选择性出入肝血流阻断在肝脏巨大肿瘤切除术中的应用

目的 探讨选择性出入肝血流阻断(SHVE)在肝脏巨大肿瘤切除术中应用的优势.方法 回顾性分析29例施行肝脏巨大肿瘤切除术患者的临床资料,随机分为SHVE组(15例)和第一肝门阻断组[(Pringle组),14例],比较两组患者的术中肝血流阻断时间、肝切除范围、出血量、术后肝功能恢复情况、术后2 d平均腹腔引流量以及并发症发生率等指标.结果 两组患者的性别、年龄、肿瘤大小、术中肝血流阻断时间以及肝切除范围的差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).SHVE组患者的术中出血量为(282.1±286.5)ml,明显少于Pringle组[(721.5±512.1)ml,P＜0.05].SHVE组患者术后第1、3、7天血清前白蛋白含量明显高于Pringle组(P＜0.05),血清谷丙转氨酶和总胆红素含量明显低于Pringle组(P＜0.05).SHVE组患者术后2 d平均引流量为(189.4±103.5)ml,明显少于Pringle组[(249.5±108.7)ml,P＜0.05].Pringle组有1例发生肝功能衰竭,SHVE组无一例发生肝功能衰竭.Pringle组有4例发生肝静脉损伤,3例发生肝静脉破裂大出血,1例发生空气栓塞;SHVE组虽有5例发生肝静脉损伤,但无一例发生肝静脉破裂大出血或空气栓塞.结论 SHVE术可以提高肝脏巨大肿瘤切除患者对手术的耐受性,是合理安全的肝脏手术术式.     

常温下全肝血流分步阻断行第Ⅷ肝段肝癌切除5例报告

作者对传统的常温无血切肝术进行改良,利用微波切肝技术将全肝血流阻断步骤分解成三步,分步阻断全肝血流行肝切除术.临床应用于第Ⅷ肝段肝癌切除5例,肿瘤平均最大直径8.2cm.结果平均总切肝时间27分钟.全肝血流阻断时间13分钟,术后恢复顺利,无手术期死亡.本文介绍了手术的具体操作方法,认为该术式选择性缩短全肝血流的阻断时间.     

常温下全肝血液分步阻断行第Ⅷ肝段肝癌切除5例报告

作者对传统的常温无血切肝术进行改良，利用微波切肝技术将全肝血流阻断步骤断步骤分解分三步，分步阻断全肝血流行肝切除术，临床应用于第Ⅷ肝段肝癌切除5例，肿瘤平均最大直径8.2cm。结果平均总切肝时间27分钟，全肝血流阻断时间13分钟，术后恢复顺利，无手术期死亡，本文介绍了手术的具体操作方法。认为该术式选择性缩短全肝血流的阻断时间。     

巨大肝癌手术切除治疗的临床疗效

目的：通过手术切除巨大肝癌36例,总结手术经验,分析手术疗效和肿瘤复发相关因素。方法：肝门血流阻断16例,半肝血流阻断20例（右半肝阻断14例、左半肝阻断6例）。结果①无手术死亡者;②肝癌复发率为69．44％;③1、2、3年生存率分别为83．33％、44．44％、33．33％。结论巨大肝癌若肿瘤边缘清楚而且患者肝功能正常仍应积极手术切除治疗,半乳治疗,半肝阻断法提高了巨大肝癌的切除率和手术安全性,长了中晚期患者的生存时间,术后经化疗泵化对防治肝癌复发有积极作用。     

第Ⅷ肝段切除15例临床体会

目的 总结15例第Ⅷ肝段切除术的临床经验.方法 使用彭氏多功能手术解剖器(PMOD),采取选择性肝血流阻断,对15例第Ⅷ段肝癌进行肝段或联合肝段切除.结果 15例手术均顺利完成,无一例手术死亡.其中13例行第Ⅷ肝段切除,2例行联合第Ⅶ、第Ⅷ肝段切除.术中肝血流阻断1-2次,时间12～25 min,平均(17.3±5.2)min,切肝时间(阻断肝血流至肝脏肿块切除时间)10-23 min,平均(18.3±4.7)min.出血量约(50-700)ml,平均(186±78)ml,2例患者需输血.术后有2例合并胸腔积液,1例胆漏并发膈下感染.结论 使用PMOD在选择性肝血流阻断下,安全快捷地行第Ⅷ肝段的切除是完全可行的.     

