术中超声在肝脏外科中的应用

当今,术中超声已成为肝脏外科手术中必不可少的工具。在检测潜藏的病变方面,术中超声在敏感性和特异性方面具有术前影像学检查无法比拟的优势,同时,术中超声亦可对多种手术操作予以实时指导和辅助。本文通过对文献的回顾,对术中超声的发生发展,在肝肿瘤、肝移植及肝脏外科其它领域的应用和对肝脏外科的影响做一综述。术中超声具有快速、安全、精确及功用多的特点,其对建立正确的术中决策和改进手术方式具有很大的应用价值。     

The role of echo-laparoscopy in abdominal surgery: five years’ experience in a dedicated center

Background For more than 20 years intraoperative ultrasonography (IOUS) has been considered an important diagnostic tool in abdominal surgery. In the last few years, with the spread of laparoscopic surgery, echo-laparoscopy (LIOUS) has gradually replaced open ultrasonography, aiming to achieve similar results. Methods LIOUS was performed using an ALOKA 5.500 device, provided with a linear flexible laparoscopic probe that was compatible with a 10-mm port. IOUS was performed by means of a linear side-view, T-shaped or microconvex probe. The probes were sterilized with hydrogen peroxide. No water bath was used during the surgical examination, but full contact of the probe with the surface of the involved organ was always attempted. From 2001 to 2005, 36 liver resections, 40 pancreas procedures, 203 procedures for suspected common bile duct calculi, 541 colon and 82 stomach resections, and 82 adrenal surgery procedures were performed. IOUS or LIOUS was performed in 432 patients (43.8%). All livers and pancreases underwent intraoperative ultrasound, while biliary, colonic, gastric, and adrenal pathologies were selectively studied when there were doubts about the location and extension of the disease. Results IOUS and LIOUS were valuable diagnostic procedures, supplying relevant clinical information in 65.1% of the patients and modifying the surgical approach in 17.2%. LIOUS was used instead of cholangiography to study bile ducts when lythiasis was suspected, achieving high diagnostic specificity (98%) and accuracy (100%). Surgical anatomy of the bile ducts was correctly identified by LIOUS in every case. Discussion In our experience IOUS and LIOUS were of the utmost importance in better defining staging of disease, infiltration of neighboring structures, number and size of nodular lesions, and anatomy of the hepatic pedicle and intrahepatic structures, thus making it possible to more accurately plan surgical procedures.     

Intraoperative ultrasonography and surgical strategy in hepatic resection: What difference does it make?

Background

With modern advancements in preoperative imaging for liver surgery, intraoperative ultrasonography (IOUS) may be perceived as superfluous. Our aim was to determine if IOUS provides new information that changes surgical strategy in hepatic resection.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed 121 consecutive liver resections performed at a single institution. Preoperative computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging determined the initial surgical strategy. The size, location and number of lesions were compared between IOUS and preoperative imaging. Reviewing the operative report helped determine if new IOUS findings led to changes in surgical strategy. Pathology reports were analyzed for margins.

Results

Of 121 procedures analyzed, IOUS was used in 88. It changed the surgical plan in 15 (17%) cases. Additional tumours were detected in 10 (11%) patients. A change in tumour size and location were detected in 2 (2%) and 3 (4%) patients, respectively. Surgical plans were altered in 7 (8%) cases for reasons not related to IOUS. There was no significant difference (p = 0.74) in average margin length between the IOUS and non-IOUS groups (1.09 ± 1.18 cm v. 1.18 ± 1.05 cm).

Conclusion

Surgical strategy was altered owing to IOUS results in a substantial number of cases, and IOUS-guided resection planes resulted in R0 resections in nearly all procedures. The best operative plan in hepatic resection includes IOUS.     

