肾移植的血管外科问题探讨(附3例肾移植报告)

目的 :提高肾移植中有关血管的外科合理处理能力。方法 :结合 3例临床肾移植病例和阅读文献 ,总结肾移植中有关血管外科问题与处理方法。结果 :术前应熟练掌握肾血管的解剖和血管变异情况 ;移植受体可直接或用人造血管建立动静脉瘘以便术前充分透析 ;术中合理处理受体髂动脉硬化斑块和髂静脉瓣膜 ;以及掌握良好的血管吻合技术 ;术后彩超检查监护移植肾血管吻合通畅情况。结论 :同种肾移植中应熟练掌握肾血管的解剖 ,血管变异情况 ,肾血管的病理和血管外科技术。     

三维可视化联合3D打印在Bismuth-Corlette III、IV型肝门部胆管癌个体化精准外科治疗中的应用

目的 探讨三维可视化3D打印在Bismuth-Corlette Ⅲ、Ⅳ型肝门部胆管癌个体化精准外科治疗中的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析南方医科大学珠江医院肝胆外科2016年5月~2019年3月在三维可视化3D打印指导下10例肝门部胆管癌外科手术治疗患者。收集患者薄层CT数据,进行三维重建后打印3D模型,观察肿瘤与肝内胆管、肝动脉、门静脉和肝静脉系统的三维立体关系,进行术前模拟手术并制定手术方案,将3D打印模型带入手术室进行术中实时导航,指导手术治疗。结果 10例患者均成功构建三维可视化打印3D模型,进行 Bismuth-Corlette三维可视化分型：Ⅲa型4例、Ⅲb型4例、Ⅳ型2例,其中门静脉变异4例,肝动脉变异3例。门静脉“三分叉”变异2例;“工字型”变异1例;1例罕见的门静脉右前支缺如变异;2例既有门静脉变异又出现肝动脉变异。肝动脉变异3例,1例肝左动脉起自胃左动脉,2例肝右动脉起自肠系膜上动脉。其中Ⅲb型4例行左半肝切除术; Ⅲa型4例行右半肝切除;Ⅳ型1例行围肝门区域切除,1例行左半肝切除术。此组患者术前三维可视化3D打印模型及术前规划与术中情况均一致。手术时间452±75.12 min,术中出血量356±62.35 mL,术后住院时间15±4.61 d。术后出现胆漏1例,少量胸 腔积液3例,经通畅引流及内科治疗后康复出院,围手术期无肝功能衰竭及死亡病例。结论 三维可视化联合3D打印对Bismuth-Corlette Ⅲ、Ⅳ肝门部胆管癌进行准确的术前评估、手术规划,优化手术方案,尤其在肝内血管变异情况下,有助于提高手术安全性,降低手术风险。     

双能量CT增强扫描对缺血性肠病的诊断价值

目的:探讨双能量CT(DECT)对诊断缺血性肠病的临床价值。方法:回顾性分析29例经临床证实的急性肠缺血患者的双能量CT表现。所有患者均行双源双能量CT增强检查,包括动脉期、门脉期、平衡期及虚拟平扫、后处理血管重建;24例行DSA检查及介入治疗;5例行肠部分切除手术。结果:应用DECT血管重建技术诊断肠系膜上静脉血栓形成12例、肠系膜上动脉栓塞9例、肠系膜上动脉狭窄7例、肠系膜上动脉痉挛1例。本组29例均获得外科手术或DSA介入诊疗证实。肠系膜动脉血栓形成时,肠壁可有强化相对减弱;肠系膜静脉血栓形成时,肠管管壁肿厚、肠系膜水肿、腹腔积液;肠壁气肿只见于全层坏死,而其它征象均可见于不同病因、不同程度的肠缺血。结论:DECT能准确诊断缺血性肠病的原因,并有助于判断缺血的程度,减少临床误诊误治。     

体质量指数在成人胡桃夹现象中的诊断价值

目的探讨体质量指数(BMI)在成人胡桃夹现象中的诊断价值。方法应用彩色多普勒超声诊断仪,对756例血尿、蛋白尿成人患者进行左肾静脉受压情况的检查。结果在确诊为胡桃夹的262病例中,BMI≤18.5者215例,占82.06%。结论BMI越低,出现胡桃夹现象的概率越大,应重视BMI在成人胡桃夹现象中的诊断价值。     

Multiple variations of the right renal vessels

Multiple variations of the right renal and testicular vessels were found during routine dissection in a 65-year-old male cadaver. The cadaver was healthy and did not have any other anomalies. The variations found were: presence of three right renal arteries, origin of the right inferior suprarenal artery from the middle right renal artery, two right renal veins, origin of the right testicular artery from the inferior right renal artery and the termination of the right testicular vein into the right renal vein. A sound knowledge of vascular variations in relation to the right kidney and right suprarenal gland is important in kidney transplantation and suprarenal surgery.     

