Comparison of two Dutch follow-up care models for spinal cord-injured patients and their impact on health problems, re-admissions and quality of care

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether transmural care for people with spinal cord injury living in the community has more impact on health outcomes than traditional follow-up care within the Netherlands. DESIGN: Quasi-experiment with 12 months of follow-up. SETTING: Eight Dutch rehabilitation centres.Subjects: Thirty-one patients who received transmural care in two ;experimental' rehabilitation centres were compared with a matched sample of 31 patients having received ;usual follow-up care' in six other rehabilitation centres. INTERVENTION: The core component of the transmural care consists of a transmural nurse, who 'liaises' between former patients living in the community, primary care professionals and the rehabilitation team. The transmural care model provides activities to support patients and their family/partners and activities to promote continuity of care. MAIN MEASURES: The prevalence of pressure sores and urinary tract infections; the number and duration of re-admissions to hospital and rehabilitation centre due to pressure sores, bladder and bowel problems; and the experienced quality of follow-up care. RESULTS: The transmural care, as implemented, did not influence the health outcomes. The prevalence of pressure sores, urinary tract infections and the number of re-admissions (due to pressure sores, bladder and bowel problems) was respectively 13, 13 and 4 in the intervention group versus 14, 15 and 6 in the usual follow-up care group. Since the transmural care had been incompletely implemented and there were methodological and practical limitations, we formulated no final conclusions regarding its effectiveness. CONCLUSION: Implementing the transmural care model strictly according to protocol may improve its effectiveness.     

Delivering high quality hip fracture rehabilitation: the perspective of occupational and physical therapy practitioners

Aim: The majority of post-acute hip fracture rehabilitation in the US is delivered in skilled nursing facilities (SNFs). Currently, there are limited guidelines that equip occupational and physical therapy practitioners with a summary of what constitutes evidence-based high quality rehabilitation. Thus, this study aimed to identify rehabilitation practitioners’ perspectives on the practices that constitute high quality hip fracture rehabilitation.

Methods: Focus groups were conducted with 99 occupational and physical therapy practitioners working in SNFs in southern California. Purposive sampling of facilities was conducted to capture variation in key characteristics known to impact care delivery for this patient population (e.g., financial resources, staffing, and patient case-mix). Questions aimed to elicit practitioners’ perspectives on high quality hip fracture rehabilitation practices. Each session was audio-recorded and transcribed. Data were systematically analyzed using a modified grounded theory approach.

Results: Seven themes emerged: objectives of care; first 72?h; positioning, pain, and precautions; use of standardized assessments; episode of care practices; facilitating insight into progress; and interdisciplinary collaboration.

Conclusions: Clinical guidelines are critical tools to facilitate clinical decision-making and achieve desired patient outcomes. The findings of this study highlight the practitioners’ perspective on what constitutes high quality hip fracture rehabilitation. This work provides critical information to advance the development of stakeholder-driven rehabilitation clinical guidelines. Future research is needed to verify the findings from other stakeholders (e.g., patients), ensure the alignment of our findings with current evidence, and develop measures for evaluating their delivery and relationship to desired outcomes.

• Implications for Rehabilitation

• This study highlights occupational and physiotherapy therapy practitioners’ perspectives on the cumulative best practices that reflect high quality care, which should be delivered during hip fracture rehabilitation.

• While this study was limited to two professions within the broader interdisciplinary team, consistently occupational and physiotherapy therapy practitioners situated their role and practices within the team, emphasizing that high quality care was driven by collaboration among all members of the team as well as the patient and caregivers.

• Future research needs to evaluate the (a) frequency at which these practices are delivered and the relationship to patient-centered outcomes, and (b) perspectives of rehabilitation practitioners working in other PAC settings, patients, caregivers, as well as the other members of the interdisciplinary PAC team.

     

Rehabilitation in home care: new Joint Commission accrediting standards

The Joint Commission's new set of rehabilitation standards is applicable only if the organization provides rehabilitation services as described in their scope of service. Admission to home care services requires an assessment of the patient's functional status that may in turn lead to the need for referral for rehabilitation services. A thorough review of the standards integrating the information in this article can help home care managers to understand and comply with the rehabilitation standard and identify how a surveyor may review an agency for compliance. These new standards can guide organizations in providing the quality oversight necessary to achieve goals that reflect positive patient outcomes.     

