颅脑伤合并吸入性肺损伤患者肺组织细胞凋亡的研究

目的　探讨肺组织细胞凋亡在颅脑伤合并吸入性肺损伤患者病理过程中的作用。方法　重型闭合性颅脑外伤死亡患者 11例 ,格拉斯哥昏迷评分 (GCS)为 3～ 8分。明确诊断后归入并发吸入性肺损伤组(AIL I组 ,5例 )和无吸入性肺损伤组 (NAIL I组 ,6例 ) ,采用放射免疫方法检测患者血浆肿瘤坏死因子 α(TNFα)及白细胞介素 8(IL 8)水平 ,并对其尸体肺组织进行病理观察及细胞凋亡原位检测。结果　NAIL I组及 AIL I组血浆 TNFα水平分别为 (2 .17± 0 .4 1) μg/L 与 (3.14± 0 .2 8) μg/L;血浆 IL 8水平分别为 (0 .4 2± 0 .0 5 ) μg/L 与 (0 .91± 0 .0 8) μg/L(P均 <0 .0 5 ) ;与 NAIL I组相比 ,AIL I组肺组织细胞凋亡率明显增高 (P<0 .0 1)。结论　肺组织细胞凋亡在颅脑伤合并吸入性肺损伤患者病理过程中可能具有重要作用。     

肝移植术后危重患者血浆脂质过氧化物的变化及意义

目的　研究肝移植患者术后血浆中脂质过氧化物 (L PO)与术后病情变化的关系。方法　测定了18例肝移植患者术后 2 1d内血浆中 L PO的水平 ,分析其与预后的关系。结果　血浆 L PO在病情明显恶化前有所升高 ,尤其在死亡组患者持续升高 ,其升高的峰值明显高于存活患者 ,血浆 L PO峰值超过 10 μmol/L 的患者死亡几率 (5 /6 )高于血浆 L PO峰值低于 10 μmol/L 的患者 (1/12 ) ,两组病死率差异有显著性意义(P<0 .0 1) ,血浆 L PO日变化率超过 1.2 μmol· L- 1· d- 1的患者死亡几率 (4/5 )高于血浆 L PO日变化率低于 1.2 μmol· L- 1· d- 1的患者 (2 /13) ,两组病死率差异有显著性意义 (P<0 .0 1)。结论　术后检测血浆 L PO对正确判断患者病情危重程度有重要的临床价值 ,可作为常规检查。     

重型颅脑损伤患者血β-内啡肽含量的变化及纳洛酮的拮抗作用

目的 :探讨重型颅脑损伤患者血 β 内啡肽 (β EP)含量的变化及纳洛酮的拮抗作用。方法 :将 4 5例重型颅脑损伤患者分为 2组 :治疗组 2 3例 ,对照组 2 2例。治疗组在各项常规治疗基础上 ,于入院当日开始静脉给盐酸纳洛酮注射液 8m g,连续 2日 ;对照组仅用常规治疗 ,入院 2日内不使用纳洛酮。另选轻中型颅脑损伤患者 2 3例 (不使用纳洛酮 )作为对照参考。于入院后第 2日及第 3日晨取血测定β EP含量。结果 :伤后第 2日重型治疗组血β EP为 (119.96± 6 6 .31) ng/L ,第 3日为 (2 14 .78± 16 9.2 4 ) ng/L ,P<0 .0 1;重型对照组则分别为 (174 .2 2± 117.77) ng/L 和 (93.33± 6 2 .2 2 ) ng/L,P<0 .0 5。轻中型治疗组第 2日为 (10 1.0 8± 5 0 .82 ) ng/L,与重型对照组第 2日有显著差异 (P<0 .0 5 )。结论 :1重型颅脑损伤患者血 β EP含量较轻中型明显增高 ;2纳洛酮对 β EP受体有竞争性拮抗作用 ;3对重型颅脑损伤患者应早期、足量应用盐酸纳洛酮     

