A型肉毒毒素治疗难治性三叉神经痛临床观察

目的：评价A型肉毒毒素（BTX-A）治疗难治性三叉神经痛的疗效。方法：选取难治性三叉神经痛患者6例,其中原发性5例,继发性1例。采用视觉模拟评分（VAS）于局部多点注射BTX-A,予治疗前及治疗后2周、2个月和6个月时进行疼痛测评。结果：VAS评分：BTX-A治疗前为（8.86±0.75）分;BTX-A注射后2周和2个月分别降至（1.00±1.26）分和（2.00±2.45）分,与治疗前比,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;6个月时为（5.33±2.16）分,与治疗前比,差异仍有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。6例患者均无明显并发症出现。结论：BTX-A注射治疗难治性三叉神经痛是一种安全有效的新疗法。     

Botulinum toxin A injection in the treatment of hemifacial spasm

Introduction – There are conflicting reports concerning the variation in duration of symptoms relief for patients with hemifacial spasm who have undergone several injections of botulinum A toxin (BOTX-A). We present our experience of BOTX-A injections in Taiwanese patients to analyze this issues, and to inspect whether the efficacy of treatment depends on the pre-injection severity. Material and method — From July 1992 to December 1994, 137 patients received injections of BOTX-A. We used objective and subjective score system to evaluate the efficacy and side effects of BOTX-A injection. Results — The overall successful rate of substantial relief of spasm was 88%. The mean duration of response was 20 weeks. Patents with more severe spasm tended to have shorter duration of improvement. The effects of consecutive injections remained fairly constant over the first 4 injections. Conclusion — The BOTX-A injection is an effective and safe treatment for patients with hemifacial spasm and the effect could be sustained over the consecutive injections.     

A型肉毒毒素治疗抽动障碍

目的 探讨A型肉毒毒素治疗抽动障碍患者运动性抽动症状的疗效.方法 25例抽动障碍患者(男性20例,女性5例)接受国产A型肉毒毒素注射,治疗主要针对患者最突出的运动性抽动的表现.治疗前进行耶鲁综合抽动严重程度量表(YGTSS)基线评分,治疗1、4周和1年内分别进行YGTSS和Jankovic评分,并记录疗效的潜伏期、持续时间、副作用、患者的主观感觉和感觉先兆的变化以及再次注射情况.结果 在25例患者总共29人次的治疗中,肉毒毒素疗效平均潜伏期5.0 d,平均总体疗效持续4.6个月,平均最佳疗效Jankovic评分3.4分,根据YGTSS减分率统计62.1%(18/29)明显有效,34.5%(10/29)好转,3.4%(1/29)无效.85.7%(18/21)的患者感觉先兆减轻,平均改善72.4%(20%～100%).主要副作用为注射部位短暂而轻微的无力和皮疹.症状复发者再次注射仍然有效.结论 A型肉毒毒素对于控制抽动障碍的运动性抽动症状安全有效.     

Percutaneous radiofrequency Gasserian ganglion coagulation in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia

Fifty-three patients with trigeminal neuralgia were treated with percutaneous radiofrequency Gasserian ganglion coagulation. An individually adjusted degree of coagulation was applied. The procedure was successful in 45 patients (85%). The median follow-up was two years; only two of the remaining 45 patients had relapse of symptoms. Four patients experienced side effects consisting of troublesome facial dysaesthesia. Our data indicate that percutaneous radiofrequency coagulation of the Gasserian ganglion is a safe and reliable procedure in the treatment of medication resistant trigeminal neuralgia.     

微血管减压治疗三叉神经痛

目的:观察微血管减压术对三叉神经痛的治疗效果。方法:将30例患三叉神经痛的病人行微血管减压术。术中发现26例有明确压迫血管。将压迫神经的血管用小绦纶片隔开,使之距神经5mm以上,未发现明确压迫血管的4例将附着在神经表面的静脉电灼切断之,同时将三叉神经感觉根的2/3切断。结果:26例疼痛完全消失,4例疼痛明显减轻。结论:微血管减压术是治疗三叉神经痛的较为理想的方法。     

Botulinum toxin type B in antibody-induced botulinum toxin type A therapy failure

