舌下神经-面神经直接侧端吻合的应用解剖学研究

目的:为舌下神经-面神经直接侧端吻合提供解剖学依据。方法:①在21例防腐固定的成人头颈部标本上,测量面神经干及其颞骨内乳突段、鼓室段长度;面神经干分叉处至舌下神经颈部的最短距离。②3例新鲜标本取舌下神经及面神经干行组织学检测,测定其神经束数目和横切面积。③2例标本摹拟术式设计。结果:舌下神经干在寰椎水平为单束形式,横切面积为(8.5±0.3)mm2;面神经干在出茎乳孔处为单束形式,横切面积为(5.1±0.2)mm2;面神经干的长度为(15.7±2.0)mm,颞骨内面神经乳突段的长度为(14.6±1.5)mm、鼓室段的长度为(9.6±1.2)mm;面神经干分叉处至舌下神经颈部的最短距离为(17.2±2.3)mm。结论:舌下神经-面神经直接侧端吻合治疗面瘫具有可行性。     

颞骨岩部后骨板的临床解剖学研究

目的 :了解颞骨岩部后骨板的解剖及其变异情况对颞骨相关手术的影响。方法 :在 2 0例 40侧成人尸头上进行颞骨解剖 ,观察颞骨岩部后骨板成角变异的发生情况 ,测量相关数据。结果 :颞骨岩部上嵴与面神经水平段之间夹角为 (4 .61± 1.99)°、与矢状线之间夹角为 (63 .0 7± 9.3 0 )°。气化程度高的乳突其颞骨岩部后骨板与外耳道距离相对较大 ,相对而言发生乙状窦前移的几率较小。颞骨岩部后骨板成角变异发生率为 17.5 %。结论 :面神经水平段大致平行于颞骨岩部上嵴 ,气化的乳突其颞骨岩部后骨板与外耳道后壁之间距离较大 ;当颞骨岩部后骨板与外耳道后壁距离较小时 ,乙状窦位置更靠前 ,更易出现高位颈静脉球。     

鼓索神经颞骨部的解剖及临床应用

目的:对鼓索神经进行解剖测量,为临床开展相关手术提供解剖学资料。方法:在20例40侧成人尸头上测量鼓索神经骨管长度、鼓索神经鼓室段长度、鼓索神经汇入处距面神经水平段垂直距离,鼓索神经与面神经垂直段、水平段夹角及鼓索神经汇入处距茎乳孔距离,观察鼓索神经与外耳道后壁及锤、砧骨之间关系。测量结果用SAS进行统计学分析。结果:鼓索神经骨管长度为9.10±2.28mm,鼓索神经鼓室段长度为10.28±2.10mm,鼓索神经汇入处距茎乳孔距离为4.97±1.14mm,鼓索神经汇入处距面神经水平段垂直距离为2.21±0.76mm,鼓索神经与面神经垂直段夹角为27.30±5.97°,鼓索神经与面神经为水平段夹角为3.73±1.66°,鼓索神经出外耳道后壁处大致与锤骨短突在同一水平,约82.5％(33侧)的标本鼓索神经出外耳道后壁处有一小骨性突起。结论:鼓索神经鼓室段与面神经水平段大致平行,锤骨短突以及外耳道后壁骨性突起可以作为鼓索神经出外耳道后壁的标志,在鼓室内,鼓索神经行于锤骨颈和砧骨长脚之间。在术中可以此为标志寻找鼓索神经。开放面神经隐窝时可以先暴露砧骨短突,然后以砧骨短突上缘和锤骨颈为标志可大致判断开放范围,防止鼓索神经损伤。     

骨性面神经管的应用解剖学

为适应耳科行乳突根治术和面神经减压术、面神经修补术等需要,本文用50例成人锯开的颞骨标本对骨性面神经管的鼓室段(水平段)、锥段、乳突段(垂直段)进行了观察:测量了其长度、管径、壁厚及其与颈静脉窝、前庭窗的距离:探讨了其与临床的关系。     

