Microbiological quality of muesli samples purchased in retail network

The estimation of microbiological quality of muesli samples was the aim of this investigation. The study included 40 samples which represented various consignments of muesli, produced in 2002 year. Total number of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, yeasts and moulds, and also occurrence of pathogenic bacteria, coliforms and enterococci were determined. The systematic units of muesli fungal flora have been identified. It was stated that microbiological quality of all tested muesli was good. No pathogenic bacteria (Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) was detected and also coliforms and enterococci titre was correct (> 0.1 g). A majority of samples characterized low contamination levels of mesophilic aerobic bacteria and fungi, and their total number did not exceed, suitably 10(3) and 10(2) cfu/g. The mesophilic aerobic bacteria were mainly represented by vegetative forms. The average share of these bacteria spores in total number of bacteria received 30%. The Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp. were regular elements of muesli fungal flora.     

Evaluation of the hygiene of ready-to-eat food preparation areas and practices in mobile food vendors in the UK

This study was undertaken to assess the cleanliness of food preparation areas, cleaning methods used, and the microbiological quality of water used by 1258 mobile food vendors in the UK. Samples collected included potable water (1102), cleaning cloths (801) and environmental swabs from food preparation surfaces (2704). Cleaning cloths were more heavily contaminated with Aerobic Colony Counts, Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus compared to surfaces sampled. Surfaces that were visually dirty, wet, and chopping boards that were plastic or damaged also had high levels of these bacteria. Fifty-four percent of potable water samples were of poor microbiological quality; i.e. contained coliforms, E. coli and/or enterococci. A documented food safety management system was only evident in 40.1% of vendors and cleaning schedules were only used by 43.6%. Deficiencies in the correct use of cleaning materials, such as dilution factors and the minimum contact time for disinfectants, were identified.     

Microbiological monitoring of beach water: old and new parameters

The survival of fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci, Salmonella enteritidis and Staphylococcus aureus in sea water (35@1000 salinity) in the dark and at room temperature was evaluated. Staphylococcus aureus has been regarded for a long time as the new parameter to add to the classic ones in order to define the quality and suitability to recreational use. At the sperimental condition considered the survival of fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci, Salmonella enteritidis, and Staphylococcus aureus resulted equal to 48 h, 88 h, 56 h, and 96 h respectively. Fecal coliforms resulted the most sensitive bacteria to osmotic shock while Staphylococcus aureus the most adaptable species. Our results seem to indicate the opportunity of reconsidering the microbiological parameters used for the control of beach water.     

Microbiological quality of indoor and outdoor swimming pools in Greece: investigation of the antibiotic resistance of the bacterial isolates

During 1997-2005, the microbiological quality and susceptibility of bacterial isolates of swimming pool waters were investigated. A total of 462 water samples were collected from three indoor swimming pools (a teaching pool, a competition public pool, a hydrotherapy pool) and two outdoor swimming pools (a hotel semi-public and a residential private pool) in Northwestern Greece. All water samples were analyzed for the presence of bacteria, protozoa and fungi and susceptibility tests were performed for the bacterial isolates. Sixty-seven percent of the examined water samples conformed to the microbiological standards and 32.9% exceeded at least one of the indicated limits. Out of 107 bacterial isolates, 38 (35.5%) resistant strains were detected. Multi-resistant Pseudomonas alcaligenes, Leuconostoc, and Staphylococcus aureus (isolated from the teaching pool), Staphylococcus wernerii, Chryseobacterium indologenes and Ochrobactrum anthropi (isolated from the competition pool), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. fluorescens, Aeromonas hydrophila, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae and S. aureus (isolated from the hydrotherapy pool) and A. hydrophila (isolated from the hotel pool) were detected. The swimming pool with the poorest microbiological quality (THC 500 cfu/ml in 12.1% of the samples, P. aeruginosa counts 1500 cfu/100 ml in 6% of the samples) and the highest prevalence of multi-resistant isolates (73.6%) was the hydrotherapy pool. No Cryptosporidium or Giardia cysts and no Legionella, Mycobacteria and Salmonella were detected, but there were isolations of Candida albicans, Aspergillus spp., Mucor spp., Alternaria spp., Rhizopus spp., Trichophyton spp., and Penicillium spp.     

