吸入一氧化氮对危重先天性心脏病体外循环婴幼儿肺表面活性物质的影响

目的 探讨吸入一氧化氮(NO)对婴幼儿危重先天性心脏病(先心病)体外循环术(CPB)中肺表面活性物质的影响.方法 将30例室间隔缺损伴重度肺动脉高压的婴幼儿随机分为对照组和NO组,NO组在CPB期间吸入40×10-6NO.CPB前和术后气管插管未拔前0～1 h,1～2 h,2～3 h测定气道压、吸入氧浓度和呼气末二氧化碳浓度,并分别在同时点采动脉血进行血气分析,计算肺泡死腔率(VDhD/VT)、肺泡动脉血氧分压差[P(A-a)O2]、动脉血氧含量(CaO2)和肺泡氧合指数(OI),记录术后呼吸机支持时间.同时各时相点以少量生理盐水灌洗气道,分别测定气道吸出物中总磷脂(TPL)、饱和卵磷脂(SatPC)、总蛋白(TP)值,计算SatPC/TPL和SatPC/TP.结果 与对照组相比,NO组VD/VTP(A-a)O2明显下降(P<0.01),OI、CaO2升高(P<0.01);两组CPB后SatPC/TPL和SatPC/TP较CPB前明显降低(P<0.01).NO组SatPC/TPL和SatPC/TP下降的幅度明显小于对照组(P<0.01).结论 婴幼儿危重先心病CPB中存在明显的肺损害,表现为一些亚临床性肺功能损伤.吸入一定浓度的NO对CPB期间肺功能有保护作用.     

大剂量盐酸氨溴索在婴幼儿先天性心脏病外科治疗中的肺保护作用

目的观察大剂量盐酸氨溴索在婴幼儿先天性心脏病(CHD)治疗中的肺保护作用。方法选取婴幼儿CHD心脏直视手术170例,根据体外循环(CPB)术后是否使用盐酸氨溴索将其分为2组:对照组85例和氨溴索组85例。2组病例术前一般资料、心功能的差异均无统计学意义。氨溴索组术中术后使用盐酸氨溴索20 mg.kg-1.d-1,共5 d;对照组术中术后未使用盐酸氨溴索治疗。观察2组患儿术后肺功能指标,分别于CPB前、CPB结束、手术结束、术后6 h及术后24 h测定2组患儿氧合指数和肺静态顺应性;比较2组患儿肺部感染及肺不张发生率的差异;比较2组术后呼吸机辅助时间及ICU监护时间的差异。结果氨溴索组肺部感染率及肺不张发生率明显低于对照组(Pa<0.05);氨溴索组术后呼吸机辅助时间及ICU监护时间显著少于对照组(Pa<0.05)。2组术前氧合指数及肺静态顺应性比较差异均无统计学意义(Pa>0.05);2组CPB结束、手术结束、术后6 h、术后24 h的氧合指数及肺静态顺应性均较术前明显下降(Pa<0.01);氨溴索组CPB结束、手术结束、术后6 h及术后24 h氧合指数均高于对照组(Pa<0.05);氨溴索组肺静态顺应性变化程度明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论盐酸氨溴索可有效改善CHD婴幼儿CPB术后肺功能,防治肺部并发症,缩短辅助通气及监护时间。     

保护性肺通气对婴儿围体外循环期肺功能的影响

目的 观察体外循环(CPB)中间断肺通气对婴儿肺功能的影响.方法 选取60例1岁以内行室间隔缺损修补术的患儿,分为2组:对照组(n=30)于CPB开始后停止通气;处理组(n=30)于CPB开始心脏停跳后膨肺[用手挤压气囊,使气道压力升到15～20 cm H2O(1 cmH2O=0.098 kPa),维持3～5 s,重复5次],将肺内血液排出,然后静态膨肺(3～5 cm H2O),并每隔10 min膨肺5次.两组患儿均于腔静脉开放后恢复机械通气.检测CPB开始前及CPB结束后2、6、12、24和48 h共6个时点的氧合指数、动脉血氧分压/肺泡氧分压、肺泡-动脉氧分压差和呼吸指数等肺功能指标.结果 在CPB后2、6、12 h,处理组氧合指数、动脉血氧分压/肺泡氧分压高于对照组(P＜0.05);在CPB后2、6、12、48 h,处理组肺泡-动脉氧分压差低于对照组(P＜0.05);在CPB后6、12 h,处理组呼吸指数低于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 在婴儿CPB过程中持续静态膨肺并间断压力膨肺,可以改善术后早期肺的氧合功能,有较好的肺保护作用.     

