树突状细胞联合细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞抗肿瘤效应研究

树突状细胞(DC)与细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞(CIK)是肿瘤免疫治疗的两个重要部分,DC是人体内专职抗原递呈细胞,CIK是高效肿瘤杀伤细胞,前者识别病原,启动获得性免疫系统,后者通过发挥自身细胞毒性与分泌性细胞因子杀伤肿瘤,两者联合可以更好的杀伤肿瘤细胞,被认为是肿瘤过继免疫治疗的新希望。     

树突状细胞增强细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞抗神经胶质瘤细胞作用及机制研究

目的探讨细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞（CIK）与树突状细胞（DC）共培养后DC-CIK混合细胞抗神经胶质瘤细胞的免疫作用。方法分离健康人外周血单个核细胞,分别于体外诱导DC和CIK,然后共培养成DC-CIK细胞。实验分DC组、DC-CIK组、DC-T组和CIK组。Elisa试剂盒检测各组培养上清中IL-12和IFN．1的含量,流式细胞仪检测细胞表型,CCK一8法体外检测对神经胶质瘤细胞的杀伤活性。结果DC-CIK组培养上清中IL-12和IFN-1的含量分别为（110．24±2．22）mg／L和INF·Y／（913．46±20．64）mg／L,明显高于其它三组（P〈0．05）。DC—CIK组cDi细胞（61．34-1．31）％、CD3／CD56细胞（29．4±1．03）％也明显增加（P〈0．05）。对神经胶质瘤细胞的杀伤活性,DC—CIK组为（54．67±2．62）％,与DC组（19．44±1．07）％、DC—T组（21．27±1．85）％和CIK组（36．52±2．06）％比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论DC—CIK细胞能诱导明显的神经胶质瘤细胞杀伤活性,为颅内肿瘤的免疫治疗提供了依据。     

体外培养的树突状细胞与细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞相互作用的研究

目的 观察同源的树突状细胞（DC）与细胞因子诱导的杀伤（CIK）细胞于体外同一培养体系共同培养时的相互影响,为临床联合应用DC和CIK细胞进行肿瘤生物治疗提供依据.方法 用无血清培养基进行DC和CIK细胞的体外培养制作,共同培养1 w后,检测CIK细胞免疫表型、杀瘤活性的变化以及DC分泌IL-12的变化.结果 DC与CIK细胞的共培养会增加CIK细胞的CD3CD56双阳性细胞的比例和非特异性增强对K562细胞的杀伤活性;同时增强DC分泌IL-12的能力.结论 体外共培养DC与CIK细胞可相互增强抗肿瘤免疫活性.     

树突状细胞与细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞共培养对白血病耐药细胞杀伤作用的实验研究

目的探讨负载P-糖蛋白(P-gp)高表达的多药耐药(MDR)白血病K562/A02细胞冻融抗原的树突状细胞(DC)与同源细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞(CIK)共培养对MDRK562/A02杀伤作用的影响。方法提取健康人骨髓单个核细胞,常规诱导出DC及CIK,将K562/A02细胞冻融物作为抗原冲击的DC,与CIK共培养作为实验组,抗原不冲击的DC与CIK共培养作为对照组,以CIK及DC单独培养分别作为空白对照组1和空白对照组2。光镜下观察细胞形态,流式细胞术分析细胞表型,MTT法检测杀伤活性。结果实验组、对照组细胞增殖活性均大于CIK组(P<0.05)。实验组对K562/A02、K562的杀伤活性在效靶比5∶1、10∶1、20∶1时分别为(42.90±0.67)%、(49.85±0.28)%、(63.36±0.46)%和(23.56±0.43)%、(26.11±0.34)%、(34.46±0.35)%,均高于对照组及空白对照组1(P<0.05);实验组对K562/A02的杀伤活性高于K562和MCF7(P<0.05)。结论DC与CIK共培养物是一种增殖活性和细胞毒活性高于CIK的免疫活性细胞,而经冻融抗原冲击的DC与CIK共培养能明显提高对MDRK562/A02的杀伤活性。     