Intraoperative ultrasound and preoperative localization detects all occult insulinomas; discussion 1025-6

HYPOTHESIS: Preoperative invasive localization procedures with intraoperative ultrasound (IOUS) can result in successful surgical treatment of occult insulinomas when noninvasive imaging study results are equivocal or negative. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Tertiary care university hospital. PATIENTS: Thirty-seven consecutive patients with a biochemical diagnosis of insulinoma without multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN). INTERVENTION: All patients underwent portal venous sampling (PVS) (n = 22) or calcium angiogram (n = 15) followed by surgery with palpation and IOUS (n = 37). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Portal venous sampling, calcium angiogram, palpation, and IOUS were compared for accurate localization of insulinoma. RESULTS: All patients were cured of hypoglycemia after surgery. Portal venous sampling correctly localized tumors in 17 (77%) of 22 patients. Calcium angiogram was correct in 13 (87%) of 15 patients. Palpation identified 24 (65%) of 37 tumors, and IOUS found 35 (95%) of 37 tumors. The 2 tumors missed by IOUS were located in the tail of the pancreas and were resected based on regional localization alone. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative ultrasound is the single best localization study, but it will miss some tumors that regional localization can identify. Combining both modalities allowed surgical cure of all insulinomas in our study. Therefore, we recommend both IOUS and regional localization for insulinoma when preoperative imaging studies are equivocal.     

术中超声在肝脏肿瘤手术中的应用价值

目的 探讨术中超声在肝脏肿瘤手术中的应用价值.方法 对45例肝脏肿瘤患者行术中超声检查(Logiq 500型超声仪,5～7.5 MHz线阵式术中专用探头),并与术前超声(PHILIPSHDI 5000型超声仪,3.5～5 MHz凸阵式探头)和增强CT检查对比分析,比较三者在病灶检出率方面的差异.结果 术中超声对直径≥1 cm病灶的检出率为100%,高于术前超声(89.80%)和CT(97.96%)的检出率,但差异无统计学意义(术前超声xc2=3.372,P>0.05,CT Fisher确切概率为P=1.00);术中超声对直径<1 cm病灶的检出率为90.70%,明显高于术前超声的检出率(62.79%)和CT检出率(74.42%)(术前超声x2=9.382,CT x2=3.957,均P<0.05);术中超声对病灶的总体检出率为95.65%,明显高于术前超声的检出率(77.17%)和CT检出率(86.96%)(术前超声x2=13.378,CT x2=4.381,均P<0.05),所有新发现的病灶都在术中超声的引导下行手术切除或无水乙醇瘤内注射.结论 与术前影像学检查相比,术中超声可以提高隐匿部位和微小病灶的检出率,有助于指导外科操作和手术治疗.     

术中B型超声检查对胰岛素瘤定位诊断的价值

目的：探讨术中Ｂ型超声检查（ＩＯＵＳ）对胰岛素瘤定位诊断的价值。方法：１９９０年１月～２０００年１０月我院共收治胰岛素瘤３２例,均采用ＩＯＵＳ进行胰岛素瘤定位及指导手术。结果：术中触摸定位胰岛素瘤病灶２７例（８４．４％）,ＩＯＵＳ定位３１例（９６．９％）。结论：ＩＯＵＳ能准确定位胰岛素瘤,并显示肿瘤与重要结构（如胆总管、胰管及重要血管等）的毗邻关系。ＩＯＵＳ不仅提高手术成功率,避免了不必要的盲目胰腺切除,并由此降低手术并发症的发生率。     

Intraoperative ultrasound in surgery for hepatocellular carcinoma

Imaging-guided therapeutic procedures have modified the approach to HCC both introducing new treatment modalities and also changing the policy of hepatectomies. Indeed, with intraoperative ultrasonography (IOUS) it is possible to achieve better knowledge about tumor location and staging, also with the aid of contrast-enhanced IOUS. However, IOUS also allows to minimise the rate of major hepatectomies maintaining treatment radicality and widening the indication at surgery. Indeed, precise definition of tumor-vessel relationship, intrahepatic vessel distribution and color-Doppler analysis allows performing hepatectomies otherwise not possible. This so-called "radical but conservative" policy has allowed us a safe surgical approach with minimal mortality and major morbidity and effective local treatment with no tumor relapses at the site of the resection. Techniques for safe and radical IOUS-guided liver resections for HCC are here discussed.     