还原型谷胱甘肽对大鼠深低温暂停循环的脑保护作用

目的 探讨还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)对深低温暂停循环(DHCA)大鼠是否具有脑保护作用.方法 SD大鼠24只,随机分为3组,每组8只,A组:常温体外循环(CPB)组;B组:DHCA组;C组:GSH处理组.各组大鼠转流前及转流结束后30 min留取静脉血检测S-100 β及神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE).术后留取脑组织,用于测定脑含水量及病理变化.结果 DHCA组病理变化较常温CPB组明显,而与GSH处理组差别不大.转流后DHCA组大鼠脑含水量较常温CPB组显著增加(P ＝ 0.012),GSH处理组大鼠脑含水量与常温CPB组差异无统计学意义.各组转流后S-100 β和NSE均较术前增加,DHCA组增加最为明显,但3组间差异无统计学意义.结论 DHCA对大鼠的脑损伤严重;GSH预处理对施行DHCA的大鼠可能有一定的脑保护作用.     

乌司他丁对儿童体外循环后肺的保护作用

目的 观察乌司他丁对先天性心脏病(先心病)患儿肺动脉高压体外循环(CPB)后细胞因子释放及肺功能的影响,探讨其可能的肺保护机制.方法 心功能Ⅱ～Ⅲ级的50例先心病(房间隔缺损或室间隔缺损)患儿,随机分为乌司他丁组和对照组,每组各25例.乌司他丁组予乌司他丁2万U·kg-1,1/3量用于CPB前麻醉后,1/3加入预充液,另1/3复温时给予.对照组用等容积9 g·L-1盐水代替.记录术中呼吸道峰压.分别于麻醉诱导后、主动脉开放后30 min、2 h、24 h采集动脉血,应用酶联免疫吸附试验法测定其血浆TNF-α、基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)水平.结果 二组呼吸道峰压在停CPB和术后均有升高,但对照组升高更显著(Pa<0.05);CPB后患儿TNF-α、MMP-9生成明显增加(Pa<0.05),乌司他丁组在主动脉开放30 min、24 h MMP-9、TNF-α水平均较对照组明显降低(Pa<0.01).结论 CPB前应用乌司他丁能有效抑制TNF-α、MMP-9释放,降低呼吸道压力,减轻CPB后急性肺损伤,具有一定的肺保护作用.     

中低温体外循环对婴幼儿先天性心脏病术后的肺损伤

目的 探讨中低温体外循环(CPB)对婴幼儿先天性心脏病(CHD)术后的肺损伤.方法 选择本院经CPB行CHD手术的患儿40例,分别在气管插管后10 min(T1)、转流后5 min(T2)、手术结束时(T3)、术后2 h(T4)、术后24 h(T5)采集动脉血3 mL,离心取血浆,通过酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测CHD患儿血浆炎细胞因子IL-6、IL-8水平,在T1、T3、T4测定肺功能参数:肺静态顺应性(Csmt)、氧合指数(OI)、呼吸指数(RI).CPB前后取其肺组织,光镜、电镜下观察其结构变化.结果 与术前测定值比较,CPB后IL-6、IL-8、RI均显著升高(Pa<0.05),Cstat、OI均显著降低(Pa<0.01),且致炎细胞因子与肺功能参数变化存在相关性:IL-8与RI呈正相关(r=0.585 P<0.05),与Cstat、OI均呈负相关(t=-0.413,-0.697 Pa<0.01);IL-6与OI呈负相关(r=-0.528 P<0.05),手术前后在光电镜下观察肺组织有明显病理改变:光镜下肺泡壁、毛细血管轻度充血,肺泡破坏及肺局部不张.电镜下Ⅰ型肺泡上皮细胞破坏,Ⅱ型肺泡上皮细胞绒毛减少,细胞内线粒体肿胀,肺泡腔内渗出,肺间隔水肿.结论 中低温CPB能明显引起婴幼儿CHD术后肺损伤,并可能与IL-6、IL-8的变化相关.     