血清S100B蛋白急诊筛查儿童轻型头部外伤的应用研究

目的 评估血清S100B蛋白对轻型头部外伤患儿颅脑CT阳性病例的筛查价值.方法 以5～15岁轻型头部创伤患儿50例为研究对象,在伤后1～8 h内进行CT扫描并检测血清S100B蛋白浓度,以CT检查是否发现颅骨或颅内损伤分为CT阳性组(n=20)和CT阴性组(n=30),比较两组血清S100B蛋白浓度差异;以血清S100B蛋白检测值＞0.080 μg/L为筛查标准,分析其特异度和敏感度.结果 两组血清S100B蛋白浓度差异有统计学意义(t=3.518,P＜0.01);以检测值＞0.080 μg/L为阳性标准,两组阳性发生率差异有统计学意义(P=0.02),筛查出颅脑损伤的敏感度为80%,特异度为50%.结论 创伤早期血清S100B蛋白检测对儿童轻型头部外伤中的颅脑CT阳性病例有较大筛查价值,但特异度不高.     

亚低温对颅脑损伤后血清S-100β蛋白含量影响的实验研究

目的　观察亚低温治疗对颅脑损伤后患者血清S - 10 0 β蛋白含量变化的影响 ,揭示亚低温保护脑的可能机制。方法　 4 6例重型颅脑损伤患者随机分成常温治疗组和亚低温治疗组 ,分别予以常温治疗和亚低温治疗。两组均于伤后 6h、2 4h、3d、7d等各时间点测定血清S - 10 0 β蛋白含量 ,并与 10名健康成年人正常对照组血清S - 10 0 β蛋白含量比较 ,观察亚低温治疗后颅脑损伤患者血清S - 10 0 β蛋白含量的变化。 结果　①伤后各时间点两组颅脑损伤患者血清S - 10 0 β蛋白含量明显高于正常对照组 (P <0 0 1) ,但两组间S - 10 0 β蛋白含量在伤后 6h无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 )。②亚低温治疗后各时点亚低温治疗组血清S - 10 0 β蛋白含量低于常温治疗组 ,且差异有统计学意义 (P <0 0 1) ,而且出院时预后也较常温治疗组为佳。结论　亚低温治疗能够降低颅脑损伤患者血清S - 10 0 β含量 ,其脑保护作用可能与亚低温能减轻S - 10 0 β蛋白介导的损伤性脑细胞炎症反应有关     

血清S100B检测在急性颅脑损伤预后评估中的临床价值

目的探讨血清S100B在急性颅脑损伤预后评估的临床应用价值.方法以电化学发光免疫法检测77例急性颅脑损伤患者伤后3 h内的血清S100B含量,以扩展Glasgow结果评分评价其伤后6个月的康复情况,并对两者的关系进行受试者操作特性分析.结果血清S100B含量低于0.42 μg/L者预后良好,其敏感度为78.8%,特异度为88.9%.结论血清S100B可以用作评估急性颅脑损伤预后的神经化学标志物.     

急性硬膜下血肿厚度与中线偏移关系的临床分析

目的　研究成年重型颅脑损伤患者首次头颅CT检查中急性硬膜下血肿的血肿厚度 (HT)与中线偏移 (MLS)关系的临床意义。方法　收集 86例诊断急性硬膜下血肿的成年重型颅脑损伤患者 ,分析伤后首次CT检查中HT与MLS的关系对治疗方案选择及预后的影响。结果　HT≥MLS组 5 2例 ,死亡 2 6例 ;HT 相似文献   

肝移植术前测定氧自由基相关指标在预后判别中的价值

目的 :研究肝移植患者术前体内氧自由基的相关指标及与预后的关系。方法 :测定了 18例肝移植患者术前血浆中脂质过氧化物 (LPO)、总抗氧化能力 (TAC)、一氧化氮 (NO)、总胆红素 (T BIL ) ,分析其与预后的关系。结果 :死亡组血浆 L PO(17.13± 4.16)μmol/ L ,明显高于存活组 (7.97± 3 .5 2 )μmol/ L (P<0 .0 5 ) ,存活组血浆 TAC(3 8.0 5± 19.13 ) k U / L ,高于死亡组 (3 2 .5 4± 3 .0 7) k U/ L,但无显著性差异 (P>0 .0 5 ) ;存活组血浆NO (5 0 .46± 19.5 4)μmol/ L,死亡组 (5 0 .80± 14 .80 )μmol/ L ,无显著性差异 (P>0 .0 5 ) ;死亡组血 T BIL(4 2 5 .98± 2 14 .18) μmol/ L,明显高于存活组 (172 .10± 14 4.3 2 ) μmol/ L(P<0 .0 5 )。从结果筛选出对判断预后有意义的指标为血浆 LPO和血浆 TAC,建立根据术前检验指标预测术后死亡与存活的判别函数式分别为 :Y1 =0 .3 2 90 X1 + 0 .0 998X2 ,3 .90 40 ,Y2 =1.3 5 2 0 X2 -0 .0 5 0 0 X2 -11.464 0 (其中 X1 为血浆 LPO,X2 为血浆 TAC) ;判别方程对存活组判别正确率为 10 0 .0 % ,对死亡组判别正确率为 83 .3 % ,总的判别正确率为94.4%。结论 :术前检测血浆 LPO和 TAC能较正确判断患者的死亡危险程度 ,可作为术前常规检查。判别方程判别     