The evolving role of staging laparoscopy in the treatment of colorectal hepatic metastasis

HYPOTHESIS: Laparoscopy is an increasingly important tool in the staging and treatment of hepatic malignancies. This study evaluates the effect of staging laparoscopy (SL) using intraoperative ultrasonography (IOUS) on the regional treatment of isolated hepatic colorectal metastasis. DESIGN: Analytic cohort study. SETTING: Tertiary care center. PATIENTS: Consecutive patients who have a colorectal metastasis confined to the liver and selected for surgical regional treatment. INTERVENTIONS: All patients underwent preoperative evaluation followed by SL/IOUS. Operative plans were based on preoperative imaging and were either carried out or altered intraoperatively according to SL/IOUS findings. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Effect of SL/IOUS on surgical management. RESULTS: Between September 1996 and May 2004 one hundred fifty-two SL/IOUSs were performed in 136 patients (77 males and 59 females), who had a mean (SD) age of 63 (11) years. Data sets were complete in 138 events. All patients had isolated hepatic disease as defined by preoperative computed tomography in 152 (100%) and positron emission tomography in 107 (70%). Staging laparoscopy/IOUS identified surgically untreatable disease in 34 events (25%) because of peritoneal metastases (n = 15), nodal involvement (n = 11), diffuse hepatic disease (n = 5), no identifiable disease (n = 2), and untreatable disease (n = 1). Laparoscopic treatment events included radiofrequency ablations (n = 78), hepatic artery pump implantations (n = 40), resections (n = 26), and combined procedures (n = 37). Overall, SL/IOUS changed the treatment plan in 66 (48%) of 138 of events. This includes 32 (23%) of 138 events in which SL/IOUS findings significantly altered the actual procedure performed relative to the preoperative plan. Three minor complications occurred in the SL/IOUS-only group with a mean (SD) hospital stay of 1.3 (1) days. CONCLUSION: In the regional management of isolated colorectal hepatic metastasis, SL/IOUS avoids unnecessary laparotomies and influences definitive surgical intervention in a substantial proportion of patients.     

Intraoperative ultrasonographic localization of islet cell tumors. A prospective comparison to palpation.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate prospectively the value of intraoperative ultrasound scanning (IOUS) in localizing islet cell tumors by comparing results of IOUS to those of palpation during 44 consecutive laparotomies for gastrinoma (36) or insulinoma (8). All patients had preoperative radiographic imaging studies and selective venous sampling for hormones, which guided the subsequent laparotomy. Any suspicious finding by palpation and/or IOUS was resected. Pathologic evidence of islet cell neoplasm served as the reference standard. Five patients were excluded from analysis because neither palpation nor IOUS had suspicious findings and no islet cell tumor was found. Seven pancreatic insulinomas were found in seven patients. IOUS was as sensitive as palpation at localizing insulinomas. Twenty-three pancreatic gastrinomas were found in 19 patients. IOUS was equal to palpation in the ability to localize gastrinomas. Gastrinomas that were successfully imaged by IOUS were significantly larger than gastrinomas that were not imaged. Twelve extrapancreatic gastrinomas were found in nine patients, and palpation was more sensitive than IOUS at localizing these small duodenal wall tumors. Five patients (11%) had their surgical management changed by IOUS. Two patients had pancreatic tumors (one gastrinoma and insulinoma) enucleated that would not have been found without IOUS, and three patients had resections of pathologically proven malignant islet cell tumors based on sonographic findings. All five patients were cured with short follow-up. The present results demonstrate that palpation and IOUS are complementary because IOUS can image tumors that are not palpable and IOUS can provide additional information concerning malignant potential not detected by palpation.     