肺复张手法对急性肺损伤幼猪肺表面活性物质的影响

目的 研究肺复张手法(RM)对急性肺损伤(ALI)时肺表面活性物质表达的影响,探讨RM产生肺泡复张效应的机制.方法 健康雄性幼猪12只,静脉注射内毒素(LPS)构建ALI模型,随机分为常规潮气量通气组(对照组)和小潮气量联合肺复张手法通气组(RM组),观察8 h,酶联免疫吸附法检测血浆、支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中的肺表面活性蛋白(SP)-A浓度,分析BALF中的磷脂成分[总磷脂(TPL)、活性磷脂(DSPC)及总蛋白(TP)],并采用RT-PCR和免疫组织化学染色测定肺组织中SP-A、SP-B、SP-C、SP-D的mRNA及SP-A的蛋白表达水平.结果 与对照组相比,RM组中SP-A、SP-B、SP-C、SP-D的mRNA水平明显升高,对照组与RM组SP-A平均灰度值为97.8±6.4与106.3±8.5,差异有非常显著性(P＜0.01),并且采用RM后BALF中DSPC/TP、DSPC/TPL比例升高,血浆中SP-A浓度降低,而BALF中的SP-A浓度明显上升.结论 肺复张手法可以改善ALl幼猪肺表面活性物质相关蛋白的合成及肺部表达,增加肺表面活性物质的活性,调节SP-A的浓度,有助于促进肺复张后的肺泡开放,并减轻呼吸机相关肺损伤.     

麻醉深度指数监测在低温体外循环下先天性心脏病手术中的应用

目的探讨麻醉深度指数(CSI)监测在低温体外循环(CPB)下先天性心脏病(先心病)手术应用的可行性。方法先心病患儿15例。心功能Ⅱ~Ⅲ级。麻醉诱导采用静脉注射枸橼酸芬太尼20μg/kg、乙托咪酯0.3 mg/kg及维库溴铵0.1 mg/kg。麻醉维持采用微量泵持续泵入异丙酚6 mg/(kg.h),切皮前静脉注射枸橼酸芬太尼10μg/kg及维库溴铵0.1 mg/kg。转机后CPB机内加入枸橼酸芬太尼10μg/kg及维库溴铵0.05 mg/kg,异丙酚维持原注射剂量不变。CPB采用高流量100 mL/(kg.min)非搏动性血流灌注。记录各个时间点CSI、鼻咽温度、平均动脉压(MAP)及心率(HR)。结果麻醉诱导后患者各时间点CSI与麻醉诱导前比较均有显著性差异(P<0.05或0.01);CPB期间各时间点CSI指数均低于CPB前即刻(P<0.05),鼻咽温度均低于基础值及CPB前即刻(P<0.05);气管插管、CPB前即刻及CPB期间各时点MAP明显低于基础值(P<0.05或0.01),CPB期间各时点MAP低于CPB前即刻(P<0.05);阻断前即刻HR明显高于基础值及CPB前即刻(P<0.05)。结论CSI监测可有效反映低温CPB下先心病手术中麻醉深度,但小儿CSI变化有其自身特点,低温与CPB对CSI均有影响。     

部分液体通气对急性肺损伤幼猪心肺功能的影响

目的 研究部分液体通气对急性肺损伤幼猪心肺功能的影响.方法 12只上海小白猪,随机分为对照组(n=6)和治疗组(n=6).内毒素60 μg/kg静脉维持诱导肺损伤.治疗组成模后予高氟化碳(C10F18)10 ml/kg灌入气管.于基础状态,成模时,成模后1、2、4 h分别行血气分析、记录心率、血压、呼吸、肺动态顺应性、气道阻力、脉搏轮廓心输出量、全身血管阻力.结果 两组动物成模时氧合指数、肺动态顺应性、脉搏轮廓心输出量均明显下降,各参数组间比较无统计学差异.2 h后对照组氧合指数193.8±47.5,肺动态顺应性(0.8±1.7) ml/(cm H2O·kg),4 h后心输出量(2.1±0.7) L/min;治疗组2 h后氧合指数为261.5±25.8,肺动态顺应性(1.2±0.7) ml/(cm H2O·kg),4 h后心输出量(3.1±0.2) L/min,较对照组均有改善,差异有显著性(P＜0.05).结论 部分液体通气可明显改善肺损伤动物心肺功能.     

