in which they used their intact hand to grasp an object that appeared in different orientations using the most natural (under- or overhand) precision grip, and prospective grip selection (PGS), in which they selected the most natural grip for either hand without moving. We evaluated planning accuracy by comparing concordance between grip preferences expressed in PGS vs. OGS for the intact hand and PGS vs. the inverse of OGS responses for the affected hand. Overall, amputees showed no deficits in the accuracy of grip selection planning based on either hand and a consistent preference for less awkward hand postures. We found no evidence for a speed-accuracy tradeoff. Furthermore, selection accuracy did not depend on phantom mobility, phantom limb pain, time since amputation, or the residual limb’s shoulder posture. Our findings demonstrate that unilateral upper limb amputees retain the ability to plan movements based on the biomechanics of their affected hand even many years after limb loss. This unimpaired representation may stem from persistent higher-level activity-independent internal representations or may be sustained by sensory feedback from the intact hand.     

Mechanical efficiencies of lower-limb amputees rehabilitated with crutches and prostheses

An investigation of the mechanical efficiencies of stair climbing by a group of below-knee amputees fitted with p.t.b. prostheses and another group of lower-limb amputees using crutches was made, and the values were compared with the mechanical efficiency of a group of normal individuals performing the same exercise. The mechanical efficiencies of the first and second group of rehabilitees were, respectively, 20·5% and 48·5% lower than those of normal persons. An attempted comparison of mechanical efficiencies between the p.t.b.-fitted below-knee amputees and normal persons in the performance of a step test failed to reveal any significent differences. The measurement of mechanical efficiency requires a careful choice of the test activity, but shows promise of providing an objective basis for assessments of functional rehabilitation of amputees fitted with different types of prostheses.     

Motor cortical excitability and inhibition in acquired mirror pain

‘Mirror pain’ describes when the observation of another's pain experience induces a personal experience of pain. It has been suggested that mirror pain could result from changes in neural excitability or inhibition. In this study we used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to investigate motor cortical excitability in lower-limb amputees who experience mirror pain. Using paired-pulse TMS to assess motor cortical inhibition (CI) and cortical facilitation (CF), recordings were taken from the right first dorsal interosseus in lower-limb amputees who experience mirror pain (MP+), lower-limb amputees who do not experience mirror pain (MP−), and non-amputee controls. No differences in CI or CF were observed between the MP+ and both control groups. Thus, when not paired with a pain-related stimulus, changes in motor cortical excitability do not appear to contribute to the experience of mirror pain in lower-limb amputees.     

Psychophysiological stress responses in amputees with and without phantom limb pain

The present experiment tested the hypothesis that phantom limb pain amputees show a different pattern of psychophysiological reactivity to stress compared with painfree amputees. Six phantom limb pain (PLP) and five painfree upper-extremity amputees were administered two groups of tasks: stressful and relaxing. The measured dependent variables were skin temperature recorded at both stump and intact site, heart rate, blood pressure, subjective pain and stress ratings. Phantom limb pain patients were characterized by higher stump temperature compared with phantom limb painfree patients. This effect was observed during the whole recording. Consistently with the between-subjects effect, when PLP patients exhibited higher skin temperature (during relaxation, compared with during stressful tasks), they perceived more pain. The experiment showed higher cardiovascular reactivity in PLP patients, specifically to the stressful free-speech task, which focused on recollection of the amputation event. As compared with the painfree patients, during the personal stressor, PLP patients' heart rate and systolic blood pressure increased, indicating a greater sympathetic response. Results indicate that peripheral factors, such as stump temperature reliably differentiate PLP from painfree patients. Moreover, the clear cardiovascular hyperreactivity observed in PLP patients during their report of amputation suggests that PLP is associated with a long-term emotional memory for the painful experience of that event. These results are consistent with most reports in the literature relating phantom pain development to the experience of preamputation pain.