精神分裂症患者血浆S-100b蛋白的研究

目的　研究血浆S 10 0b蛋白浓度与精神分裂症的关系。方法　 5 7例 (男 2 7例 )符合CCMD 2 R及ICD 10的精神分裂症诊断标准的病人 ,于治疗前、第 12w末评定PANSS量表 ,并同时采集血标本。血浆S 10 0b蛋白测定用ELISA。以正常人6 0例为对照。结果　 (1) 5 7例患病组中有 2 9例 (5 0 .9%)S 10 0b浓度高于参考值 ,与对照组 (1.6 7%高于参考值 )之间的差异极显著 (经 χ2 检验 ,P <0 .0 0 5 )。精神分裂症患者治疗前S 10 0b浓度 (0 .119± 0 .0 5 9μg/L)及治疗后浓度 (0 .117± 0 .0 5 7μg/L)均明显高于正常对照组 (0 .0 6 7± 0 .0 2 2 μg/L) (t1=6 .35 9,P1<0 .0 0 1;t2 =6 .333,P2 <0 .0 0 1) ,且治疗前的浓度显著高于治疗后 (t=2 .32 3,P =0 .0 2 4)。 (2 )治疗前S 10 0b蛋白浓度与PANSS总分呈正相关 (r =0 .2 6 9,P =0 .0 43) ,与PANSS的N(阴性症状 )分量表也呈正相关 (r =0 .30 6 ,P =0 .0 2 1)。结论　精神分裂症患者血浆S 10 0b蛋白浓度明显升高 ,精神症状越严重 ,S 10 0b浓度越高 ,血浆S 10 0b水平演变可能有助于监测精神分裂症的病情变化。精神分裂症患者可能存在中枢神经系统受损。     

重症监护病房颅脑损伤患者细胞因子检测的意义

目的 探讨急性颅脑损伤患者脑脊液（CSF）及血清内皮素-1（ET-1）、白介素-1β（IL-1β）、白介素-6（IL-6）含量改变及其临床意义.方法 36例急性颅脑损伤患者和19例对照组以GCS评分分组（GCS≤12分为中/重型颅脑损伤组、GCS〉12分为轻度颅脑损伤组）,采用双抗体夹心（ELISA）法对患者CSF和血清的ET-1、IL-1β、IL-6浓度进行检测.结果 颅脑损伤组ET-1浓度在血清中（79.99±33.98 μg/L）明显高于对照组（32.34±10.64 μg/L）（P〈0.001）;在CSF中（31.49±12.28 μg/L）浓度也显著高于对照组（15.67±7.72 μg/L）（P〈0.001）.同时,颅脑损伤组血清IL-1β浓度为8.78±4.03 μg/L,显著高于对照组（3.91±1.10 μg/L）（P〈0.001）;颅脑损伤组CSF IL-1β浓度为7.40±3.84 μg/L,也明显高于对照组（2.40±1.13 μg/L）（P〈0.001）.另外,颅脑损伤组血清IL-6浓度为4.02±1.59 μg/L,明显高于对照组（1.76±0.65 μg/L）（P〈0.001）;颅脑损伤组CSF中IL-6浓度（4.57±1.99 μg/L）也高于对照组（1.90±0.78 μg/L）（P〈0.001）.综合分析所有标本发现脑脊液中IL-6含量高于血清,二者差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.结论 ET-1、IL-1β、IL-6可能在急性颅脑损伤患者病程中起着重要作用.     