树突状细胞调节和细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞的抗肿瘤机制及其在结直肠癌治疗中的应用前景

利用细胞因子诱导树突状细胞（dendritic cell，DC）和细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞（cytokine induced killer，CIK细胞），以肿瘤抗原冲击DC，将经过抗原冲击的DC和CIK细胞按一定比例混合进行共培养，得到一种新的免疫效应细胞群，即DC调节和细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞（DCIK细胞）。DCIK细胞具有识别和特异性杀伤恶性细胞的作用，打破了放化疗“敌我不分”的状况。DCIK细胞不但存活率高，增殖能力强．而且对肿瘤细胞具有特异性杀伤能力，为肿瘤免疫治疗开创了一条新的途径。     

树突状细胞瘤苗对老年非小细胞肺癌自体癌细胞的杀伤作用

目的研究老年非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）患者的树突状细胞（dendritic cell,DC）瘤苗对细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞（cytokines-induced killers,CIK）的促生长作用,及CIK在体外对患者自身肿瘤细胞的杀伤作用。方法提取老年NSCLC患者外周血单个核细胞（peripheral blood mononuclear cells,PBMC）,分别培养成DC与CIK;将患者自身的肿瘤组织分离,培养出肿瘤细胞,制备肿瘤细胞冻融物作为抗原,用于负载DC,制备成Ag-DC,同时以单纯DC作为对照,各组DC经OK-432激活后,流式细胞仪检测DC表面分子的表达;将DC与CIK共培养,制备成DC-CIK、Ag-DC-CIK,同时以单纯CIK作为对照,四氮唑盐（MTT）法测定各组CIK对自身肿瘤细胞的杀伤力。结果负载肿瘤细胞冻融抗原的Ag-DC其表面CD1a、CD80、CD86、CD83、人类主要组织相容性抗原（HLA-DR）的表达上调,明显高于未负载肿瘤抗原的DC（P〈0.05）。各组DC与CIK共培养后,Ag-DC-CIK的增殖速度明显加快,其中CD3＋CD56＋细胞的含量增加,对自身肿瘤细胞的杀伤力亦明显加强,其作用均强于其他各组DC-CIK及CIK（P〈0.05）。结论老年NSCLC患者PBMC来源的DC在负载自身肿瘤细胞冻融抗原后,可分化为成熟DC,该DC可促进CIK的增殖,提高CIK对自身肿瘤细胞的杀伤力。     

NDV联合负载胃癌细胞抗原DC-CIK对胃癌细胞的杀伤效果及机制

目的探讨新城疫病毒（NDV）联合负载胃癌细胞抗原（Ag）的树突状细胞（DC）及细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞（CIK）对胃癌细胞的杀伤效果及机制。方法用人外周血单个核细胞诱导培养DC及CIK,体外培养人胃癌细胞SGC-7901,反复冻融法制备胃癌细胞Ag悬液冲击致敏DC,CIK与负载胃癌细胞Ag的DC共培养。建立胃癌裸鼠模型,将其随机分为四组各6只。PBS组瘤内注射PBS100μl／只;NDV组瘤内注射NDV0．25ml／只;Ag-DC-CIK组瘤内注射负载抗原的DC诱导的CIK细胞0．2ml／只;NDV＋Ag-DC-CIK组先瘤内注射NDV0．25ml／只,1d后再注射负载抗原的DC诱导的CIK细胞0．2ml／只;各组均隔日注射1次,共3次。14d后测量肿瘤体积,计算抑瘤率。观察肿瘤坏死情况并评分。结果NDV＋AS—DC-CIK组肿瘤平均体积小于NDV组和Ag—DC-CIK组,抑瘤率、肿瘤坏死面积评分高于NDV组和Ag-DC—CIK组;P均〈0．05。结论NDV和负载胃癌细胞Ag的DC-CIK能协同杀伤胃癌细胞,杀伤效果强于二者单用效果;其机制为NDV可增加胃癌细胞的抗原性,为CIK细胞提供更多靶点。     

