大学生网络成瘾倾向多因素研究

目的　探讨大学生网络成瘾倾向与各种因素之间的关系。方法　使用 Spielberger状态—特征焦虑量表、Eysenck个性问卷、父母教养方式评价量表 ( EMBU)和网络成瘾倾向自陈量表 ,对陕西 4所高校大学生进行调查。结果　网络成瘾倾向大学生的个性特征、状态焦虑水平均高于非网络成瘾大学生 ,状态焦虑水平差异尤为显著 ;大学生网络成瘾倾向与个性特征之间存在显著的相关 ;具有情绪不稳定和情绪稳定性居中的大学生网络成瘾倾向者居多。结论　网络成瘾倾向者与非网络成瘾倾向者父母教养方式差异较为显著 ,过分干涉、惩罚严厉、拒绝否定等方面极为显著。     

氟伏沙明联合利培酮对青少年网络成瘾患者情绪障碍的疗效

目的:分析青少年网络成瘾患者应用氟伏沙明联合利培酮治疗对其情绪障碍的影响.方法:选取 2022 年 6月～2023 年 6 月期间本院收治的 78 例青少年网络成瘾患者作为研究对象,随机将患者分为对照组和研究组,各39 例.对照组采用利培酮治疗;研究组在对照组基础上联合氟伏沙明治疗.分析比较两组的治疗效果、社交网络成瘾性、情绪障碍严重程度及应对方式.结果:研究组的治疗总有效率明显高于对照组(P＜0.05).治疗前,两组中文网络成瘾性量表(Revised Chen internet addiction scale,CIAS-R)评分、儿童焦虑性情绪障碍筛查表(The screen for child anxiety related emotional disorders,SCARED)评分、积极应对与消极应对评分均无明显差异(P＞0.05).治疗后,两组的CIAS-R评分、SCARED评分、消极应对评分均降低,且研究组明显低于对照组(P＜0.05);两组积极应对评分明显增高,且研究组明显高于对照组(P＜0.05).结论:氟伏沙明联合利培酮治疗青少年网络成瘾,能提高临床疗效,抑制青少年网瘾程度,改善患者情绪障碍及应对方式.     

大学生网络成瘾及其与社交焦虑的关系

目的探讨大学生社交焦虑与网络成瘾倾向的相关。方法使用社交焦虑自评量表和中文网络成瘾量表收集数据。结果①浙江省在校大学生中存在网络成瘾,其中高危险网络成瘾倾向者占3%;②大学生网络成瘾倾向与社交焦虑存在显著正相关;③大学生网络成瘾倾向在性别、年级和文理科上存在不同程度的差异。结论大学生网络成瘾与社交焦虑有紧密关系。     

父母冲突对青少年手机成瘾的影响：基于溢出假说和情绪安全感理论

目的：基于溢出假说和情绪安全感理论,考察父母低头行为和青少年社交焦虑在父母冲突对青少年手机成瘾影响中的中介机制。方法：采用父母冲突特征量表、父母低头行为量表、儿童社交焦虑量表和手机成瘾量表对河南省812名中小学生进行调查。结果：（1）父母冲突、父母低头行为、青少年社交焦虑、青少年手机成瘾两两显著正相关。（2）父母冲突不仅直接影响青少年手机成瘾,还通过两条路径产生间接影响：父母低头行为的单独中介作用、父母低头行为和青少年社交焦虑的链式中介作用。结论：父母低头行为和青少年社交焦虑在父母冲突与青少年手机成瘾之间起序列中介作用。     

舍曲林治疗青少年网络成瘾的随机、双盲、对照临床研究

目的:评价舍曲林治疗青少年网络成瘾的有效性及安全性。方法:采用随机对照双盲试验,共纳入青少年网络成瘾患者64人,按就诊或入院先后顺序编号。按完全随机法(应用SPSS软件随机抽样分组)将纳入患者随机编入研究组(舍曲林治疗组,剂量为50~100mg/d)和对照组(安慰剂治疗组),每组32例,治疗8周。分别于治疗前和治疗8周后评估每周上网时间,采用中文网络成瘾量表修订版(Chinese Internet Addiction Scale-Revised,CIAS-R)评估成瘾程度,焦虑自评量表(SAS)及抑郁自评量表(SDS)评估焦虑抑郁情绪,副反应反应量表(TESS)评定不良反应。结果:治疗结束后,研究组每周上网时间从治疗前的(34.3±6.4)小时下降至(9.1±5.7)小时(t=17.45,P0.01),CIAS-R量表总分及5个维度(强迫性上网行为、网络成瘾耐受性、戒断反应、人际与健康、时间管理分)分值较治疗前均有显著性降低(P0.01),SAS、SDS量表总分也较前显著性降低(t=5.935,10.226;P0.01)。与对照组相比,治疗结束后研究组每周上网时间、CIAS-R总分及各维度分、SAS、SDS量表分均显著性降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。治疗期间研究组药物不良反应的发生率为18.75%(6/32),主要为胃肠道不适、嗜睡及出汗,未发生严重不良反应。结论:舍曲林治疗青少年网络成瘾能明显减少患者上网时间,改善患者焦虑抑郁情绪,明显减轻患者对网络的成瘾程度,且安全性好,值得进一步深入研究。     

