双氢青蒿素对卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎大鼠NO水平的影响

目的　研究双氢青蒿素对卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎大鼠血清和肺泡巨噬细胞上清液 NO水平的影响。　方法　以醋酸可的松皮下注射 Wistar大鼠建立卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎动物模型 ,用 6 0 mg/ kg双氢青蒿素治疗实验大鼠 ,杀鼠取肺 ,用胶原酶消化法分离肺泡巨噬细胞 ,用 L PS刺激培养 72 h,同时设有感染组和正常对照。用 NO试剂盒分别检测大鼠血清和肺泡巨噬细胞上清液 NO活性。　结果　感染组大鼠血清、肺泡巨噬细胞上清液原液以及经 L PS刺激后肺泡巨噬细胞上清液 NO浓度分别为 ( 16 7.3± 2 3.1)、( 141.6± 18.0 )和 ( 12 9.5± 2 8.4) μmol/ L,治疗组分别为 ( 111.8± 40 .6 )、( 136 .3± 35 .1)和 ( 12 9.9± 14.2 ) μmol/ L,正常对照组分别为 ( 87.2± 32 .1)、( 10 9.8± 18.0 )和 ( 136 .2± 30 .5 ) μmol/ L,可见感染组和治疗组大鼠 NO水平均高于相应的正常对照 ,治疗组 NO水平低于相应的感染组。　结论　卡氏肺孢子虫感染可能引起大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞分泌高水平 NO,经双氢青蒿素治疗后 ,PCP大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞分泌 NO水平降低。     

Toll样受体4与大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞内毒素耐受性的实验研究

目的　观察大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞对内毒素 (LPS)重复刺激的耐受性与其Toll样受体 4(TLR4)表达的变化 ,研究两者之间的联系。方法　将 30只Wistar雄性大鼠分离所得肺泡巨噬细胞 ,用随机数字表法分为正常对照组 (A组 ) ,LPS单次刺激组 (B组 )和LPS 2次重复刺激组 (C组 )。用酶联免疫吸附测定 (ELISA)法和逆转录 聚合酶链反应 (RT PCR)法分别检测各组大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞分泌肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF α)及TLR4、白细胞介素 1 0 (IL 1 0 )、IL 1 8mRNA表达的变化 ,WesternBlot检测TLR4蛋白表达的变化。结果　大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞TNF α分泌和TLR4、IL 1 0、IL 1 8mRNA表达及TLR4的蛋白表达水平 ,A组分别为 (0 4 5 0± 0 0 1 0 ) μg/L、1 1 6± 0 0 4、0 97± 0 0 3、1 32 0± 0 0 2 0、5 8 1± 0 4 ;B组分别为 (0 76 0± 0 0 30 ) μg/L、2 1 8± 0 0 9、1 83± 0 0 7、2 0 6 0± 0 0 6 0、1 4 8.3± 1 4 ;B组与A组比较差异有显著性 (P <0 0 1 ) ;C组分别为 (0 4 90± 0 0 5 0 ) μg/L、1 2 3± 0 0 3、1 1 5± 0 0 5、1 1 70± 0 0 4 0、96 5±0 7;C组与B组比较差异也有显著性 (P <0 0 5或 <0 0 1 )。结论　LPS重复刺激可使大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞对LPS产生耐受性 ;LPS耐受性的产生与TLR4表达     