Accuracy of Preoperative Imaging of Hepatic Tumors With Helical Computed Tomography

Background The accuracy of preoperative computed tomography (CT) scans in the era of modern imaging techniques with helical, high-resolution CT has not been adequately assessed. We reviewed the data from our departmental prospective database with the hypothesis that intraoperative ultrasonography (IOUS) still detects more hepatic tumors than are evident on preoperative helical CT scans. Methods All patients who underwent surgical resection and/or radiofrequency ablation of primary or metastatic hepatic tumors between January 2001 and July 2002 were included in the review. All patients had preoperative helical CT imaging followed by hepatic IOUS. The number of malignant lesions and evidence of local disease identified by the preoperative CT scan versus IOUS and surgical exploration were compared. Results In this time period, 250 patients underwent surgical resection and/or radiofrequency ablation of hepatic tumors. In 67 (27%) of these patients, IOUS identified more hepatic tumors than were seen on preoperative helical CT scan. In eight patients (3%), CT underestimated local extension of the disease into the diaphragm. The incidence of inaccurate preoperative prediction of the extent of disease increased significantly with a greater number of hepatic tumors. Conclusions IOUS identified additional hepatic tumors in 27% of patients who underwent hepatic resection after state-of-the-art preoperative CT imaging. This study provides evidence that IOUS remains an essential part of the complete assessment of hepatic malignancies in patients who receive surgical treatment.     

The impact of intraoperative ultrasonography on the surgical treatment of patients with colorectal liver metastases

Introduction  

Intraoperative ultrasonography (IOUS) has been the standard in surgical decision making in oncologic liver surgery. Preoperative imaging techniques have improved substantially in resent years; therefore, the importance of IOUS might change. The current results of IOUS were compared with preoperative high-resolution helical CT scanning and the impact of IOUS on surgical decision making was evaluated.     

术中超声用于腹部外科手术研究进展

术中超声(IOUS)是腹部外科手术中最便捷的实时成像技术,能通过高分辨率图像提供更丰富、细微的诊断信息,帮助术中及时、准确地弥补术前诊断及手法探查的不足,优化手术流程,引导完成多种介入性操作,有效减少并发症发生。近年来IOUS发展迅速,为腹部外科精准化、微创化发展提供了有力支持。本文就IOUS用于腹部外科手术的研究新进展进行综述。     

Current value of intraoperative sonography during surgery for hepatic neoplasms

Noninvasive liver imaging has developed rapidly resulting in increased accuracy for detecting primary and secondary hepatic tumors. Intraoperative ultrasonography (IOUS) was commonly considered to be the gold standard for liver staging, but the current value of IOUS is unknown in view of more sophisticated radiologic tools. The purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate the impact of IOUS on the treatment of 149 patients undergoing liver surgery for malignant disease (colorectal metastasis, 61 patients; hepatoma, 52 patients; other hepatic malignant tumors, 36 patients). The sensitivities of computed tomography (CT), helical CT, magnetic resonance imaging, and IOUS in patients with colorectal metastases were 69.2%, 82.5%, 84.9%, and 95.2% in a segment-by-segment analysis; in patients with hepatoma their sensitivities were 76.9%, 90.9%, 93.0%, and 99.3%; and in patients with other hepatic malignancies they were 66.7%, 89.6%, 93.3%, and 98.9%, respectively. Additional malignant lesions (AMLs) were first detected by inspection and palpation in 20 patients (13.4%). In another 18 patients (12.1%) IOUS revealed at least one AML. Overall, the findings obtained only by IOUS changed the surgical strategy in 34 cases (22.8%). It was concluded that IOUS, having undergone some refinement as well, still has immense diagnostic value in hepatectomy candidates. Frequently avoiding palliative liver resection and occasionally disproving unresectability as assessed by preoperative imaging, IOUS still has a significant impact on surgical decision making and should still be considered the gold standard.     

Role of intraoperative ultrasound of the liver with improved preoperative hepatic imaging.