氨甲环酸对发绀型先天性心脏病患儿的血液保护效果

目的 探讨氨甲环酸(TAX)在体外循环(CPB)中对发绀型先天性心脏病(先心病)患儿的血液保护效果.方法 选择经皮血氧饱和度[Sp(02)]＜80％的2～12岁的发绀型先心病患儿60例,随机分为TAX组和对照组,每组30例.TAX组在麻醉诱导后给予TAX 10 mg·kg-1,CPB预充液中加入10 mg·kg-1 TAX,鱼精蛋白中和肝素后再追加10 mg·kg-1TAX.对照组给予等量9 g·L-1盐水.于麻醉诱导前(基础状态,T1)、鱼精蛋白中和肝素后10 min(T2)、术后12 h(T3)、术后24 h(T4)分别测定血浆凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血激酶时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)、D-二聚体(D-D)、血小板计数和血小板聚集功能;记录术后12 h、24h每公斤体质量纵隔心包引流量和成分输血量.结果 TAX组各指标在麻醉诱导前与对照组比较无统计学差异(Pa＞0.05).在T2、T3时,TAX组与对照组比较PT、APTT无统计学差异(P＞0.05),FIB明显升高(P＜0.01),D-D明显降低(P＜0.01),血小板计数和聚集功能明显升高(P＜0.01).在L时TAX组PT、APTT、FIB和D-D与对照组比较均无统计学差异(Pa＞0.05),血小板计数和聚集功能均明显升高(Pa ＜0.01).TAX组T3、T4时累计心包纵隔引流量及术后成分输血量与对照组比较明显下降,差异均有统计学意义(Pa＜0.01).结论 TAX对发绀型先心病患儿抗纤溶作用和血小板保护作用明显,并可减少术后失血量与输血量.     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

A profile of respiratory symptoms in urban and rural South Australian school children

This report describes the cross-sectional analyses of data from the first year of a longitudinal study using questionnaire and respiratory function data over a 5 year period from a sample of rural South Australian school children. The cumulative or lifetime prevalences of respiratory symptoms were estimated in 825 rural and 1261 urban school children aged between 5 and 15 years in order to determine if the prevalence rates differed between rural and urban school children. The study found the overall cumulative prevalence of asthma and/or wheezy breathing (AWB) to be 24.1% in the rural school children compared to 27.6% in the urban school children. Most children developed AWB symptoms before the age of 7 years, with 20% reporting moderately severe symptoms and 10% having more than one attack per fortnight. The cumulative prevalence of bronchitis, loose/rattly cough (BLRC) differed significantly between the rural school children (34.1%) and urban school children (47.9%). The BLRC symptoms preceded the development of AWB in many cases. Urban school children also reported a higher prevalence of atopic conditions.     

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Hauttemperaturen verschiedener Körperoberflächenareale des Rumpfes bei Säuglingen

Summary In two groups of infants (3–53 weeks old) skin temperatures were controlled in different areas of the trunk—i.e.: regions of sternum, lungs, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys—at different room-temperatures (group I: 21–25°C; group II: 29–32°C). Rectal temperatures of some probands in both groups also had been controlled simultaneously. A definite change in the reaction to heat was proofed in different periods of the first year of life. In higher environmental temperatures the skin temperature was almost constant at every controll-point of the skin, even in older infants. In lower environmental temperatures the skin temperatures lowered continuously with age till 7. to 9. moth. From 10. to 12. month the lowering of skin temperature discontinued. The rectal temperatures were relatively constant in all infants. Only in infants from 7. to 12. month, whose skin temperatures were controlled in lower as well as in higher environmental temperatures, a tendency to higher rectal temperatures was proofed in warmer environmental temperatures.The significance of these results is discussed.

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Untersuchungen mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.