多器官功能障碍综合征血清炎性细胞因子变化的意义

目的 :探讨多器官功能障碍综合征 (MODS)血清炎性细胞因子的变化的意义。方法 :采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法测定 42例MODS和 3 0例健康对照组的血清肿瘤坏死因子 (TNF α)、白介素 1β(IL 1β)与白介素 6(IL 6)含量。结果 :MODS血清TNF α、IL 1β与IL 6含量 (各为2 77.64±5 4.3 6ng/L ,2 40 .97± 2 0 .87ng/L ,3 84.96± 73 .19ng/L)明显高于对照组 ( 2 3 .3 7± 7.96ng/L ,40 .65± 5 .87ng/L ,3 0 .2 6± 3 .61ng/L) ,P均 <0 .0 0 1;死亡组TNF α、IL 1β与IL 6含量 (各为5 5 4.86± 95 .69ng/L ,3 3 8.87± 41.2 1ng/L ,5 97.3 7± 118.3 6ng/L)高于非死亡组TNF α、IL 1β与IL 6含量 ( 2 77.64± 5 4.3 6ng/L ,2 40 .97± 2 0 .87ng/L ,3 84.96± 73 .19ng/L) ,P均 <0 .0 1。结论 :TNF α、IL 1β与IL 6对MODS的病理生理过程可能起作用 ,监测MODS患者血清TNF α、IL 1β与IL 6水平可作为反映病情严重程度和评估预后的一项参考指标     

老年急性心肌梗死患者肿瘤坏死因子-α和白细胞介素-10的变化及辛伐他汀的干预作用

目的　探讨老年人急性心肌梗死 (AMI)患者外周循环肿瘤坏死因子 α(TNF α)和白细胞介素 10 (IL 10 )的变化及辛伐他汀对TNF α和IL 10的作用。方法　测定 39例老年AMI患者 (AMI组 )、2 0例老年陈旧性心肌梗死 (OMI)患者 (OMI组 )及 2 0例正常老年人 (正常人组 )血清TNF α和IL 10浓度。 39例AMI患者入院后随机分为辛伐他汀组和对照组 ,治疗前、治疗后 1周和 6周测定血清TNF α和IL 10浓度。结果　AMI组TNF α、IL 10水平明显高于OMI组 ;OMI组TNF α水平明显高于正常人组 ;正常人组血清IL 10未检测到。辛伐他汀组和对照组经治疗后 1周、6周TNF α水平均显著下降 ,6周后辛伐他汀组TNF α水平显著低于对照组。辛伐他汀组和对照组IL 10水平 6周后均显著降低 ,但两组差异无显著性意义。结论　辛伐他汀具有降低AMI患者血清TNF α水平的作用 ,对IL 10水平无影响     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者炎症细胞因子与肺通气功能的相关研究

目的　探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病 (COPD)患者肺通气功能改变与炎症因子变化之间的关系。方法　稳定期COPD和慢性支气管炎 (简称慢支 )患者各 8例 ,,另有 8名健康者作为对照 ,进行肺功能检查 ,并经支气管肺泡灌洗获取肺泡巨噬细胞进行培养 ,采用酶联免疫吸附 (ELISA)方法测定大肠杆菌内毒素 (LPS)刺激后上清液中白细胞介素 8(IL 8)、IL 1β、IL 6和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF α)的浓度 ,细胞因子之间相关性采用Pearson相关阵分析 ,肺功能值与细胞因子相关性采用多元后退回归法分析。结果　 (1)肺泡巨噬细胞释放IL 8:加入LPS后COPD组为 [(43± 2 7) μg/L和 (5 7± 41) μg/L],与正常对照组 [(13± 10 ) μg/L和 (2 0± 13 ) μg/L) ]比较差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;与慢支组 [(2 9± 2 1)μg/L和 (3 2± 2 3 ) μg/L]比较差异有显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。 (2 )加入LPS前、后 ,COPD组、慢支组和正常对照组肺泡巨噬细胞释放IL 1β分别为 [(5 0± 41)ng/L、(94± 5 9)ng/L、(3 7± 3 2 )ng/L、(2 2 5± 10 8)ng/L、(15 3± 175 )ng/L、(70± 3 7)ng/L],与IL 8的释放呈正相关 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;三组肺泡巨噬细胞在LPS刺激后释放TNF α分别为 [(12 3 8± 679)ng/L、(3 0 88± 2 879)ng/L、(13 3 2± 1846)ng/L],与IL 1β呈正相     

肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素1β对牛肺动脉内皮细胞凋亡的影响及意义

目的　研究肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF α)、白细胞介素 1β(IL 1β)对牛肺动脉内皮细胞 (BPEC)损伤的机制及在急性肺损伤 (ALI)发病过程中的作用。方法　建立BPEC的体外培养 ,采用流式细胞仪膜联蛋白V 异硫氰酸荧光素 (Annexin VFITC)、碘化吡啶 (PI)染色检测TNF α、IL 1β对BPEC凋亡的影响以及抗TNF α单克隆抗体、AC DEVD CHO (caspase 3的竞争性抑制剂 )的保护效应。结果　 (1)TNF α作用 2 4h ,随着其浓度的增加 (浓度为 50 0、10 0 0、2 0 0 0U/ml) ,BPEC凋亡率逐渐增加 [分别为(8 2 1± 0 70 ) %、(9 63± 0 71) %、(17 43± 1 99) % ] ,与对照组 [(3 0 9± 0 0 8) % ]比较差异有显著性(P均 <0 0 5) ;(2 )TNF α (2 0 0 0U/ml)培养时间延长 (分别为 6、12、2 4、3 6h) ,BPEC凋亡率逐渐增加 [分别为 (6 72± 0 3 8) %、(7 72± 1 66) %、(12 95± 0 3 2 ) %、(17 70± 1 79) % ,P均 <0 0 5] ;(3 )加入抗TNF α单抗、AC DEVD CHO的TNF α组的BPEC凋亡率 [(7 78± 0 2 1) %、(7 3 2± 0 11) % ]显著高于单纯TNF α(2 0 0 0U/ml)组 [(10 59± 0 49) % ,P均 <0 0 1] ,而加入IL 1β的TNF α组的凋亡率 [(10 73±0 60 ) % ]与单纯TNF α组比较差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5)。结论　ALI过程中是TNF     

老年肺间质纤维化甲基强地松龙治疗前后肿瘤坏死因子-α和白细胞介素8的变化

目的　探讨细胞因子在老年肺间质纤维化 ( IPF)发病中的作用及甲基强地松龙对肺间质纤维化病人肿瘤坏死因子 - α( INF- α)及白细胞介素 8( IL- 8)的影响。方法　用酶联免疫法 ( IL ISA)检测甲基强地松龙治疗前后的 1 0例老年肺间质纤维化病人的血清及支气管肺泡灌洗液( BAL F )的变化并与 1 0例非肺间质纤维化健康老年人对照。结果　肺间质纤维化病人的血清及 BAL F中 TNF-α及 IL - 8明显高于正常人 ( P<0 .0 5)。甲基强地松龙治疗后病人的 TNF-α及 IL - 8均明显下降 ( P<0 .0 1 )。 IPF组中 ,BAL F中 TNF -α及 IL - 8的表达皆与中性粒细胞呈正相关 (γ=0 .831 ,P<0 .0 1 ;γ=0 .885,P<0 .0 1 )。结论　 TNF -α及 IL - 8在肺间质纤维化发病中起重要作用 ,甲基强地松龙抑制其表达。     

充血性心力衰竭患者TNF-α和IL-6变化及临床意义

目的 :探讨充血性心力衰竭患者肿瘤坏死因子 (TNF α) ,白细胞介素 6 (IL 6 )的变化及意义。方法 :56例充血性心力衰竭患者和 30例健康体检者为研究对象 ,采用酶联免疫双抗体夹心法测定血清TNF α ,IL 6浓度 ,用二维心脏超声测定左室射血分数 (LVEF)。结果 :1 血清IL 6、TNF α、去甲肾上腺素 (NE)在CHF各组均升高 ,但心功能Ⅱ级组与对照组比较差异不显著 (P >0 0 5) ;心功能Ⅲ级 ,Ⅳ级组IL 6 ,TNF α ,NE明显高于心功能Ⅱ级和对照组 (P均 <0 0 5)。IL 6、TNF α、NE与LVEF呈高度负相关(r=- 0 6 3,P <0 0 1 ;r=- 0 54,P <0 0 5;r=- 0 58,P <0 0 1 )。 2 随心衰程度加重 ,血清TNF α、IL 6和NE浓度越高。TNF α与NE ,IL 6与NE呈明显正相关 (r =0 57,P <0 0 1 ;r =0 51 ,P <0 0 5)。 3 随心衰程度加重 ,血清IL 6与TNF α浓度越高 ,且二者呈正相关 (r =0 39,P <0 0 5)。结论 :CHF患者血清TNF α和IL 6浓度升高 ,尤其中重度CHF患者更加明显 ,并与LVEF呈负相关 ,提示血清IL 6、TNF α水平可作为CHF严重程度的判断与预后指标。     