IL-24对细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞的作用

目的:寻求增强CIK细胞的细胞毒活性的有效方法.方法:从健康人外周血中提取出单个核细胞,第1天加入IFN-γ,第2天加入IL-1,CD3 mAb,IL-2诱导CIK细胞,另一组与IL-1.CD3 mAb,IL-2同时加入IL-24.杀伤分为4组:未加IL-24培养组、单独IL-24杀伤组、加IL-24培养组、未加IL-24的CIK细胞培养组在杀伤时加入IL-24.细胞计数法测定细胞的增殖、MTT法测定细胞杀伤活性和流式细胞术分析细胞表型.扫描电镜和透射电镜观察CIK细胞对肿瘤细胞的杀伤和肿瘤细胞的改变.结果:未加IL-24培养组CIK细胞增殖高于加IL-24培养组,两者比较有明显差异(126.34±2.14 vs 108.87±1.29,P<0.05).加IL-24培养组细胞各个效靶比杀伤活性均达到90%以上,明显高于其他各组(效靶比为10:1时95.58%±2.21% vs 27.31%±2.69%,8.74%±2.41%,38.65%±21.30%,P<0.05;效靶比为20:1时91.97%±4.21% vs 34.27%±0.85%,11.54%±2.78%,48.32%±11.72%,P<0.05;效靶比为40:1时91.84%±9.28% vs 50.67%±1.30%,23.73%±11.07%,52.89%±12.26%,P<0.05).不同时间加IL-24培养组各个细胞表型与未加IL-24培养组相比没有差别.透射电镜下观察加IL-24培养组凋亡和坏死肿瘤细胞比未加IL-24培养组明显增多.结论:CIK细胞诱导过程中加入IL-24能明显增强其杀伤活性.     

DCCIK细胞抗肿瘤的基础研究及临床应用进展

树突状细胞（dendritic cells，DC）分布于除脑和睾丸以外的身体的任何组织，是目前所知的功能最强大的专职抗原递呈细胞（antigen presenting cells，APC），亦是体内唯一具有激活幼稚T淋巴细胞诱导初次免疫应答能力的APC。     

细胞因子诱导的肿瘤杀伤细胞的临床应用

细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞（CIK）是一类异质细胞群,由上世纪80年代中期Schmidt-wolf从外周血单核细胞中诱导产生,同时表达CD3和CD56两种膜蛋白分子,兼具T淋巴细胞强大的杀瘤活性和NK细胞的非MHC限制性,故又被称为NK细胞样T淋巴细胞。与以往报告的一些抗肿瘤效应细胞相比,CIK细胞杀瘤活性更强、杀瘤谱更广。     

Immunotherapy with dendritic cells and cytokine-induced killer cells for hepatocellular carcinoma: A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) has been revealed as the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The introduction of cell-based immunotherapy, including dendritic cells(DCs) and cytokine-induced killer cells(CIKs), has brought HCC patients an effective benefit. However, the efficacy and necessity of cellular immunotherapy after different interventional therapy remains to be further explored.AIM To investigate the efficacy of cellular immunotherapy, involving DCs and CIKs,combined with different conventional treatments of HCC.METHODS We performed a literature search on PubMed and Web of Science up to February15, 2019. Long-term efficacy(overall survival and recurrence) and short-term adverse effects were investigated to assess the effectiveness of immunotherapy with DCs and/or CIKs. Review Manager 5.3 was used to perform the analysis.RESULTS A total of 22 studies involving 3756 patients selected by eligibility inclusion criteria were forwarded for meta-analysis. Combined with the conventional clinical treatment, immunotherapy with DCs and/or CIKs was demonstrated to significantly improve overall survival at 6 mo [risk ratio(RR) = 1.07; 95%confidence interval(CI): 1.01-1.13, P = 0.02], 1 year(RR = 1.12; 95%CI: 1.07-1.17, P 0.00001), 3 years(RR = 1.23; 95%CI: 1.15-1.31, P 0.00001) and 5 years(RR =1.26; 95%CI: 1.15-1.37, P 0.00001). Recurrence rate was significantly reduced by cellular immunotherapy at 6 mo(RR = 0.50; 95%CI: 0.36-0.69, P 0.0001) and 1 year(RR = 0.82; 95%CI: 0.75-0.89, P 0.00001). Adverse effect assessment addressed that immunotherapy with DCs and/or CIKs was accepted as a safe,feasible treatment.CONCLUSION Combination immunotherapy with DCs, CIKs and DC/CIK with various routine treatments for HCC was evidently suggested to improve patients' prognosis by increasing overall survival and reducing cancer recurrence.     

Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells pulsed with tumor lysates induce anti-tumor immunity against gastric cancer ex vivo

AIM： To investigate whether bone marrow-derived denritic cells pulsed with tumor lysates induce immunity against gastric cancer ex vivo. METHODS： c-kit＋ hematopoietic progenitor cells were magnetically isolated with a MiniMACS separator from BALB/c mice bone marrow cells. These cells were cultured with cytokines GM-CSF, IL-4, and TNFα to induce their maturation. They were analysed by morphological observation, phenotype analysis, and mixed lymphocyte reaction （MLR）. Bone marrowderived DCs （BM-DCs） were pulsed with tumor cell lysate obtained by rapid freezing and thawing at a 1：3 DC：tumor cell ratio. Finally, cytotoxic T lymphocyte （CTL） activity and interferon gamma （IFNγ） secretion was evaluated ex vivo. RESULTS： c-kit^＋ hematopoietic progenitor cells from mice bone marrow cells cultured with cytokines for 8 d showed the character of typical mature DCs.Morphologically, observed by light microscope, these cells were large with oval or irregularly shaped nuclei and with many small dendrites. Phenotypically, FACS analysis showed that they expressed.high levels of la, DEC-205, CD11b, CD80 and CD86 antigen, moderate levels of CD40, and negative for F4/80. Functionally, these cells gained the capacity to stimulate allogeneic T cells in MLR assay. However, immature DCs cultured with cytokines for 5 d did not have typical DCs phenotypic markers and could not stimulate allogeneic T cells. Ex vivo primed T cells with SGC-7901 tumor cell lysate-pulsed （TP） DCs were able to induce effective CTL activity against SGC-7901 tumor cells （E：T = 100：1, 69.55% ± 6.05% specific lysis）, but not B16 tumor cells, and produced higher levels of IFNγ, when stimulated with SGC-7901 tumor cells but not when stimulated with B16 tumor cells （1575.31 ± 60.25 pg/mL in SGC-7901 group vs 164.11± 18.52 pg/mL in B16 group, P 〈 0.01）. CONCLUSION： BM-derived DCs pulsed with tumor lysates Can induce anti-tumor immunity specific to gastric cancer ex vivo.     

Cytokine-induced killer cells/dendritic cells and cytokine-induced killer cells immunotherapy for the treatment of esophageal cancer: A meta-analysis