OBJECTIVE: To find out whether intraoperative ultrasound (IOUS) of the liver should still be considered a routine procedure for patients having hepatic resections as their preoperative investigation has become so much better with the standard use of triphasic spiral computed tomograms (CT). DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: University medical centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands. PATIENTS: 26 consecutive patients undergoing liver resection. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: How much additional information was given by IOUS, and its influence on operative strategy; how IOUS facilitated the hepatic resection. RESULTS: IOUS revealed additional information over triphasic CT in 13/26 patients, which led to a change in the surgical procedure in 4 (15%). For all 4 patients the change in surgical approach proved to be correct as judged by histology and clinical outcome. In 12 patients IOUS facilitated the resection by providing helpful three-dimensional anatomical insight. CONCLUSION: Despite recent improvements in preoperative investigation, IOUS should still be recommended as a routine procedure in patients having hepatic resections. In addition to aiding the ultimate decision about which part to resect, it also gives insight into the hepatic anatomy.     

术中超声在机器人辅助胰腺良性-低度恶性肿瘤手术中的应用价值

目的总结分析术中超声(Intraoperative ultrasound，IOUS)在机器人辅助胰腺良性-低度恶性肿瘤手术中的应用价值与经验。 方法回顾性分析2019年10月至2021年10月期间，术前诊断为胰腺良性-低度恶性肿瘤并由解放军总医院第一医学中心肝胆胰外科医学部行IOUS辅助下机器人胰腺肿瘤手术患者的临床及IOUS资料。 结果在147例患者中，IOUS能发现并定位全部肿瘤，130例(88.4%)可以明确肿瘤与主胰管的关系，23例(15.6%)在IOUS指导下改变了手术方式；IOUS辅助机器人胰腺肿瘤手术的平均手术时间(183.3±75.1)min，术后中位住院时间7 d，发生B级及以上胰瘘22例(15.0%)，出现Clavien-Dindo Ⅲ级以上严重并发症15例(10.2%)，无90 d死亡患者。 结论IOUS可以在术中辅助肿瘤定位，明确肿瘤与胆管、胰管的关系，发现术前影像学检查遗漏的隐匿病灶，在肿瘤切除后判断主胰管的连续性并判断胰管支撑管的位置，有利于手术决策的制订和减少术后并发症的发生，IOUS的应用为机器人辅助胰腺良性-低度恶性肿瘤手术的安全顺利实施提供了有利保障。     

术中B超检查对肝脏外科疾病的诊断和术式选择的价值(附167例分析)

目的:总结术中B超在肝脏外科中的应用价值。方法:回顾分析1997年8月~2001年7月167例肝脏手术中应用B超情况,并与术前超声检查、CT检查结果相对比。结果:术中B超纠正了10/68例(14.71%)肝脏肿瘤的术前诊断,24/54例(44.44%)恶性肿瘤病例发现新病灶,15/24例(62.50%)因此改变了术式,34例辅助确定了肝切除线,术后病理检查证实切缘无肿瘤残余。在术中B超辅助下,63例肝内胆管结石,16例肝门部胆管癌及19例肝内囊性变均获确诊。结论:术中B超在肝脏外科手术中提供比术前B超、CT更详尽的影像学信息及决策依据,从而提高了手术疗效。     

肝内结石手术中B超检查的价值

１５３例肝内结石病人行术中Ｂ超检查（ＩＯＵＳ）,以确定结石部位、分布．显示狭窄与扩张的部位．决定手术方式。待认为结石取净后再行ＩＯＵＳ．了解有无残石,如发现结石．再行Ｂ超引导下取石．直到结石取净或小残石无法取净．本组不同方式肝叶切除６７例．肝肠吻合５４例．单纯“Ｔ”管引流８６例,术毕残石率２２．２２％,术后胆镜取净结石１１例．自行排净５例．出院时残石率１１．７６％．ＩＯＵＳ显示肝内结石清晰．定位准确．无损伤．术中可反复使用,可显示隐蔽的结石、异位结石和易被忽视的尾叶结石．     

Contrast-enhanced intraoperative ultrasonography during hepatectomies for colorectal cancer liver metastases