区域性肝血流阻断在肝癌切除术中的应用与近期效果

目的:探讨区域性肝血流阻断在肝癌切除术中的应用价值。方法:回顾性分析69例肝癌切除术患者的临床资料,其中行区域性肝血流阻断肝癌切除38例,全肝入肝血流阻断（Pringle法）肝癌切除31例,比较两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、术中输血率、术后并发症发生率、谷草转氨酶（AST）、引流量、排气时间、术后住院时间和标本切缘满意率。结果:与Pringle法肝癌切除组比较,区域性肝血流阻断肝癌切除组患者术中出血量、术后引流量、术后AST水平及并发症发生率均明显降低（均P<0.05）;标本切缘满意率显著提高（P<0.05）。而术中输血率、术后排气时间、术后住院时间比较,两组间差异无统计学差异（均P>0.05）。结论:用区域性肝血流阻断法行肝癌切除术,具有术中出血少,手术打击小,肿瘤切缘满意率高,术后渗出和并发症少等优点。     

常温下半肝血流阻断后肝叶切除术的临床应用

目的：通过对79例肝癌的回顾性分析研究，讨论选择性半肝血流阻断与全肝血流阻断肝切除术对患者术后肝功能的影响。方法：37例行选择性半肝血流阻断肝切除术、42例行全肝血流阻断肝切除术。术后对两组病例的各项肝功能指标进行比较。结果：79例无手术死亡。94．6％行选择性半肝血流阻断肝切除术的患者和40．4％行全肝血流阻断肝切除术的患者于术后两周肝功能恢复正常或术前水平。两者比较有统计学差异（P＜0．05）。结论：对肝癌伴肝硬变的患者行选择性半肝血流阻断肝切除术可以减轻肝血流阻断对肝功能的损害、术后肝功能恢复较快，是目前较为恰当的入肝血流阻断方法之一。     

不同肝血流阻断方法对可手术小肝癌预后的影响

目的 比较可手术小肝癌选择性适时半肝血流阻断法与肝十二指肠韧带阻断法（Pringle法）对患者中长期生存的影响。方法 根据肝血流阻断不同方式,将我院腹部外科222例小肝癌手术患者分为无肝门阻断、选择性适时半肝血流阻断与Pringle法3组,对以上患者进行随访,收集生存资料进行分析比较。结果 选择性适时半肝血流阻断组与无肝门阻断和Pringle法组患者之间中位生存时间差异有统计学意义（P值分别为0.02、0.04）。无肝门阻断、选择性适时半肝血流阻断和Pringle法组患者3年生存率分别为81.3%、93.3%和76.0%,三者间差异有统计学意义（P=0.008）;5年生存率分别为70.6%、90.8%和50.7%,三者间差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）。选择性适时半肝血流阻断组3年生存率与5年生存率均优于其他两组。结论 在小肝癌可手术患者中应用选择性适时半肝血流阻断较Pringle法能显著延长患者的生存时间,提高患者生存率。     

全肝血流隔离技术在肝外科手术中运用的系列研究

中山医科大学附一院黄洁夫教授改进了常温下和低温灌注下全肝血流隔离的无血切肝技术，在动物实验和临床研究的基础上改进了不同时期阻断腹主动脉和不必开胸的常温下全肝血流隔离技术以切除巨大肝肿瘤和累及肝脏大血管损伤的肝外伤的处理。为了切除侵犯第二肝门血管的巨大肝肿瘤和修复血管，研究者提出仅作健侧半肝的门静脉单源性的原位低温灌注，从上下腔静脉的肝静脉置管作灌注液出口，切肝后，肝动脉先恢复灌注，全肝血流恢复．肝脏复温后再作门静脉的修复或整形吻合。改进后的低温灌注下的全肝血流隔离手术，可以缩短肝缺血时间。该技术…     