MSCTA三维重建技术对肾动脉的解剖学研究及临床应用价值

目的:通过多排螺旋CT血管造影（multislice spiral CT angiography,MSCTA）三维重建成像技术,找寻肾动脉的解剖及变异规律,为肾脏手术提供有意义的解剖学参考资料。方法:回顾性分析行肾动脉MSCTA检查且泌尿系统无重大病变50例病人的影像学资料,观察肾动脉起源位置与椎体的位置关系,对比左右肾动脉与腹主动脉夹角的大小及肾动脉变异情况。结果:97%的肾动脉开口于第一腰椎椎体上1/3至第二腰椎椎体下1/3。伴有副肾动脉的主肾动脉直径测量值明显小于单支肾动脉的测量值（P<0.01）。左侧θ夹角明显大于右侧θ夹角（P<0.01）。50例中有24例（48%）出现肾动脉变异情况,左右侧出现肾动脉变异例数相当。变异肾动脉32支,起源于腹主动脉23支,肾动脉门前分支9支。结论:MSCTA检查能立体直观地显示肾动脉解剖及其变异情况,根据其影像检查结果能为肾脏相关手术提供解剖学参考。     

髂静脉受压综合征的腔内治疗

Background  Iliac vein compression syndrome (IVCS), the symptomatic compression of the left common iliac vein between the right common iliac artery and the vertebrae, is not an uncommon condition. The aim of this research was to retrospectively evaluate long-term outcome and the significance of endovascular treatment in patients with left IVCS. 

Methods  Between January 1997 and September 2008, 296 patients received interventional therapy in the left common iliac vein. In the second stage, 170 cases underwent saphenous vein high ligation and stripping. Two hundred and thirty-one cases were followed up over a period of 6 to 120 months (average 46 months) and evaluated for symptom improvement with color ultrasound and ascending venography.

Results  The stenotic or occlusive segments of the left iliac vein were successfully dilated in 285 cases, of whom 272 received stent implantation therapy. Most of the patients achieved satisfactory results on discharge. During the follow-up period, varicose veins were alleviated in 98.7% of the patients, and leg swelling disappeared or was obviously relieved in 84% of cases. About 85% of leg ulcers completely healed. The total patency rate was 91.7% as evaluated with color ultrasound and 91.5% with ascending venography.

Conclusions  Endovascular treatment of IVCS provides effective symptomatic improvement and good long-term patency in most patients.

     

“胡桃夹”现象在正常儿童人群中的百分比及临床意义

目的 探讨“胡桃夹”现象在正常儿童人群中出现的百分比及临床意义.方法 回顾性分析2012年1月至2016年3月在重庆医科大学附属儿童医院放射科因非肾脏相关疾病行CT血管成像(computed tomographic angiography,CTA)检查的儿童腹部CTA影像及临床资料,共246例,男131例,女115例;年龄范围1月～＜13.0岁,平均年龄(4.94±3.48)岁;所有儿童均除外左肾及左肾静脉相关疾病与变异,尿常规检查未见异常.按年龄分为7组:婴儿期(1月～＜1.0岁)为l组,其他1.0～＜13.0岁儿童以两岁为间隔分为6组.在CTA图像上,以同时具有左肾门部左肾静脉最大内径(D2)≥3倍腹主动脉与肠系膜上动脉间的左肾静脉内径(D1)以及腹主动脉与肠系膜上动脉之间的夹角(aortomesentericangle,AMA) ＜45°为标准,判断是否存在“胡桃夹”现象,分析“胡桃夹”现象在正常儿童人群出现的百分比,以及AMA的变化.结果 246例中,34例(13.82％)出现“胡桃夹”现象,婴儿组出现百分比为0％,余下各组百分比依次为5.77％(3/52),12.20％(5/41),16.67％ (8/48),18.75％(6/32),23.81％(5/21),28.00％ (7/25),各年龄组“胡桃夹”现象出现的百分比存在显著的等级趋势性增高差异(x2=13.879,P＜0.01),年龄越大出现百分比相对越高,而AMA随年龄的增大逐渐变小.结论 “胡桃夹”现象在正常儿童人群出现的百分比约为13.82％,其可以作为一种正常的解剖变异出现在一部分正常儿童中,正确认识这一现象可避免将其过度诊断为“胡桃夹”综合征.     