Elevated serum levels of S-100beta protein and neuron-specific enolase are associated with brain injury in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock

OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether serum levels of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S-100beta protein could be used to evaluate cerebral injury and to predict outcome in severe sepsis and severe septic shock. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: University hospital. PATIENTS AND MEASUREMENTS: In 170 consecutively enrolled patients with severe sepsis and septic shock, serum S-100beta and NSE were measured daily during four consecutive days after intensive care unit admission. Admission Glasgow Coma Scale before sedation and daily Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores were recorded in all patients. Acute encephalopathy was defined as either a state of agitation, confusion, irritability, and convulsions (type A) or characterized by somnolence, stupor, and coma (type B) and persistently observed during 72 hrs after withdrawing sedation. When clinically indicated, contrast computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging were performed to evaluate brain injury. MAIN RESULTS: S-100beta and NSE increased in, respectively, 72 (42%) and 90 (53%) patients. High biomarker levels were associated with the maximum Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores (p = .001), and the highest values were found in patients who died early, within 4 days of inclusion (p = .005). Low consciousness encephalopathy type B was more frequently observed in patients with elevated S-100beta (p = .004). S-100beta levels of >or=4 microg/L were associated with severe brain ischemia or hemorrhage, and values of <2 microg/L were found in patients with diffuse cerebral embolic infarction lesions. High S-100beta levels were associated with higher intensive care unit mortality (p = .04) and represented the strongest independent predictor of intensive care unit survival, whereas NSE and the Glasgow Coma Scale failed to predict fatal outcome. CONCLUSIONS: S-100beta and NSE are frequently increased and associated with brain injury in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. S-100beta levels more closely reflected severe encephalopathy and type of brain lesions than NSE and the Glasgow Coma Scale.     

S-100beta protein-serum levels in healthy children and its association with outcome in pediatric traumatic brain injury

OBJECTIVE: To describe normal serum levels of S-100beta in healthy children and determine whether serum S-100beta levels after traumatic brain injury are associated with outcome. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Urban, tertiary care, children's teaching hospital. PATIENTS: A total of 136 healthy children and 27 children with traumatic brain injury. METHODS: Serum S-100beta levels were measured in 136 healthy children. A total of 27 children with traumatic brain injury had S-100beta levels collected within 12 hrs of injury. Other indices of severity of injury measured were admission Glasgow Coma Scale score, and Pediatric Risk of Mortality score at 24 hrs (PRISM 24). Outcome was measured by the Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category (PCPC) score at hospital discharge and 6 months postinjury or at death. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: S-100beta levels in healthy children had a mean of 0.3 microg/L (90% confidence interval, 0.03-1.47) and inversely correlated with age, (r = -.32, p <.001). In children with traumatic brain injury, 6-month postinjury outcome inversely correlated with Glasgow Coma Scale score (r = -.47, p =.01) and correlated with PRISM 24 score (r =.83, p <.001) and S-100beta levels (r =.75, p <.001). Six months postinjury, comparing good outcome (PCPC < or = 3, n = 20) vs. poor outcome (PCPC > or = 4, n = 7), median admission Glasgow Coma Scale scores were 8 (range, 3-15) and 3 (range, 3-7, p =.01), median PRISM 24 scores were 7 (range, 0-19) and 30 (range, 18-35, p <.001), and median S-100beta levels were 0.85 microg/L (range, 0.08-4.8 microg/L) and 3.6 microg/L (range, 1.4-20 microg/L, p <.001), respectively. A serum S-100beta level of > or =2.0 microg/L is associated with poor outcome, with a sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 95%. The area under the receiver operating curve for S-100beta was 0.94 (+/-0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Serum S-100beta levels in healthy children have a moderate inverse correlation with age. After traumatic brain injury in children, the acute assessment of serum S-100beta levels seems to be associated with outcome.     

Role of serum S100B as a predictive marker of fatal outcome following isolated severe head injury or multitrauma in males.