Objectives:This meta-analysis was designed to systematically evaluate whether autologous cytokine-induced killer cells (CIK) or dendritic cells and cytokine-induced killer cells (DC-CIK) immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy can improve the therapeutic effect and safety of chemotherapy in esophageal cancer (EC).Materials and methods:Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were electronically searched databases including CNKI, WanFang, WeiPu, CBMDisc, PubMed, Web of Science, EMbase, the Cochrane Library, and Clinical Trials. The databases were searched for articles published until June 2019. Two researchers independently screened the literature, extracted data, and evaluated the quality of the included literature. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan5.3.Results:Seventeen studies (1416 participants) were included. The differences between CIK/DC-CIK combination chemotherapy and chemotherapy alone were significant. The results displayed that the number of CD3⁺, CD4⁺, CD4⁺/CD8⁺, and NK cells was significantly increased after 1 to 2 weeks of treatment with CIK/DC-CIK cells in the treatment group (all P < .05). In addition, the results shown that 1-year overall survival was significantly prolonged (P < .0001) and quality of life was improved (P = .001) in EC chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy groups compared with conventional treatment. Furthermore, cytokine expression levels of interleukin 2 (IL-2), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interleukin 12 (IL-12) were significantly increased (P = .0003) as well as the levels of immunoglobulins were elevated (P < .00001). Serum levels of tumor marker molecules, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen (CA)-199, and CA-125 were lower in treatment groups than that of control groups (P < .00001). No fatal adverse reactions were noted (P = .04).Conclusions:It is safe and effective for patients to use chemotherapy combined with CIK/DC-CIK immunotherapy. Immunotherapy can simultaneously improve the antitumor immune response. Specifically, DC-CIK cells can increase T lymphocyte subsets, CIK cells, NK cells, and immunoglobulins in peripheral blood to enhance antitumor immunity. Therefore, combination therapy enhances the immune function and improves the therapeutic efficacy of patients with EC.     

DC-CIK细胞治疗自体外周血造血干细胞移植后急性髓性白血病的临床研究

目的 采用体外培养的树突状细胞（DC）致敏、细胞因子诱导激活的杀伤细胞（CIK）治疗自体外周血造血干细胞移植后的急性髓性白血病患者,探讨该方法降低自体造血干细胞移植后复发的作用及其临床应用的安全性.方法 将体外培养、扩增的DC-CIK细胞分两次回输给患者.随后给予白细胞介素-2皮下注射,100万U/天,连续10天.观察用药期间的不良反应,治疗结束后定期复查患者血液学及遗传学缓解情况.结果 ①安全性：4例患者9例次治疗均能顺利进行.DC-CIK细胞回输过程中有3例次出现寒战、发热,经对症处理能迅速缓解.治疗过程中未见其它不适反应,心电图、肝肾功能无明显变化;②疗效观察：1例患者在治疗前存在染色体异常（46,xy,inv（16））,一个疗程后染色体检查正常.4例患者治疗结束后均处于持续血液学及遗传学缓解状态.随访至今,4例患者已分别无病生存2年半、2年、2年、1年.结论 DC-CIK细胞治疗急性髓性白血病的安全性较好,不良反应轻微,短期具有一定疗效.是否能有效降低自体外周血造血干细胞移植后急性髓性白血病的复发尚待更多病例的积累,值得开展临床随机对照研究.     

DC与CIK或LAK联合对结肠癌细胞株SW480杀伤作用的研究

[目的]研究树突状细胞(DC)联合细胞因子诱导或未诱导的杀伤细胞(CIK)或淋巴因子激活的杀伤细胞(LAK)对结肠癌细胞株SW480的杀伤活性.提供DC联合CIK或LAK治疗结肠癌的实验依据.[方法]取人外周血分离出单个核细胞(PBMNC),诱导生成DC、CIK、LAK细胞;流式细胞仪检测DC经SW480肿瘤抗原冲击后的表型变化;以CIK+DC细胞、CIK细胞、LAK+DC细胞及LAK细胞作为效应细胞,SW480为靶细胞,以15∶1、30∶1、45∶1为效靶比,LDH释放法测定细胞杀伤试验活性;ELISA检测杀伤试验中干扰素γ(IFN-γ)、白细胞介素2(IL-2)、IL-12、IL-17的分泌水平.[结果]流式细胞仪检测DC经SW480肿瘤抗原冲击后,其表面分子HLA-DR、CD40、CD80和CD86表达分别平均为90.23％、73.68％、85.96％、57.55％,与未经肿瘤抗原冲击DC比较,DC成熟的表面标志分子表达明显增加(P＜0.01).相同效靶比下,CIK+DC细胞组对SW480的杀伤作用最强,明显高于其他细胞组(P＜0.01);CIK+ DC细胞组在效靶比为45∶1时,杀伤活性最强(P＜0.01);单独CIK细胞组的杀伤活性明显高于LAK+DC细胞组(P＜0.01);LAK+ DC细胞组的杀伤活性明显高于单独LAK细胞组(P＜0.01).效靶比为45∶1时,各杀伤试验细胞组上清液中IFN-γ、IL-2、IL-12、IL-17的分泌量,CIK+DC细胞组的IFN-γ、IL-12的分泌量显著高于其他细胞组(P＜0.05);LAK+DC、单独LAK细胞组IL-2的分泌量明显高于CIK+DC、单独CIK细胞组(P＜0.05);单独CIK细胞组IFN-γ的分泌量明显高于LAK+DC、单独LAK细胞组(P＜0.05).[结论]CIK+DC细胞组对SW480的杀伤活性明显强于单独CIK、LAK+ DC组、单独LAK细胞组.其机制可能是,SW480抗原致敏的DC分泌IFN-γ、IL-12等刺激、诱导CIK细胞的活化和增殖,明显增强CIK细胞杀伤SW480的活性.     