活动平板运动试验avR导联ST段抬高对左冠状动脉病变的诊断价值

目的:探讨活动平板运动试验avR导联ST段抬高对左冠状动脉病变的诊断价值.方法:选择82例活动平板运动试验阳性的冠心病病人,根据是否伴有avR导联ST段抬高≥0.01 mV分为2组,其中ST段抬高组42例,无ST段抬高组40例,所有病人同时进行冠状动脉造影(CAG).结果:ST段抬高组CAG阴性3例,阳性39例;无ST段抬高组CAG阴性4例,阳性36例.ST段抬高组左前降支近端发生率为58.97％,高于无ST段抬高组的33.33％(P<0.05);而左前降支远端病变发生率为5.13％,低于无ST段抬高组的50.00％(P<0.01).ST段抬高组左主干、右冠状动脉和三支病变发生率与无ST段抬高组差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).avR导联ST段抬高组CAG阳性时对左主干病变阳性预测值为70.00％;如将左主干与左前降支近端合并,则阳性预测值为90.91％.结论:活动平板运动试验阳性并伴avR导联ST段抬高≥0.01 mV,对左冠状动脉病变有较高的诊断价值.     

探讨胡桃夹的彩色超声诊断标准

目的：应用彩色超声对胡桃夹血流动力学研究以探讨其超声诊断的指标。方法：对患者组、对照组各40例分别检测左肾静脉受压段、扩张段血流速度,并检测患者组双肾主肾动脉的血流速度、阻力指数及内径,并对各参数进行对照分析。结果：胡桃夹患者平卧位时左肾静脉受压段、扩张段的阈值分别为：Va≥94cm/s,Vb≤16cm/s,左肾主肾动脉的收缩期血流速度、舒张期血流速度较右侧减慢,左肾主肾动脉阻力指数较对侧增高。结论：胡桃夹患者左肾静脉受压段、扩张段血流速度改变及左肾动脉血流动力学改变为超声诊断该病提供了较有意义的依据。     

Preliminary clinical application using 3D time-resolved imaging of contrast-enhanced MR angiography of contrast kinetics （3D-TRICKS）i

Objective：To introduce a new better contrast-enhanced MR angiographic metnod, named 3D time-resolved imaging of contrast kinetics （3D-TRICKS）. Methods： TRICKS is a high temporal resolution （2-6 s） MR angiographic technique using a short TR（4 ms） and TE（1.5 ms）, partial echo sampling, in which central part of k-space is updated more frequently than the peripheral part. TRICKS pre-contrast mask 3D images are firstly scanned, and then the bolus injecting of Gd-DTPA, 15-20 sequential 3D images are acquired. The reconstructed 3D images, subtraction of contrast 3D images with mask images, are conceptually similar to a catheter-based intra-arterial digital subtraction angiographic series （DSA）. Thirty patients underwent contrast-enhanced MR angiography using 3D-TRICKS. Results： Totally 12 vertebral arteries were well displayed on TRICKS, in which 7 were normal, 1 demonstrated bilateral vertebral artery stenosis, 4 had unilateral vertebral artery stenosis and 1 was accompanied with the same lateral carotid artery bifurcation stenosis. Four cases of bilateral renal arteries were normal, 1 transplanted kidney artery showed as normal and 1 transplanted kidney artery showed stenosis. 2 cerebral arteries were normal, 1 had sagittal sinus thrombosis and 1 displayed intracranial arteriovenous malformation. 3 pulmonary arteries were normal, 1 showed pulmonary artery thrombosis and 1 revealed pulmonary sequestration＇s abnormal feeding artery and draining vein. One left lower limb fibrolipoma showed feeding artery. One displayed radial-ulnar artery artificial fistula stenosis. One revealed left antebrachium hemangioma. Conclusion： TRICKS can clearly delineate most body vascular system and reveal most vascular abnormality. It possesses convenience and high successful rate, which make it the first choice of displaying most vascular abnormality.     

肾移植术中肾缺血事件的诊断及治疗(附27例报告)

目的 探讨肾移植术中急性移植肾缺血的诊断和治疗.方法 总结27例肾移植术中急性移植肾缺血患者的临床资料.结果 27例肾移植术中肾缺血事件病因:血管痉挛11例,其中肾外动脉痉挛5例,肾内血管痉挛6例;肾血流灌注不足6例,肾动脉狭窄1例.肾动脉血栓2例,肾静脉血栓1例,肾动,静脉扭转3例;肾动脉内膜损伤2例,超急性排斥反应1例.2例肾动/静脉血栓溶栓治疗成功.4例(肾动脉狭窄1例、肾动脉血栓1例、肾动脉内膜损伤2例1术中切取移植肾二次灌注再吻合成功.1例超急性排斥反应,切除术后病理证实.其余病例经抗凝、解痉、升压、调整移植肾位置等治疗缓解.1例术后因急性排斥并移植肾破裂手术切除.余25例中22例人肾存活良好,3例移植.肾因慢性移植物肾病而失功.8例发生肾小管坏死.急性排斥4例,用甲泼尼龙或抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(ATGl治疗后3例逆转.结论 肾移植术中发生移植肾缺血,及时准确判断原因和及时恢复血供,与移植肾的存活率密切相关.     