BACKGROUND: Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with a 30%-70% mortality rate. S100B has been proposed as a biomarker for indicating outcome after TBI. Nevertheless, controversy has arisen concerning the predictive value of S100B for severe TBI in the context of multitrauma. Therefore, our aim was to determine whether S100B serum levels correlate with primary outcome following isolated severe TBI or multitrauma in males. METHODS: Twenty-three consecutive male patients (age 18-65 years), victims of severe TBI [Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) 3-8] (10 isolated TBI and 13 multitrauma with TBI) and a control group consisting of eight healthy volunteers were enrolled in this prospective study. Clinical outcome variables of severe TBI comprised: survival, time to intensive care unit (ICU) discharge, and neurological assessment [Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) at ICU discharge]. Venous blood samples were taken at admission in the ICU (study entry), 24 h later, and 7 days later. Serum S100B concentration was measured by an immunoluminometric assay. RESULTS: At study entry (mean time 10.9 h after injury), mean S100B concentrations were significantly increased in the patient with TBI (1.448 microg/L) compared with the control group (0.037 microg/L) and patients with fatal outcome had higher mean S100B (2.10 microg/L) concentrations when compared with survivors (0.85 microg/L). In fact, there was a significant correlation between higher initial S100B concentrations and fatal outcome (Spearman's =0.485, p=0.019). However, there was no correlation between higher S100B concentrations and the presence of multitrauma. The specificity of S100B in predicting mortality according to the cut-off of 0.79 microg/L was 73% at study entry. Conclusions: Increased serum S100B levels constitute a valid predictor of unfavourable outcome in severe TBI, regardless of the presence of associated multitrauma.     

Serum S-100B and interleukin-8 as predictive markers for comparative neurologic outcome analysis of patients after cardiac arrest and severe traumatic brain injury

OBJECTIVE: To compare S-100B and interleukin-8 serum values on scene/at admission and 12 hrs later with respect to neurologic long-term outcome 12 months after cardiac arrest and return of spontaneous circulation, as well as after severe traumatic brain injury. DESIGN: Prospective comparative cohort study. SETTING: On scene; intensive care units of a university hospital. PATIENTS: Twenty patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Twenty patients with severe traumatic brain injury. INTERVENTIONS: Therapy was adjusted to the standards of modern prehospital and intensive care management by physicians who were not involved in the study. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: First median S-100B values of the cardiac arrest group (4.42 ng/mL) mounted as high as those of the traumatic brain injury group (4.11 ng/mL). Within 12 hrs, S-100B levels significantly decreased to 0.75 ng/mL in cardiac arrest patients and to 0.68 ng/mL in traumatic brain injury patients but remained significantly elevated compared with the controls (0.04 ng/mL). Interleukin-8 levels of the cardiac arrest patients on scene (30.33 pg/mL) were clearly elevated above normal (12.60 pg/mL) and increased significantly to 101.40 pg/mL after 12 hrs. They showed no significant difference compared with those of the traumatic brain injury patients (78.75 pg/mL and 96.00 pg/mL, respectively). Multivariate Cox regression analysis in cardiac arrest patients identified only the S-100B level measured 12 hrs after study entry as an independent predictor for unfavorable neurologic outcome according to the Glasgow Outcome Scale score. In contrast, S-100B as well as interleukin-8 levels quantified 12 hrs after admission significantly predicted an unfavorable neurologic course in the traumatic brain injury group. CONCLUSIONS: Significantly elevated S-100B and interleukin-8 serum levels 12 hrs after cardiac arrest suggest that primary brain damage and systemic inflammatory response are comparably serious with that of traumatic brain injury. In both collectives, increased S-100B values measured 12 hrs after insult correlated well with an unfavorable neurologic outcome after 12 months.     

A comparison of two different assays for determining S-100B in serum and urine

BACKGROUND: Brain injury after head trauma can be detected by S-100B measurements in serum. Recent preliminary studies indicate that urinary levels of S-100B are also increased after head injury, a finding that is of possible clinical value. The aims of the present study are two-fold: to compare serum measurements of two assays, the Liaison Sangtec 100 system and the Elecsys S100 test, and to investigate to what extent they can detect and measure S-100B in urine. METHODS: A total of 191 serum and 174 urine samples from 107 patients (children aged between 1 and 18 years following head trauma) were measured with both assays. The results were compared using correlation analysis and Bland-Altman difference plots. RESULTS: Serum values of the Sangtec system ranged from 0.02 to 2.28 microg/L, and from 0.005 to 2.13 microg/L for the Elecsys test. Comparisons showed a clear correlation (correlation coefficient 0.80) but not an agreement between the methods. The Sangtec system could only detect S-100B in 20 out of 174 urine samples (range 0.02-0.06 microg/L), whereas the Elecsys test could detect S-100B in 171 samples (range 0.005-0.14 microg/L). No clear relation was observed between the two methods in urine analysis (correlation coefficient 0.60). CONCLUSION: The Sangtec and Elecsys assays are not interchangeable methods when analyzing S-100B in serum or urine samples after head injury.     