Measuring healthcare outcomes to improve quality of care across post--acute care provider settings

Post-acute care (PAC) occurs in a variety of settings-skilled nursing facilities (nursing homes), rehabilitation facilities, and home health agencies. To evaluate the impact of care processes on clinical outcomes and implement changes designed to improve outcomes, one must begin by measuring outcomes in a valid, reliable manner that allows for comparisons to reference or benchmarking data. Currently, several data sets exist in PAC settings for the purpose of outcome measurement. However, there is a need for comparable information across settings to ensure the quality and continuity of care. This article reviews various existing data sets used in PAC settings, examines ongoing projects to create a single set of measures, and suggests some directions for future research.     

Myths and facts about safe patient handling in rehabilitation.

As the incidence of injuries associated with patient-handling tasks remains high in the rehabilitation community, interdisciplinary discussions on optimal methods for preventing injuries and ensuring good care continue. A national task force consisting of representatives from the Association of Rehabilitation Nurses, the American Physical Therapy Association, and the Veterans Health Administration identified myths that have been promulgated on both sides of the discussion, focusing especially on rehabilitation practices. The purpose of this article is to dispel these myths by using evidence-based methods. Evidence should be applied in discussions of safe patient handling, and although concern about patient outcomes is critical, there is no evidence that the use of patient-handling technology undermines rehabilitation goals and strong evidence that these practices enhance the safety of rehabilitation care providers. Further research on the impact of safe patient-handling practices on rehabilitation goals and continued communication between rehabilitation providers are recommended.     

Relationship centred outcomes focused on compassionate care for older people within in-patient care settings

This paper describes outcomes from research titled Leadership in Compassionate Care. The research adopts a participatory action research approach, utilizing appreciative inquiry and relationship centred care. Outcomes of the research are based upon relationships between patients, families and staff. This paper focuses on in-patient care for older people. A range of data generation activities were undertaken including: observation, interviews using emotional touch points and reflective accounts. To highlight outcomes in compassionate care, this paper uses case studies from two participating services. Principles of compassionate care were derived from understanding experiences of patients, relatives and staff and initiating responsive action projects. The aim was to enhance the experience of relationship centred, compassionate care. The process of emotional touch points enabled a richer understanding of experience. In terms of outcomes for patients this involved, enhanced quality of time spent with family and opening up conversations between families and staff. Outcomes for families involved enhanced access to relevant information and the opportunity to make sense of their situation. Staff outcomes were gaining experience in working alongside family to co-create the service, enhanced understanding of the experiences of patients and relatives led to direct changes in individual and team practices.     

A blueprint for transforming stroke rehabilitation care in Canada: the case for change

Teasell RW, Foley NC, Salter KL, Jutai JW. A blueprint for transforming stroke rehabilitation care in Canada: the case for change.Stroke is a major source of disability in Canada and other developed countries, which carries with it a high toll in terms of personal suffering for the stroke survivor and their family in addition to the associated economic costs. Despite the impressive body of evidence describing effective and feasible stroke rehabilitation practices, stroke survivors, their families, and health professionals currently do not benefit from a rehabilitation system that is well organized and evidence based. Using the principles of best evidence, we make the case for needed changes to the current system based on 5 processes of care known to be important in the pursuit of optimal outcomes: (1) admission to specialized stroke rehabilitation units, (2) early admission to stroke rehabilitation units, (3) intensive stroke rehabilitation therapies, (4) task-specific rehabilitation therapies, and (5) well-resourced outpatient programs. Implementation of these strategies will be expected to result in improved functional gain, fewer complications, decreased mortality, and reduced need for institutionalization. In addition to providing improved care for both the stroke survivor and their family, evidence-based stroke rehabilitation care is more efficient and may reduce costs. Our experience in Canada suggests that instituting these 5 measures alone will result in significant improvements to the health care system.     