大鼠肾移植模型建立方法与比较

目的 :比较不同术式大鼠同种异体肾移植模型建立的方法。方法 :用五种不同的方法建立 10 0例大鼠肾移植模型 ,对其技术复杂性、吻合时间及血栓形成率三方面进行比较。结果 ::采用动脉、输尿管端端吻合、静脉cuff套管法吻合建立的模型吻合技术较简单 ,平均吻合时间 30min ,血栓形成率低。结论 :动脉、输尿管端端吻合 ,静脉套管法吻合为较理想的大鼠肾移植模型建立方法。     

基于UroMedix-3D系统的人体肾脏结构三维重建及其对肾脏手术的指导

目的探索利用Uromedix-3D肾脏三维重建软件快速准确获取肾脏三维立体图像来指导泌尿外科手术的可行性。方法 获取2015年12月~2018年10月我院肾脏病变患者肾脏增强CT薄层原始数据，利用自主研发的Uromedix-3D系统分别重建出 正常肾脏组织、血管、集合系统及病变组织的三维立体可视化结构，并对各结构进行测量实现解剖结构关系数据化用于指导手 术。结果完成三维重建工作173例，重建时长为31.24±2.012 min，其中肾肿瘤147例（84.9%），肾肿瘤左右侧分布无明显差别， 肾肿瘤合并瘤栓2例，其余病种包括UPJO、肾结石、腹膜后肿物等。完成肾动脉重建工作170例，最精确达到7级动脉分支，5级 动脉分支及其以上有109例（64%）；其中共发现肾动脉变异37例，包括副肾动脉24例、2支及以上肾动脉13例。完成静脉重建 工作共164例，最精确达到4级静脉分支，2级静脉分支及以上共138例（84%）。结论Uromedix-3D系统利用增强CT原始数据 能够准确、高效重建人体肾脏及病变组织的三维立体结构，为术前充分了解病变空间解剖关系及术前规划提供客观依据。     

Preliminary clinical application of contrast-enhanced MR angiography using 3D time-resolved imaging of contrast kinetics (3D-TRICKS)

Objective:To introduce a new better contrast-enhanced MR angiographic method, named 3D time-resolved imaging of contrast kinetics (3D-TRICKS). Methods: TRICKS is a high temporal resolution (2-6 s) MR angiographic technique using a short TR(4 ms) and TE(1. 5 ms), partial echo sampling, in which central part of k-space is updated more frequently than the peripheral part. TRICKS pre-contrast mask 3D images are firstly scanned, and then the bolus injecting of Gd-DTPA. 15-20 sequential 3D images are acquired. The reconstructed 3D images, subtraction of contrast 3D images with mask images, are conceptually similar to a catheter-based intra-arterial digital subtraction angiographic series (DSA). Thirty patients underwent contrast-enhanced MR angiography using 3D-TRICKS. Results: Totally 12 vertebral arteries were well displayed on TRICKS, in which 7 were normal, 1 demonstrated bilateral vertebral artery stenosis, 4 had unilateral vertebral artery stenosis and 1 was accompanied with the same lateral carotid artery bifurcation stenosis. Four cases of bilateral renal arteries were normal, 1 transplanted kidney artery showed as normal and 1 transplanted kidney artery showed stenosis. 2 cerebral arteries were normal, 1 had sagittal sinus thrombosis and 1 displayed intracranial arteriovenous malformation. 3 pulmonary arteries were normal, 1 showed pulmonary artery thrombosis and 1 revealed pulmonary sequestration's abnormal feeding artery and draining vein. One left lower limb fibrolipoma showed feeding artery. One displayed radial-ulnar artery artificial fistula stenosis. One revealed left antebrachium heman-gioma. Conclusion: TRICKS can clearly delineate most body vascular system and reveal most vascular abnormality. It possesses convenience and high successful rate, which make it the first choice of displaying most vascular abnormality.     

Clinical significance of hepatic artery variations originating from the superior mesenteric artery in abdominal tumor surgery

Background Hepatic artery variations are frequent clinical occurrences.The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristic course of variant hepatic arteries originating from the superior mesen...     