Recently, it was reported that botulinum toxin type B complex (BoNT/B) (NeuroBloc®, Elan Pharmaceuticals) can produce an adequate therapeutic response in patients with antibody induced failure of botulinum toxin type A complex (BoNT/A) therapy. We wanted to study whether this effect is transient or sustained. For this, 10 consecutive patients (6 males, 4 females, age 54.6 ± 14.3 years, duration of illness 15.8 ± 7.0 years) with complete BoNT/A therapy failure and BoNT/A antibody titres in excess of 10mU/ml in the mouse diaphragm assay (MDA) received BoNT/B in an initial dose of 12370 ± 1804MU. After the first BoNT/B application the Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale (TWSTRS) improved from 20.1 ± 3.0 to 11.9 ± 3.4. In all patients systemic anticholinergic side effects occurred. Three patients had stable continuous responses to two, three and five subsequent BoNT/B applications. Six patients showed complete secondary therapy failure to the second or third subsequent BoNT/B applications. Side effects did no longer occur. In four of them the BoNT/B doses were doubled without producing any therapeutic benefit or any side effects. In five of them MDA testing was performed and revealed BoNT/B antibody titres in excess of 1mU/ml. One patient lost half of her initial BoNT/B responsiveness indicating partial secondary BoNT/B therapy failure. This partial therapy failure was seen on two consecutive application series and has not proceeded to complete therapy failure so far. BoNT/B seems to be only temporarily effective in the majority of patients with BoNT/A antibody induced therapy failure. Whether the formation of BoNT/B antibody points to a high antigenic potency of BoNT/B, to an increased immunoreactivity in BoNT/A antibody carriers or whether it is due to the large amount of protein applied in BoNT/B therapy needs to be studied.     

神经导航引导经皮穿刺三叉神经半月节射频热凝治疗三叉神经痛的研究

目的 探讨神经导航引导下经皮穿刺三叉神经半月节射频热凝术在治疗三叉神经痛中的应用.方法 选取我科神经导航引导下经皮穿刺三叉神经半月节射频热凝治疗的156例患者资料.所有患者术前均经头部3D-CT薄层连续平扫,并将影像资料导入SteahhStation Tria Plus手术导航系统,图像经三维重建后,确认患侧卵圆孔作为靶点,在导航实时引导下进行卵圆孔穿刺,并行电生理测试,再次确认靶点的位置无误后,进行射频热凝治疗.结果 所有患者顺利穿刺成功,射频热凝术后,患者原有的面部疼痛均明显缓解或消失,术前患者VAS评分为9.67±0.47,术后VAS评分为0.22±0.57,差异有明显的统计学意义,且所有患者术后均无严重并发症.结论 神经导航引导下经皮穿刺三叉神经半月节射频热凝术是一种微创,安全和疗效显著的三叉神经痛外科治疗手段.     

选择性射频热凝治疗三叉神经痛

目的:对147例采用选择性射频热凝治疗三叉神经痛病例疗效进行分析讨论.方法:仰卧位,Hartel前入路穿刺法,局部浸润麻醉,刺中三叉神经节后以温控射频热凝对靶点毁损.作者对此项技术作了部分改进.结果:疗效优良112例,良好28例,无变化7例,总有效率95.2%.结论:认为改进后的方法简便、安全、有效、对老年人更为适宜.每次毁损参数以温度60～75℃,热凝时间2～4min为好.     

Botulinum A toxin improves life quality in severe primary focal hyperhidrosis

Focal hyperhidrosis is a condition that may disturb emotional, social and professional life. Treatment options for severe cases are surgical sympathectomy and local chemical sweat gland denervation by intradermal injections of botulinum toxin A (Btx A). The Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) is a simple validated questionnaire designed to measure and compare disability in different skin diseases. The aim of this study was to assess quality of life with the DLQI before and after treatment with botulinum toxin injections in a group of patients with severe hyperhidrosis. DLQI was administered to 58 randomly chosen patients before and after treatment. All patients answered the DLQI questionnaire prior to treatment and 53/58 at mean 5.2 months after treatment. The mean DLQI score in the 58 patients before treatment was 10.3 (2-23). In the group of 16/53 patients who had a relapse of sweating when answering the DLQI a second time, no significant improvement was seen [score 10.6 before and 8.8 after treatment (P = 0.21)]. In patients without relapse, a 76% improvement was obtained (DLQI was reduced from 9.9 to 2.4; P < 0.0001). The study showed that focal hyperhidrosis may considerably reduce life quality and the disability experienced by the patients can be largely reversed by botulinum toxin injections.     

