N-硝基-L-精氨酸对吗啡依赖小鼠催促戒断反应的治疗作用及对吗啡耐受性的影响

目的：研究一氧化氮合酶(NOS)抑制剂N-硝基-L-精氨酸(LNNA)对吗啡依赖小鼠催促戒断反应的治疗作用。方法：采用小鼠戒断模型．观察不同给药途径(ip和ig)．不同剂量的LNNA对吗啡依赖小鼠戒断综合症的治疗效果。结果：NOS抑制剂LNNA可明显延长戒断小鼠跳跃潜伏期，减少小鼠的戒断跳跃反应次数，且抑制其腹泻症状。结论：NOS抑制剂LNNA可延缓吗啡耐受。     

N-硝基-L-精氨酸抑制大鼠吗啡身体依赖的强啡肽机制

目的　研究N 硝基 L 精氨酸 (NO2 Arg)在抑制吗啡身体依赖形成中的作用及探讨强啡肽在该过程中的可能作用。方法　采用剂量递增皮下注射吗啡法建立大鼠吗啡身体依赖模型 ;身体依赖程度采用皮下注射 5mg·kg-1 纳洛酮激发戒断症状并对大鼠 6 0min内可数和不可数的戒断症状评分的方法进行 ;采用放射免疫法分别测定大鼠脑各分区、垂体、脊髓和血浆内免疫活性强啡肽A(ir-Dyn)的含量。结果　NO2 Arg可剂量相关性地抑制吗啡身体依赖的形成 ,其中 5mg·kg-1 NO2 Arg可显著抑制吗啡依赖大鼠大多数戒断症状 ;NO2 Arg处理可显著升高吗啡依赖大鼠脊髓、纹状体、垂体及血浆内ir-Dyn的水平。该作用可被特异性κ -受体阻滞剂norbinaltorphimine (nor-BNI)所拮抗。结论　NO2 Arg剂量相关性地抑制吗啡身体依赖的形成 ,该抑制作用可能与其调节机体内源性强啡肽的水平显著相关     

三七皂苷对大鼠吗啡依赖戒断症状的抑制作用及对海马神经元内游离钙的影响

 目的 研究三七叶的三七皂苷(Arasaponins of Panax notoginseng leaves,APnL)对大鼠吗啡依赖及纳络酮催促戒断症状的抑制作用,以及对大鼠海马神经元内游离钙离子浓度([Ca2+]i)的影响,进一步探讨APnL抑制吗啡戒断症状的作用机制.方法 应用剂量递增法皮下注射盐酸吗啡建立吗啡躯体依赖模型,腹腔注射纳络酮建立催促戒断模型.在使用吗啡的同时,采用(50、100和200 mg/kg)3种剂量的APnL进行灌胃.第6天上午8:00末次注射吗啡50 mg/kg,观察各组催促戒断症状及体重减轻情况;1 h后急性分离海马神经元,并采用流式细胞技术检测了APnL对吗啡依赖大鼠海马神经元[Ca2+]i的浓度.结果 ①剂量递增法慢性吗啡处理5 d后经ip NAL催促戒断后,与吗啡组相比可明显地诱发大鼠体重减轻和跳跃次数的发生(P＜0.01).②3种不同剂量APnL均可抑制大鼠戒断后体重减轻和跳跃的发生.③APnL可以有效地抑制纳络酮催促戒断所引起的大鼠海马神经元[Ca2+]i浓度的降低,200 mg/kg剂量组作用最佳(P＜0.01).结论 APnL可以缓解纳络酮催促戒断诱导的吗啡成瘾大鼠戒断症状的发生,同时可以抑制纳络酮催促戒断所引起的大鼠海马神经元[Ca2+]i浓度的降低.     

莨菪类生物碱对吗啡致小鼠依赖性作用的影响

目的　观察莨菪类生物碱对吗啡 (Mor)致小鼠依赖性作用的影响。方法　连续 7d腹腔注射Mor建立小鼠依赖模型。热板法用于反映莨菪类生物碱的中枢镇痛效应 ,计数纳络酮 (Nal)催促的动物跳跃次数和跳跃率来反映莨菪类生物碱减轻Mor的依赖症状。结果　Mor依赖组小鼠痛阈明显下降 ,跳跃次数明显增加。实验发现东莨菪碱 (4mg·kg-1× 7d)能明显提高Mor依赖小鼠的痛阈 ,并减少跳跃次数和跳跃动物率。阿托品和山莨菪碱提高Mor依赖小鼠的痛阈作用较弱减少跳跃次数和跳跃动物率的作用较强。结论　莨菪生物碱中 ,东莨菪碱在提高Mor依赖小鼠痛阈的作用最强有显著对抗吗啡致小鼠依赖性的作用。     