衡阳市市售凉拌菜的卫生微生物质量监测

目的:了解衡阳市凉拌菜的总体微生物污染状况。方法:在2010年9月-2010年12月从超市、菜市场以及路边小摊采集各种凉拌菜,按照《食品微生物学检验》GB 4789-2010的方法检测。各指标参照国家标准GB 2726-2005进行结果评价。结果:共检测400份凉拌菜1,60份样品菌落总数超标1,76份样品大肠菌群数超标6,6份检出沙门菌;90份检出金黄色葡萄球菌;24份检出志贺菌。5种类型凉拌菜中,以豆制品的污染率最高。结论:本市凉拌菜的微生物污染较为严重。     

Microbiological assessment in strawberry production and recommendations to establish a good agricultural practice system

This study conducted microbiological assessment in tunnel style strawberry greenhouses and packaging centers and suggested recommendations to establish a good agricultural practice for strawberry production. The samples from irrigation water, workers' gloves, harvest bins, soil, strawberry leaves and strawberries in greenhouses, packers' gloves, conveyor belts, packaging tables, and door knobs of entrances in packaging centers were collected. Bacterial cell counts of aerobic plate counts, coliforms, Escherichia coli, E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus were then enumerated on appropriate selective media. In general, bacterial populations were similar (p ≥ 0.05) among strawberry greenhouses but not among packaging houses. E. coli and E. coli O157:H7 were negative in all samples, and low levels of Salmonella and B. cereus were detected. However, high bacterial cell counts of aerobic plate counts, coliforms, and S. aureus were found in most samples. These results suggest that food safety practice in strawberry greenhouses and packaging centers should be improved, and the results may be useful in the establishment of a good agricultural practice system for strawberry production.     

Microbiological quality of minimally processed vegetable salads

The microbiological condition of minimally processed vegetable salads (7-days durability) purchased in the retail network of Szczecin has been assessed. The study included 14 kinds of salads manufactured by two producers. The total count of mesophilic aerobic bacteria and their spores, aid-forming bacteria (lactobacilli), titre of coliforms, occurrence of pathogenic bacteria and counts of moulds and yeast were determined. No pathogenic bacteria (Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Proteus) was detected in all salads. However contamination by saprophytic microorganisms was high in salads of both producers. Total count of mesophilic aerobic bacteria was higher than recommended level (> 10(5) cfu/g) in majority of salads. The high quantities of yeast (> 10(3) jtk/g) and lactobacilli (10(3)-10(5) fu/g) were also stated. The titre of coliforms was reduced (down to 0.01-0.0001 g). The count of moulds did not exceed 100 cfu/g in a most of samples. Moulds occurring in tested samples were represented mainly by Penicillium sp.     

Microbiological evaluation of South Australian rock lobster meat.

Samples of frozen precooked rock lobster meat from five South Australian fish-processing plants situated in the West Coast and south-east regions were tested over a period of six months during the 1974/5 lobster fishing season. The most probable number (MPN) of E. coli and coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella, as well as total plate count (TPC) were determined in 480 samples. Monthly geometric mean TPC ranged from 1600/g to 25,000/g. The highest geometric mean of the MPN of coliforms and E. coli were 4.9/g and 1.8/g respectively. The highest geometric mean number of staphylococci was 18.6/g. Salmonella was not detected in the 480 units tested. Only 0.4% of the samples had TPC exceeding 100,000/g. Coliforms and E. coli were not present in 76.1% and 92.7% respectively of the samples tested. Staphylococcus aureus was not detected in 67.7% of the samples. The numbers of organisms in 82% of the samples fall within the microbiological standards proposed by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia for frozen precooked foods. The results of this study demonstrate the microbial quality of precooked lobster meat attainable when good manufacturing practices are used.     

多重荧光PCR检测婴幼儿食品中常见病原菌

目的建立婴幼儿食品中3种常见病原菌的多重荧光PCR检测方法。方法根据阪崎杆菌16S-23SrDNA保守区、金黄色葡萄球菌耐热核酸酶（nuc）基因序列和蜡样芽胞杆菌cerA特异基因,设计合成引物和探针,优化反应条件。结果建立的多重荧光PCR方法只特异性地扩增目标病原菌;用国标法和多重荧光PCR方法同时对194份奶粉和米粉样品进行检测,结果完全一致。多重荧光PCR方法检测过程可在8h内完成。结论建立的多重荧光PCR法敏感性高、特异性强、快速、准确,可同时检测婴幼儿食品中的阪崎杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和蜡样芽胞杆菌,适合批量样本检测,有很好的应用前景。     