Academic-practice partnerships to promote evidence-based practice in long-term care: oral hygiene care practices as an exemplar

Learning in practice disciplines suffers when gaps exist between classroom instruction and students' observations of routine clinical practices.(1) Academic institutions, therefore, have a strong interest in fostering the rapid and effective translation of evidence-based care techniques into routine practice. Long-term care (LTC) practice sites are particularly vulnerable to gaps between classroom teaching and how daily care is implemented, owing to the recent rapid advances in the scientific bases of care for frail older adults, the relative isolation of most LTC sites from academic settings,(2) and the relatively small number of registered nurses (RNs) available in LTC settings who can facilitate translation of research-based practices into care.(3) The aim of this project was to demonstrate the feasibility and value of an academic practice partnership to implement evidence-based approaches to solving resident care problems in LTC, as many scientifically proven practices hold promise for improving resident outcomes yet adoption is often slow.(4) We developed and implemented a clinical practice improvement process, based on diffusion of innovations theory and research,(5-8) to serve as a new model of academic-practice collaboration between a university school of nursing, LTC facility management and direct-care staff, as a means of developing high quality clinical sites for student rotations. The goal was to implement a sustainable evidence-based oral care program as an exemplar of how scientific evidence can be translated into LTC practice. This project focused on oral hygiene because the staff was dissatisfied with their existing resident oral care program, and an evidence-base for oral care in LTC existed that had not yet been incorporated into care routines. This article describes a systematic, replicable process for linking advanced practice registered nurse expertise with staff insights about care systems to reduce the gap between teaching and practice in long-term care settings. Our experience demonstrates that translation of research on oral care practices into LTC practice through academic-practice partnerships is feasible, is associated with positive resident outcomes, and illustrates a process that has broader applicability to other common problems in LTC, where incomplete implementation of an extant research base for practice may inhibit student learning.     

Best practices in stroke care

In 2001, the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care introduced the Ontario Stroke Strategy by designating regional stroke centres across the province. The primary role of these centres is to coordinate stroke care within the region and across the care continuum in keeping with best practices. Concurrently, Trillium Health Centre was identifying best practice projects to support its ongoing quest for excellence. With Trillium designated as a regional stroke centre, acute ischemic stroke care was an obvious choice for a best practice project. The aim of the project was to improve access to care and quality of care for stroke patients from emergency through acute care to in-patient rehabilitation. The team chose the rapid cycle change methodology. This approach to quality improvement advocates the testing of a series of small changes (i.e., process improvement ideas) in tandem with measurements to assess the impact of the change to drive further process improvements. The project was deemed a success, resulting in significant improvements in the timeliness and quality of care.     

Clinical nurse specialist practice in a care coordination model

The goal of care coordination is to facilitate and enhance positive patient outcomes. The contribution that the clinical nurse specialist (CNS) can make toward the achievement of this goal is supported in the literature. The CNS can impact patient outcomes by influencing nursing practice and organizational systems for the delivery of quality, cost-effective patient care. These CNS practice activities can be uniquely tailored to specialty populations. Three CNSs within the Department of Care Coordination report how they have developed their own individual practices within their distinct specialties. Although the approach varied, the outcomes of influencing the quality of nursing care, patient education, and safe, uncomplicated transition from the hospital to next disposition were the same.     

Facilitating recovery: evidence for organized stroke care.

Despite dramatic advances in the management of thrombolysis and acute stroke, organized rehabilitation remains the cornerstone of recovery from stroke. The importance of organized stroke care in facilitating recovery has been recognized for the last 10 years, but it is still unclear how organized rehabilitation contributes to improved outcomes. This paper presents a synthesis of evidence of the benefits of organized care, especially with respect to stroke severity and different types of organized stroke care. It presents an overview of possible processes within organized rehabilitation that may contribute to good outcomes. The role of integrated care pathways within rehabilitation settings is discussed, highlighting the limitations of current evidence and uncertainty about their benefits. Finally, some key challenges have been identified for stroke units in improving rehabilitation outcomes over the next decade and for healthcare planners in investing adequately in organized stroke services.     