控制性低中心静脉压联合肝血流阻断在肝癌切除术中的应用

目的:观察控制性低中心静脉压（controlled low central venous pressure,CLCVP ）联合肝血流阻断对肝切除术中出血及血流动力学变化的影响。方法:选取天津医科大学肿瘤医院2014年6 月至2014年12月60例肝叶/ 段切除术患者,随机分成肝血流阻断组（Ⅰ组）和肝血流阻断联合CLCVP 组（Ⅱ组）。 Ⅰ组在肝切除过程中只应用肝血流阻断技术,采用常规液体管理,维持中心静脉压（central venous pressure,CVP ）为6～12cmH2O;Ⅱ组在肝切除过程中联合应用肝血流阻断和CLCVP 技术。CLCVP 包括:限制液体输入和输注硝酸甘油,即从手术开始到肝实质分离完成时,液体输注速度控制在1～3 mL/（kg · h）左右,并以输注晶体液为主,必要时输注硝酸甘油,维持CVP ≤ 5 cmH2O;在肝切除后,快速输入乳酸钠林格氏液和羟乙基淀粉130/ 0.4 氯化钠注射液,恢复正常 CVP 。记录两组患者基本情况和手术信息,记录术前、气管插管后 5 min、肝切除开始、肝切除 20min、肝切除后 5 min、手术结束时的平均动脉压（mean arterial pressure ,MAP ）、心率（heartrate ,HR）、CVP 、脑电双频谱指数（bispectral index,BIS）等。结果:与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅱ组手术时间、出血量、输血量均明显减少（P < 0.05）,两组尿量无显著性差异（P > 0.05）。 两组患者术前各项指标比较无显著性差异（P > 0.05）。 术中不同时点,两组患者MAP 、HR也无显著性差异（P > 0.05）。 与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅱ组CVP 在肝切除开始及肝切除20min时显著下降（P < 0.05）,BIS值在肝切除开始、肝切除20min及肝切除后5 min显著降低（P < 0.05）。 结论:肝血流阻断联合应用CLCVP 技术能够有效降低肝切除术的术中出血量和减少输血。      

Selective hepatic vascular exclusion and Pringle maneuver: A comparative study in liver resection

Objective

Most liver resections require champing of the hepatic pedicle (Pringle maneuver) to avoid excessive blood loss. But Pringle maneuver cannot control backflow bleeding of the hepatic vein. Resection of liver tumors involving hepatic veins may cause massive hemorrhage or air embolism from injuries of the hepatic vein. Although total hepatic vascular exclusion (THVE) can prevent bleeding of the hepatic vein effectively, it also may result in systemic hemodynamic disturbance because of the clamped inferior vena cava (IVC). SHVE, a new technique, can control the inflow and outflow of the liver without clamping the vena cava. We compared the effects of selective hepatic vascular exclusion (SHVE) and Pringle maneuver in resection of liver tumors involving the junction of the hepatic vein.

Methods

From January 2000 to October 2005, 2100 patients with liver tumors had undergone liver resections in our department. Among them, tumors of 235 cases adhered to or were close to the junction of one or more hepatic veins. Both SHVE and Pringle maneuver were used to control blood loss during hepatectomy. These 235 cases were divided into two groups: Pringle maneuver group (110) from January 2000 to December 2002 and SHVE group (125) from January 2003 to October 2005. Data were analyzed regarding the intraoperative and postoperative courses of the patients. In the SHVE group, total SHVE (clamping the porta hepatis and all major hepatic veins) was used in 69 cases and partial SHVE (clamping the porta hepatic and one or two hepatic veins) in 56 cases. There were three methods in hepatic veins occlusion: ligating with suture, encircling and occluding with tourniquets and clamping with Satinsky clamps.

Results

There was no difference between the two groups regarding the age, gender, tumor size, cirrhosis and HBsAg rate, ischemia time and operating time. Intraoperative blood loss and transfusion requirements were significantly decreased in the SHVE group. Hepatic veins rupture with massive blood loss occurred in 14 and air embolism in three during the tumor resection, but there was no massive blood loss and air embolism in the SHVE group due to hepatic vein occlusion. Postoperative bleeding, reoperation, liver failure and mortality rate were higher, and ICU stay and hospital stay were longer in the Pringle group than those in the SHVE group.

Conclusion

SHVE is much more effective than Pringle maneuver in controlling intraoperative bleeding. It can prevent massive blood loss and air embolism from hepatic veins rupture and can reduce the postoperative complication rate and mortality rate. Clamping the hepatic veins with Satinsky clamps is much safer and easier than ligating with suture and occluding with tourniquets.     

Evaluation of hepatic resection following hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy for colorectal liver metastases

We evaluated the significance of hepatectomy following hepatic arterial infusion (HAI) chemotherapy for colorectal liver metastases. The prognosis of 4 cases with initially resectable tumors was discouraging, indicating no benefit of preoperative HAI for resectable tumors. The 2- and 3-year survival of patients who underwent hepatectomy after downstaging by HAI of originally unresectable metastases were 100% and 67%, respectively, suggesting that hepatectomy combined with HAI is a promising modality for those patients. However, it seems that the control of extrahepatic disease and decision making for the timing for surgical therapy are issues requiring improvement.     

