应用体外特异淋巴细胞转化试验辅助诊断药物性急性间质肾炎的过敏药物

用体外特异淋巴细胞转化试验辅助诊断药物性急性间质肾炎过敏药物。结果3例对试验药物呈阳性反应,1例阴性,阴性对照全部阴性。该试验特异、客观、安全,具有临床实用价值。     

急性间质性肾炎肾间质中淋巴细胞亚型分析

分析急性间质肾炎 (AIN)肾间质中浸润的淋巴细胞亚型的意义。方法19例AIN患者根据肾活检前的血清肌酐值 (SCr)分为SCr >5 0 0 μmol/L组 (A组 )及SCr <5 0 0 μmol/L(B组 ) ;根据病人入院 30d时的血清肌酐分为SCr恢复正常组 (Ⅰ组 )及SCr未恢复正常组 (Ⅱ组 )。所有病人行肾穿刺活检 ,肾间质淋巴细胞亚型的检测采用SABC法。结果病理改变均表现为不同程度的间质炎性细胞浸润 ,以淋巴细胞为主 ,淋巴细胞亚型以CD 4 和CD 8细胞居多 ,CD 2 0 细胞较少 ;A组肾间质中的淋巴细胞明显多于B组 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;Ⅱ组间质中CD 4 及CD 8细胞明显多于Ⅰ组 (P <0 .0 1)。结论间质浸润淋巴细胞越多 ,肾功能越差 ,AIN的预后也越差 ;细胞免疫在AIN发病机制中起着重要作用。     

急性脑血管病并发急性肾损伤相关因素分析

目的探讨分析急性脑血管病（ACVD）病人并发急性肾损伤（AKI）的相关因素及预防、干预的有效措施,为临床上及早诊断并合理地制定和调整相应预防和治疗措施提供一定的参考。方法收集入院时无AKI的ACVD病人126例,监测肾功能、离子、尿常规及尿量等相关项目,观察治疗结果和预后情况。入选病人分为观察组（并发AKI组）和对照组（未并发AKI组）,对两组病人的相关临床资料进行比较分析。结果 ACVD并发AKI的发病率为41/126（32.54%）,其中脑出血并发AKI者29例,占全部并发AKI病例数的70.73%;脑梗死并发AKI者12例,占29.27%。观察组死亡率24.39%,其中脑出血7例,大面积脑梗死3例;对照组死亡率5.88%,其中脑出血4例,脑梗死1例。观察组死亡率明显高于对照组。观察组老年（≥60岁）,存在高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症等基础疾病,脑出血,病变位于丘脑,病变范围大,使用相关肾毒性药物病人的比率均高于对照组。结论 ACVD病人可并发AKI,尤其是在脑出血病例中易发生。ACVD并发AKI对病人的预后产生不利影响,死亡率明显升高。ACVD并发AKI不但与性别、年龄和原有基础疾病有关,而且与脑部病变的性质、部位、严重程度以及应用肾毒性药物的剂量和种类等因素密切相关。临床上需要重视上述诸项相关因素,予密切监测和及时有效干预,避免AKI的发生。     

10例新月体肾炎的临床与病理特点分析

目的：分析总结新月体肾炎的临床、病理特点及疗效观察。方法：回顾性分析我科1993～2005年10例经肾活检证实诊断为新月体肾炎患者的临床及其病理资料。结果：10例患者中男6例，女4例，年龄13～67岁，平均（36．6±17．2）岁。10例患者中发病前有呼吸道感染者6例，肠道感染病者1例，体检时发现尿检异常者1例，2例无明显诱因。肾脏受累表现为蛋白尿10例，血尿8例，肾功能损害7例，少尿3例，无尿1例。7例患者均在起病时或短期内出现肾功能衰竭，6例患者需肾脏替代治疗。1例患者以咯血起病，合并高血压9例，贫血7例。病理上均表现为新月体形成〉50％，3例患者可见毛细血管袢坏死。免疫复合物沉积者7例，少或寡免疫复合物沉积者2例，免疫复合物沿肾小球毛细血管襻呈线条样沉积1例。结论：10例新月体肾炎的患者中，明确诊断并积极治疗后，3例肾功能正常，3例患者肾脏损害程度减轻，2例死亡，1例失访，1例维持肾脏替代治疗。     