给药途径对强啡肽A1—13抑制吗啡依赖大鼠戒断症状的影响

目的研究不同给药途径对强啡肽A1-13(Dyn)抑制吗啡依赖戒断症状的影响.方法采用剂量递增法建立大鼠吗啡身体依赖模型;吗啡依赖大鼠戒断症状采用sc 5mg*kg-1纳洛酮激发;Dyn对吗啡依赖大鼠戒断症状的影响采用侧脑室、脊髓及静脉内注射Dyn后,对大鼠经纳洛酮激发后60min内可数和不可数的戒断症状进行评分的方法进行.结果静脉内注射100μg*kg-1 Dyn可短暂抑制戒断症状;髓鞘内注射4μg*kg-1 Dyn可明显抑制绝大部分的戒断症状;侧脑室注射Dyn对吗啡依赖大鼠戒断症状无显著的抑制作用.结论 Dyn抑制阿片类物质戒断症状可能主要是通过脊髓水平起作用的.     

清君瘾Ⅱ号对吗啡依赖性小鼠戒断反应的作用

通过清君瘾Ⅱ号对吗啡依赖小鼠戒断综合征的治疗观察 ,表明清君瘾Ⅱ号可明显抑制小鼠戒断跳跃反应 ,对吗啡依赖性小鼠胸腺及脾脏重量的下降有缓解趋势。     

利鲁唑对吗啡躯体依赖的影响及其可能机制

目的：评价利鲁唑对吗啡躯体依赖的调节作用及可能机制。方法：在小鼠吗啡依赖和大鼠依赖模型上分析利鲁唑对吗啡躯体依赖的影响。用化学发光法测定小鼠脑组织NOS活性。结果：在小鼠吗啡躯体依赖模型中，利鲁唑(2．5～10mg/kg,sc)剂量依赖性地抑制吗啡依赖小鼠纳洛酮催促的戒断症状；在大鼠吗啡依赖模型中，利鲁唑(2．5和5mg/kg，sc)使吗啡依赖大鼠纳洛酮催促戒断积分明显降低。利鲁唑能显著降低吗啡依赖小鼠不同脑区(大脑、小脑、丘脑)一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性。结论：利鲁唑抑制吗啡依赖大鼠和小鼠的戒断症状，机制与抑制吗啡依赖状态下脑组织内NOS活性代偿性升高有关。     

褪黑素对吗啡依赖小鼠催促戒断症状的治疗作用

本报告褪黑素对吗啡依赖小鼠催促戒断症状的治疗效果。小鼠按剂量递增法皮下注射吗啡4．5d,共给药九次;用纳洛酮催促成瘾的小鼠,给予不同剂量的MT治疗,结果表明,小鼠实验中MT剂量为100mg/kg最佳对抗跳跃反应的作用（与吗啡对照组比较P＜0．001）,MT剂量为50,200mg/kg时次之（P＜0．05）。     

钩藤碱抑制小鼠吗啡戒断症状的探讨

钩藤碱(rbyncbopbylline，Rbv)为中药钩藤的主要活性成分，除具有降压、抗心律失常等多种药理作用外，近年来研究表明，钩藤碱具有拮抗Ca^2 的作用。因传统的钙拮抗剂能够抑制吗啡的戒断症状，钩藤碱是否也有类似的作用尚不清楚。鉴于此，我们在吗啡依赖小鼠催促戒断模型上，观察了钩藤碱对吗啡戒断症状的影响，以探讨钩藤碱在戒毒治     

糖皮质激素对吗啡依赖大鼠海马c-fos基因表达的影响

目的 观察吗啡依赖大鼠脑内海马区c-fos mRNA水平的变化,研究糖皮质激素(地塞米松)控制阿片戒断症状的分子机理。方法 剂量递增腹腔注射吗啡建立大鼠成瘾模型,给与地塞米松干预,纳洛酮促瘾后观察戒断症状,应用原位杂交方法观察海马区c-fos mRNA。结果 吗啡依赖大鼠经地塞米松干预后,由纳洛酮催促戒断症状评分明显低于未经地塞米松处理组;同时经地塞米松干预后,海马c-fos mRNA的表达量明显低于未经地塞米松处理,但较盐水对照组高。结论糖皮质激素(地塞米松)能抑制吗啡依赖大鼠戒断症状以及海马c-fos mRNA的表达。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）