Quality and the nursing workforce: APNs, patient outcomes and health care costs

Quality in health care requires access, appropriate and acceptable treatment plans, responsible patient follow through, a workforce of sufficient numbers and qualification and agreement on health care quality indicators. The purpose of this article is to describe APN workforce and dose effects on quality, reflected in patient outcomes and health care costs with current quality indicators. Stakeholders measure “quality indicators” differently. Nursing practices are often absent in databases and systems of reimbursement. Research overwhelmingly indicates equal outcomes for physician and APN care plus value-added APN effects on use of preventive services, adjustment to illness, stress management, treatment compliance, satisfaction, and reduced emergency room visits and rehospitalizations. APN dose has an important positive effect on patient outcomes and healthcare costs. Research is needed on the level of APN dose, staff mix and use of APNs, and balance of physician and APN dose in different stages of patient health, illness, and recovery to achieve quality outcomes.     

Editorial introduction: a conceptual framework for the study of the quality of rehabilitation care

Purpose : To propose a framework for the assessment and ongoing, continuous improvement of the quality of rehabilitation care. Method : The generally clarified and accepted approaches to the study of the quality of care are examined in view of the inherent characteristics of medical rehabilitation, and the differences between it and other fields of medical practice. Result : Process and outcome of care are distinct but complementary, and their elements should, in rehabilitation, be used jointly and simultaneously as indicators of quality.     

Nurse staffing, care delivery model, and patient care quality

Little research has been conducted examining the linkages between nurse staffing and care delivery models in relation to patient care quality. Nurses in this study perceive that an all-RN staffing model is associated with better quality outcomes for patients, and that staffing models that include professional and unregulated staff may pose a challenge for unit-based communication and the coordination of care. Patient care delivery models were also important predictors of the quality outcomes studied.     

A conceptual proposal for the study of the quality of rehabilitation care

Purpose : To propose a framework for the assessment and ongoing, continuous improvement of the quality of rehabilitation care. Method : The generally clarified and accepted approaches to the study of the quality of care are examined in view of the inherent characteristics of medical rehabilitation and the differences between it and other fields of medical practice. Results : The process and outcome of care are distinct but complementary and their elements should, in rehabilitation, be used jointly and simultaneously as indicators of quality. Conclusions : Rehabilitation is of long duration and consists of various phases, each of them focusing on a different issue. It is proposed to monitor activities of rehabilitation professionals (process elements) that constitute the focus of care of a given phase and simultaneously to monitor relevant outcome elements attributable to the activities of the given phase. Comparison of monitored elements (the observed care) to their standards (the expected care) would enable assessment of the quality and its continuous improvement.     

Usefulness of the nursing home quality measures and quality indicators for assessing skilled nursing facility rehabilitation outcomes

OBJECTIVE: To examine the usefulness of the nursing home quality indicators and nursing home quality measures for differentiating among providers from a rehabilitation outcomes perspective. DESIGN: Retrospective. SETTING: Skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) across the United States. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 211 SNFs. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: All quality indicators, all quality measures except for CWLS01 (residents who lose too much weight), and a set of rehabilitation outcomes including residualized FIM motor gain, the percentage of patients discharged to community, and the percentage of patients reporting "quite a lot" or "completely" prepared to manage their care at discharge from SNF-based rehabilitation. RESULTS: No quality measures correlated with any rehabilitation outcomes. Residualized FIM motor gain did not correlate with any quality indicators or quality measures. Only 1 quality indicator-prevalence of daily use of restraints (QI 22)-correlated with the rehabilitation indicator community discharge percentage. The third rehabilitation indicator, prepared to manage care at discharge, correlated (negatively) only with QI 18 incidence of decrease in range of motion. Among the rehabilitation outcomes, residualized FIM motor gain correlated significantly with both community discharge percentage and prepared to manage care at discharge. CONCLUSIONS: Patients and referrers choosing SNF-based medical rehabilitation need tools that differentiate among prospective providers from a rehabilitation outcomes perspective. Data in this study indicate that nursing home quality indicators and quality measures are inadequate for this purpose.     