Effect size comparison of ketorolac nasal spray and commonly prescribed oral combination opioids for pain relief after third molar extraction surgery

Objective: Opioids are frequently used for treatment of moderate to severe short-term pain, but concerns exist about this treatment approach. Ketorolac tromethamine nasal spray, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory, is indicated for the short-term management of moderate to moderately severe pain requiring analgesia at the opioid level. However, there are no direct comparison studies between ketorolac nasal spray and opioids. The objective of this study was to use an effect size analysis to compare the effectiveness of ketorolac nasal spray with oral combination opioid formulations in treating moderate to severe short-term pain.

Methods: An effect size analysis of three randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies of third molar extraction surgery compared pain relief with ketorolac nasal spray and commonly prescribed combination opioids including hydrocodone/acetaminophen (APAP), oxycodone/APAP, oxycodone/ibuprofen and tramadol HCl/APAP. Effect size comparisons were made using total pain relief scores (TOTPAR6 or TOTPAR8; the weighted sum of pain relief scores through 6 or 8 h). Pain relief was measured using a five-point categorical rating scale (0 = none; 4 = complete). The effect size equivalent correlation, r, was determined using an online effect size calculator. The treatment effect size r compared with placebo was classified using established criteria (small = 0.20–0.49, moderate = 0.50–0.79 and large = ≥ 0.80).

Results: TOTPAR6 data indicated a moderate effect size for ketorolac nasal spray 31.5 mg (0.51) and oxycodone/ibuprofen 5/400 mg (0.64) and a small effect size for hydrocodone/APAP 7.5/500 mg (0.24) and oxycodone/APAP 5/325 mg (0.32). TOTPAR8 data indicated small effect sizes for ketorolac nasal spray (0.48), hydrocodone/APAP 10/650 mg (0.43), tramadol HCl/APAP 75/650 mg (0.35) and tramadol HCl/APAP 37.5/325 mg (0.17).

Conclusion: The treatment effect sizes of ketorolac nasal spray were similar to or higher than the opioid comparators after third molar surgery, a well-accepted pain model. These results support ketorolac nasal spray as an effective treatment for moderate to moderately severe short-term pain.     

联合检测尿NGAL、KIM-1对危重患儿急性肾损伤的临床意义

目的:探讨联合检测尿NGAL、KIM-1在判断重症患儿急性肾损伤(AKI)病情及预后中的作用。方法:以我院肾内科、PICU和健康体检儿童为观察对象,分为重症AKI组,重症非AKI组,CKD组和健康对照组,比较各组的血肌酐(sCr)和尿NGAL、尿KIM-1水平。结果:重症AKI组尿NGAL、KIM-1较重症非AKI组、CKD组、健康对照组明显升高(P0.05),重症非AKI组、CKD组、健康对照组各组间差别无统计学意义(P0.05)。尿KIM-1联合尿NGAL的峰值升高倍数和肾预后呈正相关,和CCr呈负相关关系。结论:尿NGAL和尿KIM-1水平与重症患儿AFI严重程度及肾预后有关。     

Acute kidney injury in villous cancer patients treated with vancomycin and tazobactam/piperacillin

In this report, we present a 37‐year‐old woman with villous cancer who developed AKI after co‐administration of VCM and TAZ/PIPC. Trough concentration of VCM reach a toxic level. Finally, she recovered on day 17.     

High-Dose Intravenous Vancomycin Therapy and the Risk of Nephrotoxicity

Purpose

National guidelines recommend higher serum trough concentrations when using vancomycin to treat certain clinical conditions, but there is concern that higher-dose vancomycin therapy causes nephrotoxicity. We evaluated risk factors associated with nephrotoxicity in patients receiving high-dose intravenous vancomycin.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study evaluated the clinical outcome of 80 hospitalized adult patients with normal baseline renal function who received ≥4 g/d of intravenous vancomycin for ≥48 hours between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2011. After abstracting clinical risk factors, we used an analysis by methods of best clinical subsets to develop a multivariable model predicting nephrotoxicity in patients receiving high-dose vancomycin.