Changes in CSF S100B and cytokine concentrations in early-phase severe traumatic brain injury

S100B protein (S100B) has been described as a marker of brain injury. Various cytokines also increase in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Thus, we investigated early changes in the concentrations of CSF S100B and various cytokines after TBI and evaluated the relations of both S100B and cytokines to intracranial pressure (ICP) and prognosis. Twenty-three patients with severe TBI and a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 8 or less on admission were included in this study. CSF and serum samples were obtained on admission and at 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after injury. CSF concentrations of S100B and CSF and serum concentrations of five cytokines (IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10) were measured and compared. The CSF S100B concentration was increased for 6 h after injury and decreased thereafter. The CSF concentrations of IL-6 and IL-8 peaked within 6 h after injury; other cytokines (IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and IL-10) were elevated for 24 h after injury and gradually decreased thereafter. Peak CSF S100B concentrations correlated significantly with ICP determined at the time CSF samples were taken (r = 0.729, P < 0.0001). For the cytokines investigated, only the peak CSF IL-1beta concentration correlated significantly and positively with the peak CSF S100B concentration (r = 0.397, P < 0.005). Peak CSF concentrations of S100B (1649 +/- 415 microg/L, mean +/- SEM) and IL-1beta (16.5 +/- 3.3 pg/mL) in the 6 patients with high ICP were significantly higher than those (233 +/- 67 microg/L, 7.6 +/- 1.7 pg/mL, respectively) in the 17 patients with low ICP (P < 0.05). The CSF S100B concentration (1231 +/- 378 microg/L) in eight patients with an unfavorable outcome was significantly higher than that (267 +/- 108 microg/L) in 15 patients with a favorable outcome (P < 0.05). The CSF IL-1beta concentration (14.8 +/- 3.4 pg/mL) in eight patients with an unfavorable outcome tended to be higher than that (7.3 +/- 1.5 pg/mL) in 15 patients with a favorable outcome (P = 0.057). CSF concentrations of S100B and cytokines peak within 24 h after severe TBI and decrease gradually thereafter. CSF S100B and IL-1beta may be useful as predictors of outcome in cases of severe TBI.     

Serum S-100B as an indicator of early postoperative deterioration after meningioma surgery

BACKGROUND: S-100B protein is an established serum marker of primary and secondary brain damage in head injury and stroke. Despite major progress in neurophysiologic monitoring, there are still difficulties in the early identification and quantification of evolving edema or trauma after craniotomy for tumor. In this study we aimed to correlate serum S-100B values with early postoperative neurologic course as well as late outcome in meningioma surgery. METHODS: We enrolled 50 consecutive patients who underwent meningioma resection. Serum S-100B was measured preoperatively and postcraniotomy for 7 consecutive days. Twenty-five patients (50%) developed immediate postoperative neurologic deterioration, and 15 (30%) had unfavorable 6-month outcomes. We used the Mann-Whitney U-test to assess the association of S-100B with all variables of interest. We used multiple logistic regression to search for the most significant predictor of postoperative deterioration. RESULTS: Increased S-100B was highly correlated with larger tumors, intraoperative difficulties, postcraniotomy acute deterioration, and long-term poor outcome. In addition, multiple logistic regression showed that age, sex, site, preoperative edema, history of meningioma resection, extent of resection, and histologic type did not correlate with postoperative increases in S-100B. Furthermore, patients with postoperative S-100B values >0.4 microg/L had increased risk of deterioration (relative risk = 9.0; 95% confidence interval, 2.4-34; P <0.0001) and of poor ultimate outcome (relative risk = 11; 95% confidence interval, 1.6-77; P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: After meningioma excision, postcraniotomy increases in serum S-100B appear to be an early indicator of short-term postoperative neurologic deterioration and of a poor longer-term outcome.     