原发性肝癌以外科为主的综合治疗(附425例报告)

目的：探讨肝癌以外科为主的综合治疗。方法：以外科为主综合治疗原发性肝癌患者425例，其中直径≤5cm的小肝癌121例。行不规则性肝叶切除134例，局部切除95例，肝叶或肝段切除123例，半肝或半肝以上切除共56例，联合脏器切除17例；切缘注射无水酒精或用渗入无水酒精的明胶海绵包埋于瘤床共39例。结果：总的手术切除率69.8%，小肝癌手术切除率90.3%；手术死亡率1.2%；术后生存5年以上118例，10年以上24例。全组术后3、5、10年生存率分别为57.2%(203/355)、51.3%(118/230)和35.3%(24/68)；其中小肝癌术后3、5、10年生存率分别为74.4%(64/86)、64.6%(42/65)和43.8%(14/32)。结论：以外科为主的综合治疗是目前治疗肝癌最有效的方法。不规则性肝切除、早期发现肝癌、综合治疗大肝癌缩小后二期切除等是提高手术切除率的主要手段；以个体化为原则的术后综合治疗可降低术后复发率，提高肝癌的治疗效果。     

Normothermic total hepatic vascular exclusion for hepatectomy

Experience of normothermic total hepatic vascular exclusion for hepatectomy in two patients with hepatocarcinoma in the second porta hepatis area are reported. The combined method of stepwise exclusion of porta hepatis, total hepatic vascular exclusion, total hepatic vascular exclusion without abdominal aorta and manipulative exclusion of inferior vena cava above liver are described. Biochemical studies before, during and after the operation showed that they are similar to these of routine hepatectomy. This modification, being safer and easier, may increase the resectability and reduce the mortality rate.     

Surgery for hepatic neuroendocrine tumors: a single institutional experience in Japan

BACKGROUND: Surgical resection has been advocated as an effective treatment for hepatic neuroendocrine tumors (HNETs) in Western countries, but few data are available to define its indications. We evaluated the results of Japanese patients to determine the prognostic factors and the feasibility of our aggressive surgical approach. METHODS: The records of all consecutive patients who underwent surgical resection for HNETs at our institution were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were selected for surgery if all tumors were deemed resectable, regardless of their extent. RESULTS: A total of 21 patients were identified. Bilobar disease was present in 13 patients (62%). Eleven patients (52%) underwent major hepatectomy, which included right trisectionectomy, extended right or left hepatectomy and right hepatectomy. No in-hospital death occurred. The overall 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rates were 95, 68 and 41%, respectively, with a median follow-up of 34 months. Metastatic HNETs from bronchopulmonary primaries exhibited significantly poor outcome compared with other primary sites (P = 0.04). Patients who underwent curative resection had an improved overall 5-year survival rate of 73% compared with palliative resection (0%, P = 0.01). The longest survival in the latter group was 57 months. Complete symptom resolution rate was 92%. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study from Asia demonstrating the safety of aggressive hepatic resection for HNETs. Significant symptom relief and long-term survival were achieved irrespective of the extent of disease or the magnitude of operation. Metastatic HNETs from bronchopulmonary primaries may represent a more lethal subset of tumors.     

Improvements in hepatocellular carcinoma resection by intraoperative ultrasonography and intermittent hepatic inflow blood occlusion.

From September, 1989, to December, 1990 (late period), intraoperative ultrasonography (IOU) and intermittent hepatic inflow blood occlusion were introduced in hepatectomy. Compared with the early period from January, 1983, to August, 1989, the resectability of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) increased from 12.1 to 62.1% (P less than 0.0001). More resections on cirrhotic patients (P less than 0.05) and more combined resections with other organs (P less than 0.005) were carried out. Although the operation time was longer (P less than 0.01), less blood loss during surgery and fewer perioperative blood transfusions (P less than 0.001) were found during the late period. Since the rate at which classical resections were performed has reduced (P less than 0.001), postoperative morbidity has also decreased (P less than 0.05). Although the surgical mortality did not differ between the two periods, most deaths in the early period were caused by postoperative hepatic failure which was not found in the late period. Since IOU can clarify the intrahepatic vasculature and identify impalpable and invisible tumors, more precise resections can now be carried out. Intermittent hepatic inflow occlusion reduces blood loss during surgery without increasing risk. We suggest both techniques should be mandatory in hepatectomy for HCC in order for the safety range of resections to be broadened.     