Findings

The overall rate of nephrotoxicity in the study population was 6%. Trough concentrations >20 mg/L were identified in a similar proportion of patients who did and did not develop nephrotoxicity. Patients who developed nephrotoxicity trended toward having a lower body mass index, higher daily dose, longer duration of therapy, and greater exposure to intravenous contrast and nephrotoxic medications. In a multivariable model, the combination of intravenous contrast and nephrotoxic medications was a significant predictor of nephrotoxicity, and duration of high-dose vancomycin was a significant confounder.

Implications

Administration of high-dose intravenous vancomycin may have less associated nephrotoxicity than previously reported, although duration of vancomycin therapy may play a role. Concomitant exposure to intravenous contrast and other nephrotoxic medications is a more significant predictor of developing nephrotoxicity than vancomycin dose or trough.     

86例急性肾损伤患者的临床特征及分析

目的 探讨急性肾损伤（AKI）的病因、临床特点及预后。方法 回顾性分析我院86例AKI患者的临床特点。将其分为恢复组（包括肾功能完全恢复及部分恢复）及未恢复组（包括死亡、自动出院及长期透析）,两组年龄、性别、血红蛋白、血白蛋白、血尿酸、基础病（高血压、糖尿病、冠心病等）、少尿发生率、透析率等方面进行分析,并分析患者预后不良的危险因素。结果 86例患者中死亡4例（4.65%）,自动出院13例（15.12%）,长期透析2例（2.33%）,好转67例（77.90%）,病因主要包括：肾前性灌注不足、感染、肾后性梗阻、心功能不全、药物等,其中以肾前性灌注不足及感染为主要原因。两组年龄、性别、血红蛋白、血白蛋白、基础病、透析率方面差异均无统计学意义（P>0.01）,未恢复组血尿酸水平及少尿发生率高于恢复组（P<0.05）。少尿是AKI患者预后不良的独立危险因素。结论 AKI临床发病率及病死率高,肾前性灌注不足及感染是引起AKI的重要原因;少尿是AKI患者预后不良的独立危险因素。     

急性肾衰竭220例临床和预后分析

【目的】总结急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)的病因、临床特征和预后的关系。【方法】对本院2000年1月至2003年12月220例ARF患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。【结果】肾前性ARF为16.4%;单纯肾实质性ARF占56.8%,其中药物引起者占32.8%,病因以氨基糖甙类抗生素多见,碘造影剂占第2位;肾后性ARF高达26.8%。ARF患者病死率为11.4%,6.4%的病人放弃治疗,完全治愈率为40.9%,好转率为41.4%。单因素分析显示:年龄、蛋白尿、器官衰竭数目是影响预后的因素。【结论】小管间质病变和结石梗阻是ARF病人的主要病因,肾前性ARF病死率最高。早期诊断,预防多器官功能衰竭有助于提高ARF患者存活率。     

Proton Pump Inhibitors: Review of Emerging Concerns

First introduced in 1989, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are among the most widely utilized medications worldwide, both in the ambulatory and inpatient clinical settings. The PPIs are currently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the management of a variety of gastrointestinal disorders including symptomatic peptic ulcer disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and nonulcer dyspepsia as well as for prevention of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients receiving antiplatelet therapy. PPIs inhibit gastric acid secretion, and the most commonly associated adverse effects include abdominal pain, diarrhea, and headache. Although PPIs have had an encouraging safety profile, recent studies regarding the long-term use of PPI medications have noted potential adverse effects, including risk of fractures, pneumonia, Clostridium difficile diarrhea, hypomagnesemia, vitamin B₁₂ deficiency, chronic kidney disease, and dementia. These emerging data have led to subsequent investigations to assess these potential risks in patients receiving long-term PPI therapy. However, most of the published evidence is inadequate to establish a definite association between PPI use and the risk for development of serious adverse effects. Hence, when clinically indicated, PPIs can be prescribed at the lowest effective dose for symptom control.     