Preliminary reports showed that contrast-enhanced intraoperative ultrasonography (CEIOUS) provides information on primary or metastatic tumors of the liver that is not obtainable with conventional intraoperative ultrasonography (IOUS). This study validates the impact of CEIOUS, focusing on resective surgery for colorectal cancer (CRC) liver metastases. Twenty-four consecutive patients underwent liver resection using IOUS and CEIOUS for CRC liver metastases. CEIOUS was accomplished with intravenous injection of 4.8 mL of sulphur-hexafluoride microbubbles. CEIOUS found lesions missed at preoperative imaging and at IOUS in four patients and confirmed all of the new findings of IOUS in four patients. In addition, CEIOUS helped to define the tumor margins of the main lesion in 29% of patients with CRC liver metastases. No adverse effects were observed in relation with CEIOUS. In conclusion, CEIOUS improves IOUS accuracy with a significant impact on surgical strategy and radicality in patients who undergo surgery for CRC liver metastases. Presented at the Forty-Sixth Annual Meeting of The Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, Chicago, Illinois, May 14–18, 2005 (oral presentation).     

Intraoperative ultrasonography‐guided surgery: An effective modality for breast conservation after neo‐adjuvant chemotherapy

Margin status is one of the significant prognostic factors for recurrence in breast‐conserving surgery (BCS). The issue that merits consideration for oncologic safety and cost‐effectiveness about the modalities to assure clear margins at initial surgical intervention remains controversial after neo‐adjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). The presented study aimed to assess the impact of intraoperative ultrasound (IOUS)‐guided surgery on accurate localization of tumor site, adequacy of excision with clear margins, and healthy tissue sacrifice in BCS after NAC. Patients who had IOUS‐guided BCS ater NAC were reviewed. No patient had preoperative localization with wire or radiotracer. Intraoperative real‐time sonographic localization, sonographic margin assessment during resection, macroscopic and sonographic examination of specimen, and cavity shavings (CS) were done as the standard procedure. No frozen assessment was performed. One hundred ninety‐four patients were included, in which 42.5% had pCR. IOUS‐guided surgery accomplished successful localization of the targeted lesions in all patients. Per protocol, all inked margins on CS specimens were reported to be tumor‐free in permanent histopathology. No re‐excision or mastectomy was required. For a setting without CS, the negative predictive value (NPV) of IOUS rate was 96%. IOUS was found to over and underestimate tumor response to NAC both in 2% of patients. IOUS‐guided surgery seems to be an efficient modality to perform adequate BCS after NAC with no additional localization method. Especially, when CS is integrated as a standard to BCS, IOUS seems to provide safe surgery for patients with no false negativity and a high rate of NPV.     

Ultrasonographically guided surgical approach to liver tumours involving the hepatic veins close to the caval confluence

BACKGROUND: Intraoperative ultrasonography (IOUS) may allow a more conservative procedure in patients with liver tumours involving a hepatic vein at the caval confluence. The aim of this study was to determine whether IOUS and colour Doppler IOUS might reduce the rate of major hepatectomy and vascular reconstruction in patients with such tumours. METHODS: Of 133 consecutive patients with a liver tumour who underwent hepatectomy, 22 had involvement of a hepatic vein at the caval confluence. The surgical strategy employed was determined by IOUS findings of the relationship between the tumour and hepatic vein, the presence of accessory veins, and portal flow as measured by colour Doppler IOUS following clamping of the hepatic vein to be resected. Mortality, morbidity, major resection, hepatic vein reconstruction and local recurrence rates were evaluated. RESULTS: There were no hospital deaths and only one patient suffered major morbidity. Although hepatic vein resection was performed in 15 patients, only two underwent major hepatectomy and none had vascular reconstruction. No patients had tumour recurrence at a mean follow-up of 23 months. CONCLUSION: IOUS allowed sparing of the liver parenchyma without tumour recurrence in most patients with a tumour involving a hepatic vein at the caval confluence, avoiding more extensive hepatectomy or vascular reconstruction.