正常人面神经管垂直部与外耳道解剖位置关系的影像与临床研究

目的 观察、测量面神经管垂直部毗邻解剖关系及乳突的形态学指标,分析面神经管垂直部和外耳道后壁、外耳门后缘位置变化的相关性,探讨乳突气化程度与面神经管垂直部之间的关系及临床意义。 方法 1. 评价CT影像测量相关结构的正确性,采用64层螺旋CT对4具干颅标本进行扫描,在横断位测量面神经管垂直部至外耳道后壁、外耳门后缘的距离,在矢状平面上测量乳突的前后径（外耳道下壁最低点至乳突后缘的水平距离）和高度（外耳道下壁至乳突尖的垂直距离）;按影像层面锯开标本,对上述距离行实体测量。影像测量均值与实体测量均值的差异行显著性检验。2. 在体研究：随机入选无耳部疾患的118人（236侧）,其中男性55例（110侧）,女性63例（126侧）,行颌面部CT扫描。如上选择层面,并测量面神经管垂直部至外耳道后壁、外耳门后缘及乳突前后径和高度的距离,以乳突前后径与高度乘积的1/2定义为乳突面积,以乳突面积的大小来定义乳突气化程度,同时将乳突面积分别与面神经管垂直部至外耳道后壁、外耳门后缘距离分别进行相关和回归分析。 结果 1. 标本部分：各项指标的影像测量值与实体测量值差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。2. 在体研究：各项指标测量结果侧别差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,性别差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。乳突面积与面神经管垂直部至外耳道后壁距离之间呈负相关性,且相关性有统计学意义;乳突面积与面神经管垂直部至外耳门后缘有相关性,但相关性无统计学意义。 结论 乳突发育气化好,面神经垂直部位置偏前。 CT检查可以明确面神经管垂直部与外耳道后壁的关系,有助于耳外科手术术式的选择以及对术中重要结构损伤的控制。     

修正性乳突根治术相关解剖因素的CT影像分析

目的 探讨乳突根治术失败的相关解剖因素及术后复发原因,以便在修正性手术具有有针对性,提高乳突再根治手术成功率。方法 回顾性分析2008年5月—2016年4月北京同仁医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科120例修正性乳突根治术患者的二次手术前颞骨高分辨率CT(HRCT)影像资料,并将颞骨HRCT的观察结果与再次手术中所见病变进行对比分析。结果 再手术前颞骨HRCT可以清晰显示初次开放式乳突根治术后乳突腔的大体解剖结构改变,主要征象为乳突腔扩大,与鼓室、外耳道融合,术腔内团块状异常软组织密度影。120例患者中,面神经嵴高位占39.2%(47/120),窦脑膜角残留气房占58.3%(70/120),乳突尖残留气房占50.0%(60/120),迷路周围残留气房占25.8%(31/120),上鼓室前隐窝未开放占41.7%(50/120),鼓室窦深位占40.0%(48/120),咽鼓管鼓室口病变占32.5%(39/120)。二次手术中探查乳突残留气房,咽鼓管鼓室口、鼓室窦、面神经嵴均发现有颞骨HRCT观察到的病变存在。结论 修正性乳突根治术患者术前颞骨HRCT扫描, 能够发现初次乳突根治手术后不干耳的相关解剖因素,可作为修正性乳突根治术的可靠依据。     

副神经斜方肌支代面神经的应用解剖

本文在20具(40侧)成年尸体上,对面神经干颅外段、副神经及其斜方肌支进行了解剖和观测。讨论了副神经斜方肌支与面神经干颅外段吻接矫治面瘫的有关问题,试图为面瘫神经移植术提供一种新的途径。自Ballance等(1920)首次在颞骨内修复面神经以来,面神经手术有了较快的发展。国内一些学者对面神经颞骨段损伤曾用耳大神经等在面神经管内进行修复,收到了一定的疗效。近年来,对面神经颞骨段以上部位损伤,采用副神经干、舌下神经、舌下神经袢、膈神经和健侧面神经的分支等与面神经颅外段吻接,也有一定的效果。但由于在实际工作中,有的因吻接的神经粗细相差悬殊,有的因手术难度较大,有的因手术后造成供体神经所支配的肌群瘫痪和萎缩等,效果均不太满意。为了寻找一种手术方法简便、术后并发症相对较少的新途径,我们进行了副神经斜方肌支与面神经主干的颅外段吻合治疗面瘫的应用解剖学研究,供临床工作参考。     

面神经颅内段及管内段的应用解剖

目的:为颅底或中耳手术时防止伤及面神经管内段提供形态学依据,并积累中国人体质资料.方法:解剖测量15具正常人头颅标本的面神经颅内段、内耳道段、迷路段、鼓室段和乳突段长度和外径,并观察记录各段与周围结构的毗邻关系.具体观测包括三叉神经后外侧缘与面神经入内耳门处和岩大神经起点处的间隔;迷路动脉与前庭蜗神经和面神经的位置关系;膝神经节的形态和位置;岩大神经;鼓索的起始部位;面神经鼓室段与鼓膜内面的距离以及面神经乳突段与横窦和颈静脉孔间的距离等.结果:面神经颅内段、内耳道段、迷路段、鼓室段和乳突段长度依次为 (12.02±1.95)mm, (1 40±0.31)mm;(7.57±1.52)mm,(1.32±0 22)mm;(2.21±1.14)mm,(1.29±0.37)mm;外径依次为(7 .79±3.28)mm,(1.31±0.26)mm和(17.81±3.94)mm,(1 55±0.38)mm.结论:观测了面神经颅内段及管内段,各段的形态学特点及其与周围结构的毗邻关系,为颅底和颞骨(中耳、乳突等)手术时保护面神经提供了应用解剖学依据.     