312例急性肾功能衰竭患者的临床特征与预后的关系

[目的]探讨急性肾功能衰竭(acute renal failure,ARF)的病因特点、治疗情况及其与预后的关系,为临床治疗ARF 提供依据.[方法]回顾性分析312例ARF的临床资料,采用逻辑斯蒂回归分析方法分析各种因素与患者预后的关系.[结果]312例ARF中内科病因引起的占55.4%,其次为外科病因,占29.8%,肿瘤病因占10.9%,儿科和妇产科病因所占的比例较低.老、少患者的病死及未愈率之和均高于青壮年(P＜0.05);少尿型、非少尿型ARF死亡及未愈率合计分别为60.1%和34.7% ,两者相比差异有显著性(P＜0.01);无并发症与合并多脏器功能衰竭的ARF病死及未愈率合计分别为43.9%和90.2% ,两者相比差异有显著性(P＜0.01).[结论]内科病因引起的ARF居首位,其次为外科病因和肿瘤;老、少患者,少尿型患者,合并多脏器功能衰竭患者病死率较高;透析可降低ARF患者的病死率.     

Urinary Biomarkers for Sensitive and Specific Detection of Acute Kidney Injury in Humans

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The lack of sensitive and specific injury biomarkers has greatly impeded the development of therapeutic strategies to improve outcomes of AKI.The unique objective of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of nine urinary biomarkers of AKI—kidney injury molecule‐1 (KIM‐1), neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL), interleukin‐18 (IL‐18), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), cystatin C (Cys), N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase (NAG), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), chemokine interferon‐inducible protein 10 (IP‐10; CXCL10), and total protein—in a cross‐sectional comparison of 204 patients with or without AKI.Median urinary concentrations of each biomarker were significantly higher in patients with AKI than in those without AKI (p < 0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC‐ROC) for the combination of biomarkers using a logic regression model [risk score of 2.93*(NGAL > 5.72 and HGF > 0.17) + 2.93*(PROTEIN > 0.22) −2*(KIM < 0.58)] was greater (0.94) than individual biomarker AUC‐ROCs. Age‐adjusted levels of urinary KIM‐1, NAG, HGF, VEGF, and total protein were significantly higher in patients who died or required renal replacement therapy (RRT) when compared to those who survived and did not require RRT.Our results demonstrate the comparative value of multiple biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of AKI.     

Association of Chronic Insomnia With Mortality and Adverse Renal Outcomes

Objective

To examine whether chronic insomnia is associated with an increased risk of adverse renal outcomes and all-cause mortality.

老年髋部骨折术后发生急性肾损伤的临床特点及危险因素分析

目的 探讨老年髋部骨折术后发生急性肾损伤(AKI)的临床特点及危险因素分析.方法 髋部骨折手术患者470例,根据AKI的诊断标准将患者分为非AKI组(276例)和AKI组(194例).检测两组白细胞(WBC)、红细胞(RBC)、血肌酐(SCr)、血尿素氮(BUN)、白蛋白(ALB)、肾小球滤过率(eGFR)、血红蛋白(...     

Meta-analysis: Methods, strengths, weaknesses, and political uses

The general methodology, strengths and weaknesses, and political uses of meta-analysis are examined. As a systematic study of all studies that have been conducted to answer a specific question or hypothesis, meta-analysis is strong in revealing structural flaws and sources of bias in primary research and in posing promising research questions for future study. It cannot exceed, however, the limits of what is reported by primary researchers. Meta-analysis is particularly challenged to quantify the size of a common effect of treatment across reported trials because of (1) the clinical diversity of the trials and (2) the myriad of potential differences among patients with varying characteristics within the trials. Without access to the original data of reported trials, meta-analysis cannot overcome the bias of underpowered trials toward overstatement of the size of main treatment effects, nor the tendency for such trials to falsely conclude there were no statistically significant adverse events. Although severely compromised by ghost-written or honorary-authored reports of primary research, meta-analysis can make use of its methods to focus on the conflicts of interest and likely sources of bias of such research and make known what precautions should be taken by would-be consumers. Examples show how meta-analysis has clarified thinking about the off-label use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for treating child and adolescent depression, use of low-tidal volume respirator assistance for acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome patients, and the long-term use of COX-2 inhibitors for relieving arthritic pain. Recommendations are made for Congressional action.     

The Incremental Burden of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Long-term Follow-up of a Population-Based Nested Case-Control Study

Objective

To evaluate the long-term survival of patients at similar risk for hospital-acquired acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) who did and did not develop ARDS.