Microbial indicators and fresh water quality assessment

Traditionally, the microbiological quality of waters has been measured by the analysis of indicator microorganisms. The article reviews the sanitary significance of traditional indicators of faecal contamination (total coliforms, faecal coliforms and faecal streptococci) and points out their limits. For some characteristics Escherichia coli may be considered a more useful indicator then faecal coliforms and recently it has been included in all recent laws regarding fresh, marine and drinking water. A clearer taxonomic definition of faecal streptococci evidenced the difficulty into defining a specific standard methodology of enumeration and suggested the more suitable role of enterococci as indicator microorganisms. Several current laws require the detection of enterococci. The resistance of Clostridium perfringens spores may mean that they would serve as a useful indicator of the sanitary quality of sea sediments.     

2010年达州市食源性致病菌监测

目的 了解达州市2010年市售食品的食源性致病菌污染状况,为控制和降低食源性疾病提供依据.方法 多级分层抽样市售生畜肉、生禽肉、熟肉制品、速冻熟制米面制品、即食非发酵性豆制品、鲜冻水产品、生食水产品、生食类蔬菜、婴幼儿配方米(谷、豆奶)粉、冰激淋、中式凉拌菜、沙拉、鲜榨果汁、皮蛋和生鸭蛋,按照国标和相关方法进行沙门茵、单增李斯特菌、副溶血性弧菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌O157:H7、阪崎肠杆菌、空肠弯曲菌和创伤弧菌检测.结果 共检测食品15类256件,检出食源性致病菌29株,其中副溶血性弧菌9株、单增李斯特菌8株、金黄色葡萄球菌6株、沙门菌4株、阪崎肠杆菌和EHEC O157:H7各1株,总检出率11.33％,未检出空肠弯曲菌和创伤弧菌.鲜冻水产品、冰激淋、生食水产品、熟肉制品、生畜肉和即食非发酵性豆制品致病菌检出率较高,分别是42.86％、33.33％、20.00％、19.04％和13.33％.结论 达州市居民主要消费食品存在食源性致病菌污染,鲜冻水产品、冰激淋、生食水产品和熟肉制品分别主要受副溶血性弧菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和单增李斯特菌污染.     

2012-2014年惠州市市售食品中食源性致病菌污染状况调查

目的了解本地区市售食品中食源性致病菌的污染状况。方法采用随机抽样方法,分别对我市的部分超市、市场、商店、专卖店及餐饮服务场所的11类食品共637份进行沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、副溶血性弧菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌、阪崎肠杆菌、蜡样芽胞杆菌、致泻性大肠埃希氏菌的检测。并将分离到的金黄色葡萄球菌菌株进行肠毒素检测和药敏试验。结果637件样品中检出致病菌60株,总检出率为9.41%。其中检出率最高的是蜡样芽胞杆菌,检出率17.05%,金黄色葡萄球菌、阪崎肠杆菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌和沙门菌检出率5.42%、1.37%、0.92%和0.20%, 未检出致泻性大肠埃希氏菌和副溶血性弧菌,各致病菌检出率有显著性差异(χ²=127.0999,P=0.000)。各类食品中以餐饮食品、豆制品和婴幼儿食品食源性致病菌检出率较高,分别为29.41%、21.88%和17.81%,以金黄色葡萄球菌和蜡样芽胞杆菌污染为主。有23株金黄色葡萄球菌产肠毒素,阳性率为69.70%,并同时对青霉素、苯唑西林、庆大霉素、红霉素、环丙沙星、左旋氧氟沙星、克林霉素、四环素、复方新诺明存在不同程度的耐药。结论我市部分市售食品存在食源性致病菌污染的状况,主要以金黄色葡萄球菌和蜡样芽胞杆菌的污染为主,沙门氏菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌、阪崎肠杆菌也有不同程度的污染。     

Implementation of hazard analysis critical control point in jameed production

The average of standard plate count and coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella counts for three home-made jameed samples, a traditional fermented dairy product, before applying hazard analysis critical control point system were 2.1?×?10(3), 8.9?×?10(1), 4?×?10(1) and less than 10?cfu/g, respectively. The developed hazard analysis critical control point plan resulted in identifying ten critical control points in the flow chart of jameed production. The critical control points included fresh milk receiving, pasteurization, addition of starter, water and salt, straining, personnel hygiene, drying and packaging. After applying hazard analysis critical control point system, there was significant improvement in the microbiological quality of the home-made jameed. The standard plate count was reduced to 3.1?×?10(2)?cfu/g whereas coliform and Staphylococcus aureus counts were less than 10?cfu/g and Salmonella was not detected. Sensory evaluation results of color and flavor of sauce prepared from jameed showed a significant increase in the average scores given after hazard analysis critical control point application.     