先天性外中耳畸形颞骨发育程度及面神经垂直段位置变化的影像学研究

目的：应用cT影像资料研究外耳道闭锁组与狭窄组之间颞骨发育程度的差异及面神经垂直段位置的变异特征。方法：收集71例先天性外中耳畸形142侧颞骨CT影像资料。按照外耳道骨性段最宽处直径大小分为外耳道闭锁组、狭窄组和正常的对侧耳为对照组。比较3组颞骨Jahrsdoerfer（Js）评分值、面神经垂直段位置及乳突气房容积等的差异。结果：耳道闭锁组的颞骨Js评分为7．26±2．02,耳道狭窄组为8．92±1．02,耳道正常组为10±0。3组间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。在面神经垂直段起点层面,闭锁组、狭窄组分别与正常组比较,面神经向前、向外移位明显,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;在面神经垂直段终点层面,闭锁组与正常组比较,垂直段面神经向前、外移位明显,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,狭窄组与对照组、闭锁组与狭窄组相比,其差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。3组间乳突气房容积比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。闭锁组和狭窄组内的Js评分与乳突气房容积、乳突气房容积与面神经至棘孔和乳突距离、Js评分与面神经至棘孔距离间关系,均成正相关。结论：颞骨总体发育情况与外耳道的发育基本一致,闭锁组Js评分最低,其颞骨发育相对最差。畸形外耳道（闭锁或狭窄）相对于正常外耳道而言,面神经垂直段位置变化较大,其前移、外移程度与颞骨发育情况、乳突气化大小密切相关。     

面神经颞骨内段显微解剖及其临床意义

目的对面神经颞骨内段进行的显微解剖,为临床手术提供解剖学参数。方法应用10%福尔马林充分固定的成人尸头标本10例20侧;漂白干颅骨10例20侧。结合手术入路对面神经及其毗邻结构进行测量和拍照。结果面神经颞骨骨质内分支分为四段,即内耳道段、迷路段、鼓室段和乳突段,分别长为(10.11±1.41)、(3.81±0.74)、(10.51±1.44)、(15.51±1.94)mm。内耳道段与位听神经伴行,鼓室段与骨迷路和中耳关系密切,经茎乳孔出颅。结论(1)经岩前入路中可利用弓状隆起和岩大神经定位。(2)经迷路入内耳道底的Bill嵴是寻找面神经内耳道段的重要标志。(3)岩大神经起点内侧5mm的垂直线是定位耳蜗方便、可靠的标志线。(4)弓状隆起和岩大神经的夹角平分线是从颅中窝寻找内耳道的最好的解剖标志。     

Asymmetry of the internal connections of the striate cortex of the cat in the projection zone of the center of the field of vision

Studies were carried out on the organization of the internal connections of the striate cortex in cats in the projection zone of the center (0–5°) of the field of vision by microintophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase to electrophysiologically identified orientational columns. The area containing neurons showing retrograde labeling in most cases extended in the mediolateral direction. Labeled cells were located in the upper (II, III) and lower (V, VI) layers of the cortex, and the shapes and orientations of the areas containing labeled neurons in these layers coincided. Spatial asymmetry was detected in the distribution of labeled neurons relative to the orientational column studied. Labeled cells were located predominantly medial to the columns, regardless of the distance from the projection of the area centralis. Considering the visuotopical map of field 17, the asymmetry detected here provides evidence that neurons in orientational columns have more extensive connections with neurons of the peripheral part of the cortex. An asymmetrical distribution of “silent” zones around the receptive fields of neurons in orientational columns is suggested, and that these appear to receive influences from the periphery of the visual field. Laboratory of Visual Physiology and Laboratory of Central Nervous System Morphology, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarov Bank, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 23–29, December, 1996.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

The development of the ligament of the head of the femur

The hip joints of 30 human male and female fetuses and stillborns between 20 mm and 350 mm crown-rump length were studied by light microscopy. The ligament of the head of the femur developed in situ as a condensation of mesenchyme at the end of the second month of intra-uterine life (IUL), and was vascularized by branches of acetabular vessels early in the fourth month. In the majority of fetuses older than 5.5 months IUL, vessels in the ligament passed a short way into the femoral head within cartilage canals, to supply a small region around the fovea capitis. The remainder of the head was supplied by vessels in canals from around the upper part of the neck. The ligament changed from predominantly cellular to fibrous during the last 4 months of IUL. This increase in strength suggested significant mechanical functions in utero: limitation of adduction-flexion and opposition to postero-superior dislocation were the most likely.     

Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep-waking system

This paper reviews the lifetime contributions of the author to the field of sleep-wakefulness (S-W), reinterprets results of the early studies, and suggests new conclusions and perspectives. Long-term cats with mesencephalic transection show behavioral/polygraphic rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), including the typical oculo-pupillary behavior, even when the section is performed in kittens prior to S-W maturation. REMS can be induced as a reflex. Typical non-rapid eye movement S (NREMS) is absent and full W/arousal is present only after a precollicular section. The isolated forebrain (IF) rostral to the transection exhibits all features of W/arousal and NREMS [with electroencephalographic (EEG) spindles and delta waves], arousal to olfactory stimuli, and including the appropriate oculo-pupillary behaviors. These features also mature normally after neonatal transection. REMS is absent from the IF. After deprivation there is NREMS pressure and rebound in the IF, but the decerebrate cat only shows pressure for REMS. Most IF reactions to pharmacologic agents are within expectations, except for the tolerance/withdrawal effects of long-term morphine use which are absent. In contrast, these effects are supported by the brainstem (i.e. seen in the decerebrate cat). In cats with ablation of the telencephalon, or diencephalic cats, delta waves are absent in the thalamus. EEG thalamic spindle waves are seen triggering S for only 4-5 days after ablation. Therefore, true NREMS is absent in chronic diencephalic cats although pre- and postsomniac behaviors persist. These animals are hyperactive and show a pronounced, permanent insomnia; however, a low dose of barbiturate triggers a dramatic REMS/atypical NREMS rebound. Cats without the thalamus (athalamic cats), initially show a dissociation between behavioral hyperactivity/insomnia and the neocortical EEG, which for 15-20 days exhibits only delta and slower oscillations. Fast, low-voltage W rhythms appear later on, first during REMS, but spindle waves and S postures are absent from the start, such that these cats also display only atypical NREMS. Athalamic cats also show barbiturate-sensitive insomnia. Cats with ablation of the frontal cortices or the caudate nuclei remain permanently hyperactive. They also show a mild, but significant hyposomnia, which is permanent in afrontal cats, but lasts for about a month in acaudates. The polygraphic/behavioral features of their S-W states remain normal. We conclude and propose that: (a) the control of the S-W system is highly complex and distributed, but is organized hierarchically in a well-defined rostro-caudal manner; the rostral-most or highest level (telencephalon), is the most functionally complex/adaptative and regulates the lower levels; the diencephalic/basal forebrain, or middle level, has a pivotal role in inducing switching between S and W and in coordinating the lowest (brainstem) and highest levels; (b) W can occur independently in both the forebrain and brainstem, but true NREMS- and REMS-generating mechanisms exist exclusively in the forebrain and brainstem, respectively; (c) forebrain and brainstem S-W processes can operate independently from each other and are preprogrammed at birth; this helps understanding normal and abnormal polygraphic/behavioral dissociations in humans and normal dissociations/splitting in aquatic mammals; (d) NREMS homeostasis is present in the IF, but only REMS pressure after deprivation persists in the decerebrate cat; (e) the thalamus engages in both NREMS and W; (f) insomnia in diencephalic cats is the result of an imbalance between antagonistic W- and S-promoting cellular groups in the ventral brain (normally modulated by the telencephalon); (g) the EEG waves, which are signature for each S-W state, appear to truly drive the concomitant behaviors, e.g. a hypothetical human IF could alternate between behavioral NREMS and W/arousal/awareness; (h) a role for REMS is to keep the individual sleeping at the end of the self-limiting NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephaling NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephalic S-W processes and downstream control of the lower S-W system levels is emphasized.     

Topical organization of the projections of neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral field of the tegmentum of the midbrain to the head of the caudate nucleus of the cat

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology -     

Involvement of the striatum in the central regulation of the hormonal functions of the gonads

Studies reported here show that intrastriatal administration of corticoliberin to rats decreases the blood testosterone level. However, in conditions of chemical deficiency of dopaminergic transmission in the dorsal striatum induced by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, the effect of this neurohormone did not appear. It is concluded that extrahypothalamic corticoliberin is involved in regulating the hormonal reproductive system acting via dopaminergic mechanisms. Translated from Rossiiskii Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 85, No. 4, pp. 594–597, April, 1999.     

Ultrastructure of the endothelium of the drainage system of the eye

The endothelium of the ocular drainage system (Schlemm’s canal, collector tubules, and aqueous veins) in primary juvenile glaucoma undergoes degenerative dystrophic changes with compensatory hypertrophy and proliferation at the initial stages of the glaucomatous process and atrophy and desquamation at advanced and terminal stages. Progressive decrease in the pinocytous function of endotheliocytes, reduction of the protein-synthesizing and mitochondrial compartments of the cytoplasm, and formation of autophagosomes reflect the process of endotheliocyte degeneration in general. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 145, No. 5, pp. 574–577, May, 2008