Botulinum toxin in the management of childhood muscle spasticity: comparison of clinical practice of 17 treatment centres

At least two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have shown botulinum toxin type A (BtxA) to be efficacious and safe when used in the management of muscle spasticity in children. However, the need to use standard treatment protocols in these studies obscures some aspects of routine clinical practice that may have important effect on clinical outcomes. The purpose of this study was to seek additional information on the use of BtxA that is not usually captured by RCTs. This was performed by reviewing the clinical practice of practitioners in 17 treatment centres in Europe. The details of treatment with BtxA, including the dose, site and frequency of injections and the use of anaesthesia or sedation, were abstracted from the patient's records. Information was also obtained on the response to treatment and the occurrence and severity of adverse events. The data on 758 children who received a total of 1,594 treatments in 17 different clinics in Europe were analysed. Ninety-four per cent of patients had cerebral palsy. There was a general agreement on the indications for treatment but the average dose of BtxA used varied between centres. One treatment centre used general anaesthesia (GA) prior to injections in most patients. The reported efficacy and adverse events profile was similar for all centres. The evidence from routine clinical practice for the efficacy and safety of BtxA in the management of muscle spasticity in children, as described in this study, is in agreement with that of most of the open-label and RCTs published to date. The present study also demonstrates the disagreement between clinicians on the optimal dose of BtxA for individual muscles and confirms that the injections can be carried out without GA in almost all cases.     

三叉神经痛显微血管减压术中岩静脉的保护及意义

目的探讨岩静脉在三叉神经手术中的保护及其临床意义。方法回顾性分析三叉神经痛微血管减压术（MVD）285例,其中206例岩静脉被电凝处理,79例保护良好。结果79例岩静脉保护良好的术后未发生脑水肿,无明显恶心呕吐。206例电凝处理岩静脉的其中3例发生小脑水肿,2例经脱水剂治疗,1例经后颅窝减压后恢复良好,35例术后3天明显恶心呕吐,腰穿测脑压高。结论岩静脉在三叉神经血管减压手术中应尽可能保护良好,否则术后可常规应用脱水剂以及做好再次后颅窝减压手术的准备。     

Misoprostol in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia associated with multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis can be associated with trigeminal neuralgia which is often difficult to treat in this specific condition. We performed an open prospective trial on the efficacy and safety of the prostaglandin-E1-analogue misoprostol (600 μg per day) in the reduction of attack frequency and pain intensity in patients with refractory trigeminal neuralgia associated with multiple sclerosis. Eighteen patients completed the study period and 14 of them showed a reduction of more than 50 % in attack frequency and intensity beginning five days after treatment onset. There were only mild and transient drug related side effects in three patients. One patient stopped taking misoprostol after the study period because of severe menorrhagia. Our results suggest that misoprostol is effective and safe in the treatment of this specific type of refractory trigeminal neuralgia. Received: 11 September 2002, Received in revised form: 13 November 2002, Accepted: 21 November 2002 Correspondence to Stefan Evers, MD, Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Str. 33, 48129 Münster, Germany, Fax: +49-251/8348181, E-Mail: everss@uni-muenster.de The DMKG study group (The members of the study group contributing to this work are listed in the appendix.)     

静脉压迫致三叉神经痛的临床特点

目的探讨单独静脉压迫三叉神经根致三叉神经痛病人的临床特点及手术治疗方法。方法在２２００例三叉神经痛手术病例中,对７６例单独静脉压迫致三叉神经痛,术中根据静脉的走行与回流方向分为４型,分别采用双极电凝后剪断、锐性分离后减压等方法进行治疗,并长期跟踪随访。结果单独静脉压迫致三叉神经痛与动脉压迫有不同特点,术后早期疼痛治愈率较动脉压迫低。但１～２周后多疼痛逐渐消失而痊愈,且长期随访无复发。结论静脉     

Botulinum toxin A during pregnancy: a survey of treating physicians

Botulinum toxin A (btxA) is widely used for cosmetic purposes, headaches, dystonia, spasticity, pain and other on and off label uses. Despite the widespread use of btxA in women of childbearing potential, there are few data on the effects of this drug on pregnant women and the fetus. The goal of this study was to survey physicians who use btxA, to determine their experience with pregnant women. We surveyed 900 physicians who used commercially available btxA. The questionnaire asked treating physicians if they had knowingly or unknowingly injected pregnant women and what was the outcome of each pregnancy. In total, 396 physicians (44%) returned questionnaires, of whom only 12 physicians reported injecting pregnant women with btxA. Sixteen pregnant women were injected, mostly in the first trimester, and only one patient, who had prior spontaneous abortions, suffered a miscarriage. Another woman had a therapeutic abortion. All other pregnancies went to term and there were no fetal malformations. Based on this limited survey of treating physicians in the USA, btxA appears to be relatively safe for both expectant mother and fetus. We need further data, however, and we would recommend that physicians and patients carefully consider the risks and benefits before using btxA in pregnant women.     