Microbiological quality of human milk from a Brazilian milk bank

OBJECTIVE: The objectives of the present study were to determine the prevalence of potentially pathogenic microorganisms that indicate the hygienic and sanitary conditions of human milk samples collected at a Human Milk Bank. METHODS: Three hundred and thirty eight (338) samples of human milk collected from a milk bank in a maternity in the municipality of Goiania, in the state of Goias, Brazil were submitted to microbiological analysis. The latter were plated on McConkey agar according to the type of bacteria. Among the total number of samples collected, 194 consisted of raw milk and the remaining 144 were pasteurized milk. RESULTS: The presence of Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., yeasts and molds, and Enterobacteriaceae was verified in the raw milk samples. Staphylococcus aureus were isolated in 10 (5.2%) samples, Staphylococcus epidermidis in 28 (14.4%) samples, Streptococcus spp. in three (1.6%) samples, yeasts and molds in 43 (22.2%) and Enterobacteriaceae in 49 (25.3%) samples. In a hundred and forty four (144) samples which underwent thermal treatment Staphylococcus aureus was detected in five (3.5%) samples, Staphylococcus epidermidis in 15 (10.4%), Staphylococcus lugdenensis in two (1.4%), Streptococcus spp. in four (2.8%), yeasts and molds in 37 (25.7%), and Enterobacteriaceae in nine (6.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Analysis indicated a high degree of contamination in raw human milk, and as for the pasteurized milk, despite elimination of the great majority of potentially pathogenic microorganisms, the percentage of yeasts and molds was higher than in raw milk, demonstrating that a lower degree of initial contamination would be necessary for pasteurization to be an efficient means of microbiological control.     

骨科患者伤口分泌物病原菌分布及耐药特点

目的分析医院骨科患者伤口分泌物病原菌分布及耐药特点,为合理使用抗菌药物提供参考。方法回顾性调查统计医院2017年1月-2018年6月临床分离397株,采用美国BD PhoenixTM100全自动微生物鉴定分析仪对细菌鉴定和药敏分析。结果从该医院临床送检标本中共分离出397株病原菌,革兰阳性菌187株,占47.1%;革兰阴性菌208株,占52.4%。病原菌感染率由高到低分别为金黄色葡萄球菌(27.5%)、铜绿假单胞菌(10.6%)、阴沟肠杆菌(9.8%)、表皮葡萄球菌(6.8%)、大肠埃希菌(5.3%)、鲍曼不动杆菌(4.8%)。耐药试验表明,革兰阳性菌对青霉素耐药率高,对万古霉素和利奈唑胺敏感性高,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌49株(45.0%);革兰阴性菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南和阿米卡星耐药率低,大肠埃希菌的耐药性总体显著高于阴沟肠杆菌。结论骨科患者伤口感染病原菌种类繁多,临床上应及时进行病原菌鉴定和药敏试验,选用合适抗菌药物,做好耐药菌监测,预防交叉感染。     

Prevalence of nosocomial infections in a Saudi Arabian teaching hospital.

The rate of nosocomial infections was determined during a 9-month study in a 6-year-old hospital in north Saudi Arabia. The overall rate of nosocomial infection in the hospital was 2.2%. The rates in the different services varied. The highest were in the Special Care Baby Unit (13.5%) and Intensive Care Unit (6%). In the other services it ranged from 1 to 3.5%. The common causal agents of documented infections were Escherichia coli (81), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (55), Staphylococcus aureus (43), Klebsiella spp. (23), Candida spp. (15), Proteus spp. (14), enterococci (13), Enterobacter spp. (7), Acinetobacter spp. (2) and Providencia sp. (1). The most commonly infected sites from which these organisms were isolated were urine (133), wounds (48), umbilical cord (18), high vaginal infection (13), blood (11), burn respiratory tract infection (10 each).     