Evaluating ventilator weaning best practice: a long-term acute care hospital system-wide quality initiative

Long-term acute care (LTAC) hospitals and units are becoming increasingly important to the management of patients who have serious, complex critical illnesses and require mechanical ventilation for extended periods of time. Kindred Healthcare, Inc., a nation-wide system of LTAC hospitals embarked on a quality initiative to establish a Ventilator Management and Weaning Best Practice. The process steps included: measurement of performance of all hospitals in the system using a risk-adjusted methodology to evaluate clinical outcomes, identification of facilities with superior outcomes; structured evaluation of the characteristics, practices, and protocols of these Best Practice hospitals; and utilization of the information gleaned from these hospitals to establish evidence-based LTAC best practice ventilator management guidelines. Key characteristics of the Best Practice LTAC hospitals were: hospital-wide philosophy that "everybody weans"-that is, all disciplines actively participate and all patients are expected to wean; collaborative multidisciplinary plans of care; a consistent and a 24-hour-a-day approach to ventilator management and weaning; daily communication; mutual respect for the contributions of all disciplines to the weaning process; early, aggressive nutrition support and intervention by rehabilitation services; use of 24-hour in-hospital advance practice nurses, hospitalists, or physician assistants; and intervention by physiatrists.     

State-of-the-science on postacute rehabilitation: measurement and methodologies for assessing quality and establishing policy for postacute care

Duncan PW, Velozo CA. State-of-the-science on postacute rehabilitation: measurement and methodologies for assessing quality and establishing policy for postacute care.We present an overview of commonly used postacute outcome measures and review new methodologies for postacute assessment. We question the impact that current measurement has had on improvement of quality of postacute care (PAC) and its utility in informing health policy. We suggest that Donabedian’s model of health care quality should be endorsed for measurement. Specifically, measurement of outcomes and process should be used jointly in assessment of PAC.     

Generalists and oncologists show similar care practices and outcomes for hospitalized late-stage cancer patients. SUPPORT Investigators. Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks for Treatment

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this work was to identify similarities and differences in primary attending physicians' (generalists' versus oncologists') care practices and outcomes for seriously ill hospitalized patients with malignancy. DESIGN: This was a prospective cohort study (SUPPORT project). SETTING: Subjects were recruited from 5 US teaching hospitals; data were gathered from 1989 to 1994. SUBJECTS: Included in the study was a matched sample of 642 hospitalized patients receiving care for non-small-cell lung cancer, colon cancer metastasized to the liver, or multiorgan system failure associated with malignancy with either a generalist or an oncologist as the primary attending physician. MEASUREMENTS: Care practices and patient outcomes were determined from hospital records. Length of survival was identified with the National Death Index. Physicians' perceptions of patient's prognosis, preference for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and length of relationship were assessed by interview. A propensity score for receiving care from an oncologist was constructed. After propensity-based matching of patients, practices and outcomes of oncologists' and generalists' patients were assessed through group comparison techniques. RESULTS: Generalist and oncologist attendings showed comparable care practices, including the number of therapeutic interventions, eg, "rescue care" and chemotherapy, and the number of care topics discussed with patients/ families. Length of stay, discharge to supportive care, readmission, total hospital costs, and survival rates were similar. For both physician groups, perception of patients' wish for CPR was associated with rescue care (P < 0.03), and such care was related to higher hospital costs (P < 0.000). Poorer prognostic estimates predicted aggressiveness-of-care discussions by both types of physicians. Length of the patient-doctor relationship was associated with oncologists' care practices. More documented discussion about aggressiveness of care was related to higher hospital costs and shorter survival for patients in both physician groups (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Generalists and oncologists showed similar care practices and outcomes for comparable hospitalized late-stage cancer patients. Physicians' perceptions about patients' preferences for CPR and prognosis influenced decision making and outcomes for patients in both physician groups. Length of relationship with patients was associated only with oncologists' care practices. Rescue care increased hospital costs but had no effect on patient survival. Future studies should compare physicians' palliative care as well as acute-care practices in both inpatient and ambulatory care settings. Patients' end-of-life quality and interchange between physician groups should also be documented and compared.