老年充血性心力衰竭患者胰岛素抵抗与肿瘤坏死因子-α的相关分析

目的　研究老年充血性心力衰竭 (心衰 )患者胰岛素抵抗 (IR)与肿瘤坏死因子 α(TNF α)的相关关系及临床意义。　方法　采用放射免疫分析法测定 5 2例老年充血性心力衰竭患者、36例老年健康志愿者和 30例非老年健康志愿者空腹胰岛素、TNF α ,选择空腹胰岛素与血糖乘积的倒数(IAI)作为评价老年人心衰状态下的胰岛素敏感性指数 ,对IAI、左室射血分数 (LVEF)、心功能分级及TNF α进行相关分析。　结果　老年心衰组的IAI低于老年健康组 (- 1 75± 0 17对 - 1 36± 0 16 ,P <0 0 5 ) ,并随着心功能的恶化而进一步降低 (- 1 87± 0 16对 - 1 6 8± 0 15 ,P <0 0 5 ) ;但不同病因组IAI差异无显著性 (F =2 0 2 ,P >0 0 5 )。老年心衰组的空腹胰岛素和TNF α均显著高于老年健康组〔(18 2 9± 6 80 )对 (8 78± 3 35 )mIU/L)和 (0 36± 0 13)对 (0 2 1± 0 12 ) μg/L ,P <0 0 5〕 ,且心衰程度越重 ,空腹胰岛素和TNF α的水平越高〔(2 2 46± 9 12 )对 (16 41± 5 0 6 )mIU/L和 (0 41± 0 17)对 (0 31± 0 15 ) μg/L ,P <0 0 5〕。老年心衰患者TNF α与IAI呈显著负相关 (r=- 0 76 ,P <0 0 5 )。　 结论　老年心衰患者的IAI和TNF α存在着相关性 ,IAI和TNF α水平可作为评价心衰严重程度     

肿瘤坏死因子-α和白细胞介素-6在2型糖尿病发病及骨密度改变中的作用

目的　探讨肿瘤坏死因子 α(TNF α)、白细胞介素 6 (IL 6 )在 2型糖尿病发病机制及骨密度 (BMD)改变中的作用。方法　测定 40例 2型糖尿病患者和 40例健康对照者的血清TNF α、IL 6质量浓度和左侧髋关节部位 (Fem、Troch、Ward’s三角 )及正位腰椎 (L2 L4 )BMD ,及 2型糖尿病组HbA1C、C肽、甘油三酯、HDL、BMI指标。结果　 (1)病例组TNF α、IL 6质量浓度显著高于对照组。 (2 )无论在病例组或对照组中 ,骨质疏松组的TNF α、IL 6质量浓度显著高于非骨质疏松组。 (3)病例组各部位BMD均低于对照组。 (4)病例组各部位BMD分别与TNF α、IL 6、年龄、绝经后时间呈负相关性 ,BMI只与L2 、L3 、Troch部位BMD呈负相关性。 (5 )病例组TNF α、IL 6分别与年龄、绝经后时间、BMI、甘油三酯呈正相关性 ,与HDL呈负相关性。结论　 2型糖尿病患者TNF α、IL 6质量浓度显著高于正常对照组 ,而BMD低于正常。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.