进口废旧物品携带微生物状况初步研究

目的调查进口废旧物品携带微生物状况。方法按集装箱采样,用试纸片法对样本微生物进行细菌总数、大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌计数,用致病菌增菌检测试剂盒、免疫层析检测片、胶体金快速检测试剂盒和全自动微生物分析系统进行致病菌检测。结果检测93份样本,金黄色葡萄球菌阳性率为61.29%,沙门菌阳性率为33.33%,腊样芽胞杆菌阳性率为72.04%,副溶血弧菌58.06%,致泻大肠埃希菌29.03%。检出铜绿假单胞菌、杀鲑气单胞菌、温和气单胞菌、溶血葡萄球菌、土拉热弗朗西菌、肺炎链球菌、麻疹孪生球菌、志贺菌、粘质沙雷菌、阴沟肠杆菌、红斑丹毒丝菌等致病菌、条件致病菌及非致病菌。在93份样本中均未检测出出血性大肠杆菌O157:H7,霍乱弧菌O139二种致病菌。结论进口废旧物品中致病微生物的检出率较高,对从业人员的身体健康和环境危害的评价,有待深入研究。     

An eight-year report on the implementation of HACCP in a university canteen: impact on the microbiological quality of meals

An investigation aimed at assessing the microbiological quality of meals consumed at a university canteen after implementation of the HACCP system and personnel training was carried out. Cooked and warm-served products (74 samples), cooked and cold-served products (92 samples) and cold gastronomy products (63 samples) sampled from 2000 to 2007 underwent microbiological analyses. All the samples were tested for: Samonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, total mesophilic aerobes, coliforms, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and sulphite-reducing clostridia. The microbiological contamination of work surfaces (tables, tablewares, cutters, ladles, slicing machines, wash-basins, etc.), hands and white coats of members of the canteen staff was also assessed. The microbiological results clearly demonstrated the success of the HACCP plan implementation, through a general improvement of the hygiene conditions of both meals and work surfaces.     

Bacterial load of fresh vegetables and their resistance to the currently used antibiotics in Saudi Arabia

This study was carried out to describe the bacterial load and the occurrence of some disease-causing enteric bacteria on raw vegetables sold in Saudi markets. The study further aimed to analyze antibiotic resistance rates, production of extended-spectrum beta lactamase, and plasmid carriage among bacterial population of raw vegetables. Results revealed that none of them contained Bacillus cereus, Salmonella, and Escherichia coli O157:H7. However, Staphylococcus aureus and Shigella were detected in 11.8% and 4.4% of the samples, respectively. The bacterial loads ranged from 3 to 8 log(10) CFUg(-1) for aerobic bacteria and 1 to 4 log(10) CFUg(-1) for coliforms as well as Enterobacteriaceae. The isolates exhibited resistance in decreasing order for ampicillin (76.5%), cephalothin (69.5%), trimethoprime-sulfamethoxazole (36.7%), aminoglycosides (21.9%), tetracycline (17.2%), fluoroquinolones (17.2%), amoxycillin-clavulanic acid (13.3%), and chloramphenicol (7.8%). Maximum resistance to extended-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotics occurred in 14.8% of isolates and the production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase was achieved by 2.3% of isolates. Multiple resistances to four or more antimicrobial agents along with plasmid with varied sizes were documented. These investigations indicate the occurrence of antibiotic resistance and plasmid carriage among bacterial isolates populating raw vegetables.     

Microbiological quality of fermented cassava flour 'kpor umilin'

A study was conducted on the microbiological quality of traditionally fermented cassava flour 'kpor umilin' and a laboratory modification of the method developed with a view to upgrading the traditional process. Microbial analysis of samples from both processing methods was evaluated using standard microbiological methods. The bacterial count in the traditionally processed flours ranged from 2.7 x 10(3) to 1.2 x 10(7) cfu/g, while the modified sample had a count of 3.5 x 10(2) cfu/g. The predominant flora were Leuconostoc spp., Lactobacillus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Micrococcus spp., Bacillus spp., Streptococcus spp. and coliforms such as Escherichia coli. Other isolates were Enterobacter spp. and proteus spp. The sample from the modified method had a negligible (4 MPN/100 ml) coliform count. The yeast and mould count ranged from 1.9 x 10(3) cfu/g to 3.9 x 10(5) cfu/g in the traditionally processed samples as compared with 1.5 x 10(3) cfu/g in the sample from the modified process. Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp., Saccharomyces spp. and Geotrichum candidum were the predominant fungi. The poor microbiological quality of 'kpor umilin', processed traditionally, calls for urgency in upgrading the processing and preservation methods as developed in this study as well as proper education of the local processors on good manufacturing practices.