A decision analysis model predicts the optimal treatment pathway for patients with colorectal cancer and resectable synchronous liver metastases

BACKGROUND: The estimated 2400 Americans who annually present with colorectal cancer and simultaneous resectable liver metastases encounter a wide array of surgical and medical treatment options. Because of the large number of possible treatment sequences and the absence of clinical trials comparing these various pathways, there is no consensus on the optimal therapeutic strategy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To address this issue, a decision-making model was developed incorporating all possible combinations of the following treatments: colorectal resection, hepatic resection, simultaneous colohepatic resection, and systemic chemotherapy. Transition probabilities associated with each treatment were determined by systematic review of the literature. Variations in complication rates based on the extent of hepatectomy (minor: 1-2 segments vs. major: > 2 segments) were factored into the model. Sensitivity analyses were performed to identify threshold values for study variables that altered the optimal treatment pathway. RESULTS: After 10,000 simulated patient trials with no bias toward any one initial treatment (ie, current practice conditions), the global calculated 5-year survival rate was 21%. For simulated patients with moderate hepatic tumor burden, only treatment sequences that placed systemic therapy before major hepatectomy resulted in improved 5-year survival projections (38% vs. 29%; P = .001; odds ratio, 1.82). Initial treatment with simultaneous colohepatic resection was only favored when the operative mortality rate was adjusted to < 0.5%. CONCLUSION: This detailed decision-making analysis predicts that the optimal treatment pathway for most patients with colorectal cancer and simultaneous resectable liver metastases is preoperative systemic therapy followed by colohepatectomy or 2-stage resection. In the era of improved systemic therapies, major hepatic resection should be deferred until local and systemic disease can been addressed.     

A prospective randomized controlled trial to compare two methods of selective hepatic vascular exclusion in partial hepatectomy

Background and aim

Selective hepatic vascular exclusion (SHVE) has not been widely used because of difficulty in extrahepatic isolation of hepatic veins. This study aims to compare the results of SHVE using tourniquets or Satinsky clamps on major hepatic veins in partial hepatectomy for liver tumors involving the roots of hepatic veins.

Methods

Between June 2008 and March 2012, a randomized controlled trial was performed on patients undergoing liver resection to compare selective hepatic vascular exclusion using tourniquets or Satinsky clamps in partial hepatectomy. In the tourniquet group, the hepatic veins were completely isolated and occluded with tourniquets. In the Satinsky clamp group, the hepatic veins were dissected on the anterior and side walls only and they were clamped directly by Satinsky clamps.

Results

The time for dissecting hepatic veins was significantly shorter in the Satinsky clamp group (7.5 ± 6.6 min vs 21.3 ± 7.4 min) than the tourniquet group. In the tourniquet group, 5 hepatic veins could not be completely isolated and encircled. In 4 additional patients the hepatic vein was slightly torn during dissection. These 9 patients received successful occlusion using Satinsky clamps. In the Satinsky group, all occlusion of the hepatic vein was successful. There was a significant difference in the success rate in hepatic vein occlusion using the Satinsky and the tourniquet groups 60/60 vs 51/60, P = 0.0018.

Conclusions

Both techniques of hepatic vein occlusion were safe and efficacious. As the use of Satinsky clamps is safer, easier and took less time, it is recommended.     

Feasible laparoscopic repeat hepatectomy using double intercostal ports and laparoscopic vascular clamp (with video)

BackgroundLaparoscopic repeat hepatectomy is a technically challenging procedure owing to adhesions around the liver, causing difficulties in performing hepatic inflow control by conventional tourniquet method [1], and failure in hepatic mobilization [2].MethodThus, we introduce our technique using double intercostal ports to manipulate the fixed liver under the rib cage and using the laparoscopic Satinsky vascular clamp to perform hepatic inflow control to overcome the aforementioned concerns in ipsilateral laparoscopic repeat hepatectomy after previous open hepatectomy.VideoThe patient, with histories of abdominal aortic aneurysm repair and open Segment 7 subsegmentectomy, had recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma in the dorsal region of Segment 8. After establishing pneumoperitoneum with five abdominal ports, adhesiolysis around the liver was then performed, followed by identification of the caudal part of Spiegel's lobe as the landmark for the space between the left-side of the hepatoduodenal ligament and the vena cava. Although the space between the right side of the hepatoduodenal ligament and the vena cava was obstructed, the laparoscopic blunt-tip Satinsky vascular clamp successfully was applied on the stiff hepatoduodenal ligament due to previous hepatectomy and made inflow control. Because the liver could not be mobilized at all, double intercostal ports with balloons were introduced [3] for parenchymal resection for exposing the parenchymal resection plane and also to apply the vessel sealing device. A 12-Fr chest tube (Aspiration Kit. Argyle™, Tokyo, Japan) was introduced in the right thoracic cavity as our routine.ResultsThe operative time was 243 minutes and the blood loss was 50g. The postoperative course was uneventful and the patient was discharged on the day 8.ConclusionsThe combination of intercostal ports and laparoscopic Satinsky vascular clamp could be significant aids for performing safe ipsilateral laparoscopic repeat hepatectomy, even after previous open hepatectomy.