显微神经外科手术治疗高龄三叉神经痛病例的术式选择

目的探讨显微神经外科手术治疗高龄三叉神经痛病例的术式选择.方法对54例高龄三叉神经痛病例按选用术式不同分为3组:A组37例,行单纯三叉神经显微血管减压术(MVD);B组5例,术中未发现血管压迫,行三叉神经感觉根部分切断术(PR);C组12例,压迫血管不明确,均在MVD后加行PR.结果平均随访51个月.A组总有效率86.5%,复发率10.8%,无效率2.7%;4例复发病例中2例再次行PR治愈.B、C组总有效率100%,无复发.并发症:行PR者术后均有面部麻木,随访期间均见不同程度好转;术后发生听力障碍1例,复视1例,无菌性脑膜炎1例.结论高龄三叉神经痛病人行显微神经外科手术治疗的术式选择应根据术中探查的实际情况而定.     

Botulinum toxin antibody type A titres after cessation of botulinum toxin therapy.

In some patients, therapy with botulinum toxin type A (BT-A) becomes ineffective due to formation of antibodies (BT-A-AB). The time course of BT-A-AB titres after cessation of BT-A therapy was quantitatively studied to determine whether and when they might drop. Thirteen patients (eight women, five men) with various dystonic syndromes and complete secondary therapy failure (CSTF) were included in this study (age at initiation of BT-A therapy, 48.2 +/- 11.3 years; number of injection series, 7.7 +/- 2.9; treatment time, 678.8 +/- 385.6 days; mean interinjection interval, 90.4 +/- 35.5 days; mean single dose, 546.7 +/- 336.9 EMU; cumulative dose, 4185.1 +/- 3375.7 EMU [1 EMU = 1 botox MU = 3 dysport MU]). During a monitoring period of at least 750 days after occurrence of CSTF, two or more BT-A-AB tests using the quantitative mouse diaphragm assay were performed. Eight of 13 BT-A-AB titres decreased. The onset of decrease could be detected after between approximately 500 and 1,750 days. After 1,250 to 2,250 days they had dropped below a level of 0.002 U/ml, where CSTF is unlikely. Five of 13 BT-A-AB titres did not decrease. For three of these five, the monitoring period was less than 1,500 days; a chance to drop remained. The other two were monitored for up to 2,400 days. Patients with decreasing and nondecreasing BT-A-AB titres did not exhibit statistically significant differences in either clinical characteristics or treatment parameters. When BT-A therapy was stopped the majority of BT-A-AB titres eventually decreased, allowing reinitiation of BT-A therapy. Application of new BT-A preparations with low antigenic potency might then become an interesting treatment option.     

神经血管减压术治疗老年三叉神经痛

目的:探讨神经血管减压术对老年三叉神经痛病人的治疗效果。方法:587例病人施行了神经血管减压术,手术采用局麻,耳后小切口开颅入路,用涤纶片行神经血管减压治疗,并对手术病人进行随访。结果:对587例病人行神经血管减压术,572例术后疼痛立即消失,12例疼痛减轻,有效率为99.5％。529例进行了6个月～10年随访,4例术后1～3年复发,3例无效,均经重新减压后疼痛即消失,其余病例未再有疼痛发生。结论:老年人三叉神经痛采取神经血管减压术治疗是一种安全、有效的方法。     

Botulinum toxin improves sialorrhea and quality of living in bulbar amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Sialorrhea is frequently a socially disabling symptom in patients with bulbar amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In this open-label prospective study, we report the effect of botulinum toxin A (Botox) injection into the parotid glands in 10 patients with bulbar ALS and socially disabling sialorrhea. We applied three different outcome measures to determine the effect of Botox therapy on sialorrhea. Botox significantly improved the degree of sialorrhea and a drooling impact score and, by inference, the quality of living, in over half of the patients with bulbar ALS and severe sialorrhea. The beneficial effect of Botox lasted for at least 2 months in those who responded. No major adverse effects were noted. Local injection of a small dose of Botox into the parotid glands can control sialorrhea and potentially improve living quality in some patients with bulbar ALS.