Brain arrest neurological outcome scale (BrANOS): predicting mortality and severe disability following cardiac arrest

BACKGROUND: To create a predictive scale of neurological outcome following cardiac arrest (CA) that incorporates radiological and clinical markers of brain injury. METHODS AND RESULTS: Brain arrest neurologic outcome scale (BrANOS) is a prospective 16-point scale. It consisted of three variables: (1) duration of arrest (DAR), (2) reversed Glasgow coma scale (GCS), and (3) Hounsfield unit (HU) ratio on non-contrast CT scan of the head. Reversed GCS score was defined as 15-GCS (best GCS in the first 24 h). HU ratio was defined as the density ratio of the caudate nucleus over the posterior limb of the internal capsule measured on unenhanced CT scan of the brain. We identified 32 comatose patients who had: (1) CT scan performed within 48 h of event; (2) no previous history of either coma, severe head trauma, cardiac arrest or stroke. Primary outcome was defined as alive or dead. Secondary outcome was the Glasgow outcome score recorded on discharge. Patient demographics were collated from retrospective chart review. Patients' mean age was 63 +/- 3 years (mean +/- S.E.M.); 44% were females. Mortality rate was 81%. Mean DAR was 21 +/- 2 min. Survivors had a significantly lower BrANOS score (8 +/- 2 points) compared to non-survivors (13 +/- 1) (P = 0.006). BrANOS was a strong predictor of mortality alone (ROC = 0.86) and mortality with severe disability combined (ROC = 0.9). The scale had a 100% specificity and positive predictive value. CONCLUSIONS: BrANOS is a reliable predictor of neurological outcome following CA. It is the first scale to incorporate clinical and radiological markers of brain injury.     

Serum S-100B protein monitoring in patients with severe traumatic brain injury

Objective S-100B protein is a promising marker of injury severity and outcome after head injury. We examined the relationship between serum S-100B concentrations and injury severity, clinical course, survival, and treatment efficacy after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Design and setting Prospective observational study in a neurosurgical intensive care unit. Patients and participants 102 adult patients with severe TBI, admitted between June 2001 and November 2003 (30 months). Interventions Serum S-100B levels were measured by immunoluminometric technique on admission and every 24 h thereafter for a maximum of 7 days. Measurements and results Initial S-100B levels were significantly related to pupillary status, computed tomography severity1, and 1-month survival. Cox's proportional hazard regression analysis showed that initial S-100B was an independent predictor of 1-month survival, in the presence of dilated pupils, and with increased age. Subjects with initial levels above 1 μg/l had a nearly threefold increased probability of death within 1 month. Serum S-100B alteration indicated neurological improvement or deterioration. Finally, surgical treatment reduced S-100B levels. Conclusions Serum S-100B protein reflects injury severity and improves prediction of outcome after severe TBI. S-100B may also have a role in assessing the efficacy of treatment after severe TBI.     

Outcome after cardiac arrest: predictive values and limitations of the neuroproteins neuron-specific enolase and protein S-100 and the Glasgow Coma Scale

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest are at risk of subsequent death or poor neurological outcome up to a persistent vegetative state. We investigated the prognostic value of several epidemiological and clinical markers and two neuroproteins, neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S-100 protein (S-100), in 97 patients undergoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) after non-traumatic cardiac arrest between 1998 and 2002. RESULTS: 52.6% of the patients died, 28.8% survived with severe, moderate or without neurological disorders, and 18.6% remained in a persistent vegetative state. Unconsciousness>48 h after CPR predicted a 60.6-fold (95% CI 14.3287-257.205, p=0.001) and a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)<6 points after 72 h a 11.2-fold (CI 95%, 3.55-36.44, p<0.001) risk of poor neurological outcome. Serum levels>or=65 ng/ml for NSE and >or=1.5 microg/l for S-100 increased the risk of death and persistent vegetative state 16.8 (95% CI 2.146-131.520)- and 12.6 (95% CI 1.1093-99.210)-fold, respectively. By combination of the GCS with elevated serum concentrations of both neuroproteins above the cut off levels on third day after CPR a poor neurological outcome was predicted with a specificity of 100%. CONCLUSION: The combination of GCS with the serum levels of both neuroproteins at 72 h after CPR permit a more reliable prediction of outcome in post arrest coma than the single markers alone, independent of the application of anaesthetic agents.