肩袖滑囊侧部分撕裂的诊断

目的 探讨肩袖滑囊侧部分撕裂的临床特点和诊断方法.方法 1999年8月至2006年6月,对38例肩袖滑囊侧部分撕裂患者进行手术治疗.男28例,女10例;年龄18～69岁,平均45.7岁.左肩11例,右肩27例.肩袖撕裂程度根据Ellman分类标准,Ⅰ度6例,Ⅱ度7例,Ⅲ度25例.术前对双侧肩关节进行系统检查.38例患者术前均拍摄肩关节正位和冈上肌出口位X线片,27例行B超检查,35例行MR或MRA检查.13例行肩峰下间隙减压及肩袖清理术,25例行肩峰下间隙减压及肩袖修复术.结果 38例患者均有肩部疼痛,夜间痛18例.夜间痛在Ⅰ、Ⅱ度与Ⅲ度撕裂患者间阳性率差异无统计学意义(P=0.095).25例患者肩关节前屈及外展肌力下降.物理检查中阳性率较高的包括:Neer撞击征92.1%(35/38),Hawkins撞击征71.1%(27/38),肱骨大结节压痛89.5%(34/38),60°～120°痛弧征68.4%(26/38),牵拉抗阻试验68.4%(26/38).根据Bigliani肩峰分型标准:Ⅰ型2例,Ⅱ型26例,Ⅲ型10例.B超检查的阳性检出率为48.1%(13/27),MR检查的阳性检出率为74.3%(26/35).结论 肩袖滑囊侧部分撕裂患者中,Neer撞击征及大结节压痛阳性率很高.B超和MR检查诊断肩袖滑囊侧部分撕裂有一定价值.关节镜检查仍然是诊断肩袖滑囊侧部分撕裂的最可靠方法.     

MRI与MSCT在肩袖损伤合并肩峰下撞击综合征诊断中的应用价值

目的研究多层螺旋CT(MSCT)与磁共振怎成像(MRI)在肩袖损伤合并肩峰下撞击综合征诊断中的应用价值,为患者的诊断提供指导。方法选择2018年1月至2019年6月收治的85例疑似肩袖损伤合并肩峰下撞击综合征患者作为研究对象。所有患者均给予MRI与MSCT检查,对两种影像学检查方式的检查结果进行比较分析。结果 MRI的检查准确率为91.76%,明显高于MSCT的75.30%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=12.9641,P=0.0016)。MRI与MSCT对平直型(Ⅰ型)、弧形(Ⅱ型)与钩状(Ⅲ型)肩峰段形态的诊断结果相比,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论与多层螺旋CT相比磁共振成像在肩袖损伤合并肩峰下撞击综合征诊断中的应用价值更高,值得临床推广运用。     

肩峰下撞击综合征38例临床症状体征分析

目的 探讨判断肩峰下撞击综合征的严重程度,即肩袖是否撕裂的可靠的检查方法。方法 对 1999年 2月～ 10月间, 38例诊断为肩峰下撞击综合征的患者的临床资料进行总结。结果 对肩峰下撞击综合征的检查中,阳性率较高的有 :疼痛弧 33例 (阳性率 86.8％ ),大结节压痛 36例 (94.7％ ),前撞击征 33例 (86.8％ ),侧撞击征 36例 (94.7％ ), 60°～ 90°外展抗阻试验阳性 37例 (97.4％ ),牵拉试验阳性 35例 (92.1％）,冈上肌试验阳性 32例 (84.2％ ),封闭试验阳性 37例 (97.4％ )。 30°外展抗阻试验及夜间疼痛在肩袖撕裂与未撕裂患者间阳性率差异有显著性意义（ P 0.05)。结论 侧撞击征、 60°～ 90°外展抗阻试验、牵拉试验与封闭试验、大结节压痛、前撞击征、冈上肌试验及疼痛弧等对肩峰下撞击综合征的诊断有很高的阳性率。 30°外展抗阻试验及夜间疼痛在肩袖撕裂与未撕裂患者间阳性率差异有显著性意义 ,而力弱在肩袖撕裂与未撕裂患者间差异无显著性意义。     

钩钢板术后肩峰下撞击的影响因素分析

目的分析锁骨钩钢板治疗肩锁关节脱位术后并发肩峰下撞击综合征的影响因素与产生原因。方法回顾性研究了南京中医药大学附属医院2014年6月至2016年10月使用钩钢板治疗的肩锁关节脱位RockwoodⅢ型患者共36例,筛选术后并发肩峰下撞击综合征的18例为实验组,无症状的18例为对照组,摄肩关节Grashey位片,通过肩关节Constant评分比较两组肩关节活动情况,并测量肩峰指数及对肩峰进行分型。结果术后6个月两组肩关节Constant评分对照组(90.17±1.73)分,明显优于实验组(57.02±1.49)分,差异具有统计学意义。实验组的肩峰指数为(0.79±0.07),对照组为(0.56±0.09),P0.05,说明钩钢板治疗肩锁关节脱位术后肩峰下撞击征的发生率与肩峰指数有一定的正相关性。两组的肩峰分型比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),但实验组中肩峰Ⅲ型占较大比例(66.7%)。结论肩峰指数及肩峰形态对于钩钢板治疗肩锁关节脱位术后肩峰下撞击综合征的发生有一定的影响。     