歧视知觉对流动儿童手机成瘾的影响：一项追踪研究

目的：探讨歧视知觉、社交焦虑、自我同情对流动儿童手机成瘾的作用机制。方法：以580名流动儿童为对象,采用歧视知觉问卷、社交焦虑问卷、自我同情量表、手机成瘾指数量表进行为期一年的两次追踪调查。结果：(1)歧视知觉可以正向预测一年后的流动儿童手机成瘾。(2)社交焦虑在歧视知觉和流动儿童手机成瘾之间起部分中介作用。(3)自我同情在中介效应的前半段,即歧视知觉对社交焦虑的效应中起调节作用,间接效应对于高自我同情的个体不显著,对于低自我同情的个体显著。结论：歧视知觉能够通过社交焦虑影响一年后的流动儿童手机成瘾,且这一关系受到自我同情的调节。     

团体心理辅导对大学生网络成瘾的影响研究

目的:探索减少大学生网络依赖行为的途径,为大学生网络依赖的心理辅导提供一套可行的实施方案。方法:招募苏州某高校本科二、三年级的71名志愿者,随机分成实验组(n=36)和对照组(n=35),实验组接受24小时的结构式团体心理辅导和8次分散式团体心理辅导,对照组处于常态。用Young网络成瘾量表(IAT)、情绪调节量表、社交回避和苦恼问卷、幸福感指数问卷、感情与社会孤独量表在团体心理辅导前后进行评估,并采用自编网络依赖团体心理辅导成员评估表在团体心理辅导后进行评估。结果:两组被试在团体辅导前评分差异无显著性(P>0.05),团体辅导后,实验组成员网络成瘾分数显著下降,并且在情绪调节、社交、幸福感、感情与社会孤独方面都得到显著的改善。结论:团体心理辅导可以有效地矫正大学生的网络成瘾行为,提高大学生的情绪调节能力,改善情绪状态,降低社交焦虑及孤独感;团体心理辅导的方法受到学生的普遍认可。     

自我隐瞒对大学生网络成瘾的影响:社交焦虑和孤独感的多重中介作用

目的:探讨大学生自我隐瞒、社交焦虑、孤独感与网络成瘾之间的关系。方法:以312名大学生为被试,采用自我隐瞒量表、社交焦虑量表、孤独感量表和网络成瘾量表进行测试。结果:1相关分析显示自我隐瞒、社交焦虑、孤独感和网络成瘾两两之间存在显著正相关。2多重中介效应检验表明,自我隐瞒影响网络成瘾的路径有三条,自我隐瞒可以直接影响网络成瘾;自我隐瞒可以通过社交焦虑和孤独感的多重中介作用影响网络成瘾;自我隐瞒可以通过孤独感的中介效应影响网络成瘾。结论:社交焦虑和孤独感在自我隐瞒预测大学生网络成瘾中起多重中介作用。     

查无实据的躯体症状与儿童情绪障碍关系的相关研究

采用配对病例对照研究的方法调查５３例有查无实据躯体症状儿童的儿童情绪障碍情况，并应用汉密顿抑郁量表与汉密顿焦虑量表评定研究组和对照组儿童的抑郁症状与焦虑症状。发现研究组有６０．４％的患儿有儿童情绪障碍，患病率远高于对照组，主要为儿童抑郁症与儿童焦虑症；研究组的汉密顿抑郁量表与汉密顿焦虑量表评分亦明显高于对照组。结果表明儿童情绪障碍在有查无实据躯体症状的儿童中相当常见，临床上应予重视。     

大学生的类别、二网条件与网络成瘾的关系

目的：研究大学生的类别、上网条件与网络成瘾的关系。方法：对上海某综合大学近2000名学生（含研究生）进行网络使用方面的问卷调查。结果：①男女大学生网络成瘾的平均分无差异．但男生成瘾的比率高于女生；②网络成瘾与学生生源之间的关系随采用的网络成瘾测验的不同而不同：一测验表明农村和小城市生源的学生成瘾比例高于大中城市生源的学生，但另一测验不支持该结论；③该校大二及其以上年级学生的成瘾分数高于大一，但各个年级学生的网络成瘾的比例无差异；④各专业的学生网络成瘾状况无差异。结论：①网络成瘾与大学生的性别有关，与年级、专业无关，与生源之间的关系未定：②上网条件的显著改善从总体上可引发更多的上网行为．但并不是网络成瘾的充分条件。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.