端端吻合技术建立SD-Wistar大鼠肾移植模型

目的 采用端端吻合技术建立稳定的SD-Wistar大鼠肾移植模型。方法 SPF级雄性SD及Wistar大鼠各60只,供体采用SD大鼠,受体采用Wistar大鼠,取左肾作为供肾,受体切除左肾进行原位肾移植,并保留自身右肾,供体肾动脉、肾静脉及输尿管均与受体Wistar大鼠进行端端吻合,管腔均采用间断缝合。结果 本实验每例SD-Wistar肾移植模型总手术时间约为105.54±20.63min,血管吻合时间约为20.42±5.81min,输尿管吻合时间约为5.21±2.42min。移植肾的热缺血时间约为11.24±3.52s,冷缺血时间约为40.35±8.52min。本组共进行SD-Wistar肾移植模型60例,术中发现肾动脉血栓形成2例;术后24h内死亡1例,成功率达95.00%。结论 采用端端吻合技术可成功建立SD-Wistar大鼠肾移植模型。     

肾脏525例腹腔镜手术肾血管变异分析

目的 观察并分析腹腔镜肾脏手术肾血管变异情况,提高腹腔镜肾脏手术的安全性.方法 统计北京大学第一医院泌尿外科2004年1月至2008年6月接受腹腔镜肾切除术或肾部分切除术的525例患者.其中男316例,女209例,平均年龄(58±13)岁.手术均为腹膜后途径,通过术中腹腔镜的观察和操作,对肾脏动脉、静脉的变异情况进行记录和分析.结果 525例患者中有58例存在肾脏血管变异(11.0%,58/525).18例患者单侧具有2支肾动脉(3.4%,18/525),10例患者有2支肾静脉(1.9%,10/525),1例患者有3支肾静脉,3例患者同时具有双肾动脉、双肾静脉.25例患者有副肾动脉(4.8%,25/525),其中19例(76.0%,19/25)患者的副肾动脉走向肾上极.1例患者的左侧精索静脉与肾静脉直径相当,二者与腰静脉同时汇入下腔静脉.结论 肾动脉的变异较肾静脉常见.副肾动脉出现率较高,多走向肾上极.在腹腔镜肾脏手术中,应对肾血管变异引起高度重视.

Abstract：

Objective To study the variation of renal vessels with retroperitoneal laparoscopy so as to increase the safety of retroperitoneal laparoscopic surgeries.Methods A total of 525 patients underwent retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy or partial nephrectomy at our hospital between January 2004 and June 2008.There were 316 males and 209 females with a mean age of (58 ± 13) years old.The procedures were as follows:(1) patients lay on one side with their waist up and the retroperitoneal cavity was established with our institutional method;(2) gerota's fascia was separated widely along the ventral surface of major psoas muscle;(3) the tissues around renal arteries and veins were isolated by ultrasonic scalpel.Careful observation was performed to explore if there were duplicated or accessory renal vessels;(4) renal vessels were cut by Endo-GIA/Hem-o-lok or blocked by bulldog clamps;(5) whole or partial kidney was finally resected (remaining procedures omitted).Results Among all patients,58 patients (11.0% ,58/525) had a variation of renal vessels.There were double renal arteries on one side (n = 18) ,double renal veins (n = 10),3 renal veins (n = 1) and double arteries and veins on one side (n =3).Twenty-five patients (4.8%,25/525) had one accessory renal artery on one side while 19 (76.0% ,19/25) accessory renal arteries went toward the upper kidney pole.The diameter of one patient's left spermatic vein was similar with that of renal vein and they were joined by lumber vein.Conclusion The variation of renal artery is more common than that of renal vein.The accessory renal arteries are common and usually go toward the upper kidney pole.The variation of renal vessels should be considered before and during a laparoscopic procedure.     

超声引导经皮肾脏穿刺组织活检的临床应用

目的 探讨超声引导经皮肾脏穿刺组织活检的注意事项及对肾脏疾病的临床应用价值.方法 对320例肾脏疾病患者在超声引导经皮肾脏穿刺组织活检的成功率、不良反应及临床应用价值进行分析与评价.结果 320例肾脏活检取材670条,取材成功率99.0％,均能达到临床病理检查要求,在穿刺初期有4例出现血肿,穿刺后有16例肉眼血尿,总并发症发生率为6.3％,均无明显感染、大出血、肾周脏器损害等严重并发症发生.结论 超声引导经皮肾脏穿刺组织活检对了解肾脏疾病的病理类型,指导临床治疗及判断疾病预后有重要意义,超声引导是穿刺成功的关键.