撞击肩综合征的诊断治疗42例临床浅探

目的 :通过摄取肩痛患者双肩肩峰切线位片 ,发现肩峰下异常骨赘增生。探讨撞击肩综合征的诊断与治疗方法。方法 :对 34 4例肩痛患者行肩关节运动功能检查 ,摄双肩关节正位及肩峰切线 X片。对其中 42例肩关节活动受限 ,X片表现出肩峰下异常骨赘增生者行前肩峰成形术 ,切除增生骨赘及喙肩韧带 ,使肩峰下间隙扩大。结果 :42例患者术中发现肩峰下骨赘增生与 X片一致。32例疼痛消失 ,患肩外展≥ 90°角 ;8例肩痛减轻 ;2例无效。结论 :采用肩峰切线位片能够发现肩峰下异常骨赘增生 ,对撞击综合征的诊断及治疗方法的选择提供了明确的依据 ,方法简单实用 ,临床疗效好     

MRI、超声及X线对肩峰下撞击综合征的诊断价值比较

目的 比较MRI、超声及X线对肩峰下撞击综合征的诊断价值.方法 回顾性比较分析自2012-01-2015-09经临床确诊的42例肩峰下撞击综合征,比较MRI与X线对肩峰下撞击综合征的病因征象的检出率,比较MRI与超声对肩峰下撞击综合征直接和间接征象的检出率.结果 与MRI检查比较,X线Ⅲ型肩峰检出率(x2=3.859,P=0.043)及肩峰骨质增生检出率(x2=4.200,P=0.040)更高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).X线与MRI的I型肩峰检出率、Ⅱ型肩峰检出率及A-H间距比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).MRI与超声检查对冈上肌肌腱水肿、冈上肌肌腱完全撕裂、肩峰下滑囊增厚、肩峰下滑囊积液及肩关节囊内积液的检出率比较差异无统计学意义(P ＞0.05);MRI对冈上肌肌腱部分撕裂的检出率较超声高,差异有统计学意义(x2=3.877,P=0.041).结论 X线显示肩峰下撞击综合征的病因征象较MRI好.MRI与超声均可显示肩峰下撞击综合征的直接及间接征象,但MRI对冈上肌肌腱部分撕裂的检出率更高.     

MRI、超声及Ⅹ线对肩峰下撞击综合征的诊断价值比较

目的比较MRI、超声及X线对肩峰下撞击综合征的诊断价值。方法回顾性比较分析自2012-01—2015-09经临床确诊的42例肩峰下撞击综合征,比较MRI与Ⅹ线对肩峰下撞击综合征的病因征象的检出率,比较MRI与超声对肩峰下撞击综合征直接和间接征象的检出率。结果与MRI检查比较,Ⅹ线Ⅲ型肩峰检出率(χ~2=3.859,P=0.043)及肩峰骨质增生检出率(χ~2=4.200,P=0.040)更高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。Ⅹ线与MRI的Ⅰ型肩峰检出率、Ⅱ型肩峰检出率及A-H间距比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。MRI与超声检查对冈上肌肌腱水肿、冈上肌肌腱完全撕裂、肩峰下滑囊增厚、肩峰下滑囊积液及肩关节囊内积液的检出率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);MRI对冈上肌肌腱部分撕裂的检出率较超声高,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=3.877,P=0.041)。结论Ⅹ线显示肩峰下撞击综合征的病因征象较MRI好。MRI与超声均可显示肩峰下撞击综合征的直接及间接征象,但MRI对冈上肌肌腱部分撕裂的检出率更高。     

关节镜肩峰下间隙减压术治疗肩峰下撞击综合征临床疗效分析

目的评价关节镜肩峰下间隙减压术(arthroscopic subacromial decompression,ASD)治疗肩峰下撞击综合征的方法及效果。方法回顾性分析2013年6月至2015年1月应用ASD治疗肩峰下撞击综合征患者32例,其中男14例,女18例;年龄31~76岁,平均51.3岁;左肩11例,右肩21例;术前常规拍摄肩关节前后位、冈上肌出口位和腋位X线片。19例行MRI检查。Ⅰ型肩峰5例,Ⅱ型肩峰12例,Ⅲ型肩峰15例。应用ASD,32例均行前肩峰成形术,17例同时行关节镜下肩袖缝合术。采用UCLA评分标准评价疗效。结果随访时间12~24个月,平均16.4个月。UCLA评分术前为(16.8±4.1)分,术后(32.4±1.5)分,两者差异有统计学意义(t=-14.107,P0.01)。优11例,良18例,可3例,差0例,优良率为90.6%。结论 ASD治疗肩峰下撞击综合征能达到减压要求,效果满意,且可同时处理关节内其他病变,创伤小,恢复快,应作为治疗肩峰下撞击综合征的首选。     

肩撞击综合征

肩撞击综合征是肩峰下间隙中组织病变引起上肢上举时肩袖与肩峰撞击而产生的一系列症状。其病变可分为三期:肩峰下软组织水肿及出血期、增厚及纤维化期和肩袖撕裂期。本文综述了肩关节功能解剖及病理学、肩撞击综合征的临床表现、X线表现、鉴别诊断和治疗。     

无肩袖撕裂的Ⅰ、Ⅱ期撞击综合征

肩部撞击综合征可分为Ⅰ期(水肿、出血)、Ⅱ期(增生和纤维化)、Ⅲ期(肩袖撕裂、肱二头肌断裂和骨质改变)。本文讨论肩部解剖特点、撞击综合征诊断和治疗。重点放在无肩袖撕裂的Ⅰ、Ⅱ期。抬肩动作的运动弧是向着前方的,做这个动作时肱骨大结节会顶住肩峰底面前1/3而发生撞击。尸检时可发现肩峰的前、下部显得粗糙和有骨刺形成。在严重病例,病变会向内侧扩展而累及肩锁关节。肩关节向前屈曲而又处于外展和中立位旋转时,肱骨大结节会与肩峰的底而发生撞击,而肩关节向前     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.