Activated T cells and cytokine-induced CD3+CD56+ killer cells

 Over the past two decades, attempts have been made to develop immunotherapy for patients with cancer. A significant obstacle to the development of successful adoptive immunotherapy has been the availability of appropriate cytotoxic cells. Immunologic effector cells such as lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells, activated T cells such as tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells may be suitable to remove residual tumor cells. Received: 7 October 1996 / Accepted: 13 November 1996     

An effective vaccine against colon cancer in mice： Use of recombinant adenovirus interleukin-12 transduced dendritic cells

AIM： To investigate the effect of a vaccine with recombinant adenovirus interleukin-12 （AdVIL-12） transduced dendritic cells （DCs） against colon cancer in mice. METHODS： DCs and AdVIL-12 were incubated together at different time intervals and at different doses. Supernatant was collected and tested for IL-12 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. In order to determine whether tumor cell lysate-pulsed （TP） AdVIL-12/DCs enhance therapeutic potential in the established tumor model, CT26 colon tumor cells were implanted subcutaneously （s.c.） in the midflank of naive BALB/c mice. Tumor-bearing mice were injected with a vaccination of CT26 TP AdVIL-12/DCs on d 3 and 10. As a protective colon tumor model, naive BALB/c mice were immunized s.c. in their abdomens with CT26 TP AdVIL-12/DCs twice at seven day intervals. After the immunization on d 7, the mice were challenged with a lethal dose of CT26 tumor cells and survival times were evaluated. Subsequently, cytotoxic T lymphocyte （CTL） activity and interferon gamma （IFNy） secretion was evaluated in the immunized mice, and assayed CTL ex vivo. RESULTS： Murine DCs were retrovirally transduced with AdVIL-12 efficiency, and the AdVIL-12 transduced DCs secreted a high level of IL-12 （AdVIL-12/DCs, 615.27 ± 42.3 pg/mL vs DCs, 46.32 ± 7.29 pg/mL, P 〈 0.05）. Vaccination with CT26 TP AdVIL-12/DCs could enhance anti-tumor immunity against CT26 colon tumor in murine therapeutic models （tumor volume on d 19：CT26 TP AdVIL-12/DCs 107 ± 42 mm^3 vs CT26 TP DCs 383± 65 mm^3, P 〈 0.05） and protective models. Moreover, the CT26 TP AdVIL-12/DC vaccination enhances tumor-specific CTL activity, producing high levels of IFN7 in immunized mice. Ex vivo primed T cells with AdVIL-12/DCs were able to induce more effective CTL activity than in primed T cells with CT26 TP/DCs （E：T = 100：1, 69.49% ± 6.11% specific lysis vs 37.44% ＋ 4.32% specific lysis, P 〈 0.05）.CONCLUSION： Vaccination with recombinant AdVIL-12 transduced DC p