Laminin促进胚胎中脑多巴胺神经元生长发育的体外培养研究

本文在体外培养中,研究Laminin(LN)对大鼠胚胎中脑多巴胺(DA)神经元生长发育的影响。将胚胎鼠(胎龄15天)腹侧中脑细胞悬液,接种于底部涂有LN的24孔培养板中,培养2～6天后取出,以酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)免疫组织化学ABC法观察DA神经元的生长情况。培养48小时后,几乎所有TH免疫阳性细胞都有突起伸出,以双极细胞为主,有些突起分支末端有活跃生长的生长锥,后者又可发出多根丝状伪足。在培养3～6天的标本中,除见有单极、双极TH免疫阳性细胞外,每孔均见有     

胚胎嗅鞘细胞和中脑腹侧细胞移植对帕金森病SD大鼠纹状体神经元存活和分化的影响

目的观察胚胎嗅球嗅鞘细胞(OECs)和胚胎中脑腹侧细胞(VMCs)联合移植对帕金森病(PD)SD大鼠纹状体神经元存活及分化的影响。方法 12只PD模型SD大鼠随机平均分成两组:单独VMCs组(在脑立体定位仪下将VMCs植入PD大鼠模型毁损侧纹状体内)和联合移植组(在脑立体定位仪下将OECs和VMCs植入PD大鼠模型毁损侧纹状体内)。OECs来源于5～7d绿荧光鼠的嗅球嗅鞘,VMCs来源于孕13～14d绿荧光胎鼠中脑腹侧的脑组织。于移植后4、14周灌注取脑,切片后做酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)免疫组织化学染色,检测胚胎中脑腹侧细胞的存活及分化状况。结果移植4周后单独VMCs组及联合移植组纹状体区都可检测到TH免疫阳性神经元,数量无统计学差异(P0.05)。移植14周后联合移植组纹状体区TH免疫阳性神经元数量比单独VMCs组明显增多(P0.05)。结论胚胎中脑腹侧细胞联合嗅鞘细胞移植入帕金森病大鼠纹状体促使纹状体神经元分化为多巴胺能神经元。     

Laminin促进胚胎中脑多巴胺神经元生长发育的体外培养研究

在体外培养中研究了Laminin(LN)对大鼠胚胎中脑多巴胺神经元生长发育的影响。将胚胎(E15天)腹侧中脑细胞悬液接种于底部涂有LN的24孔培养板中,培养2—6天后取出。用酪氨酸羟化酶免疫组化ABC法观察多巴胺神经元的生长情况。培养48小时后见酪氨酸羟化酶免疫阳性细胞均有突起伸出,以双极细胞为主;有些突起分枝末端有活跃的生长锥,后者又司发出多根丝状伪足。在培养3到6天的标本中除见有单极和双极酪氨酸羟化酶免疫阳性细胞外,每孔均见有多极阳性细胞。这些阳性细胞的突起具有较丰富的分枝,突起长度多数长于胞体直径的6倍,最长的可达400μm以上。每孔酪氨酸羟化酶免疫阳性细胞数可达20到50个,并能见到群聚存在,与不含LN的对照组相比,在酪氨酸羟化酶免疫阳性突起的数量、长度及分枝等方面均有显著差异。实验表明LN可促进体外培养胚胎中脑神经元的生长发育及轴突延伸。     

黑质纹体系多巴胺神经元的发育与再生的关系

取不同头臀长(CRL)10～22mm(E13～18)鼠胚腹侧中脑制成悬液,分别移植至帕金森氏病模型鼠去多巴胺(DA)神经侧纹状体中。发现用CRL为10～16mm(E13～15)胚脑为供体的受移植鼠行为效应和移植区DA神经元存活情况远较以CRL为17～22mm供体为佳。用酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)免疫组化ABC法规察了不同胚龄(E_(13)～P_0)黑质纹体系DA神经元的形态和分布,发现CRL10～16mm(E13～15)时TH阳性细胞位于Sylvius导水管腹侧,此时DA细跑开始分化,至胚CRL17mm时TH阳性细胞已迁移至被益腹外侧,并大部分化出长突起,至出生时分化及迁移基本完成。本文讨论了DA神经元发育和其在受体脑内再生的关系。     

转录因子Pitx3和Nurr1在中脑多巴胺能神经元终末分化中的表达特点

目的:探讨转录因子垂体同源盒家族因子3(Pitx3)和孤儿核受体相关因子1(Nurr1)在多巴胺(DA)能神经元终末分化中的表达特点。方法:采用免疫荧光方法检测体外培养的中脑源性神经干细胞(mNSCs)诱导分化后和大鼠胚胎发育至出生腹侧中脑Pitx3、Nurr1和酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)的表达。结果:(1)体外培养的mNSCs诱导分化48 h的Map-2阳性细胞不表达Pitx3、Nurr1和TH;分化7 d的TH阳性细胞均表达转录因子Pitx3和Nurr1;(2)在大鼠腹侧中脑黑质(SN)、腹侧被盖区(VTA)和中缝背核(DRN)可见大量TH与Pitx3(或Nurr1)共表达的神经元;(3)Pitx3和Nurr1阳性细胞主要分布于E16.5、P0大鼠SN、VTA和DRN区,其中Pitx3阳性细胞还少量分布于腹侧中脑非DA能神经元区域,Nurr1阳性细胞在腹侧中脑分布范围较Pitx3更广泛。结论:转录因子Pitx3、Nurr1在中脑DA能神经元的终末分化和生存维持中起重要作用。     

大鼠腹侧中脑多巴胺能神经元的形态学发育与分布特征

目的:探讨大鼠腹侧中脑多巴胺能(mDA)神经元的形态学发育和分布特征。方法:取胚胎晚期至成年大鼠不同时期的腹侧中脑连续冠状切片,以酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)免疫荧光染色方法观察mDA神经元。结果:(1)在胚胎期,TH阳性细胞多为圆形或椭圆形,随着发育进程,其突起逐渐伸长,分支也逐渐增多;出生后28 d,TH阳性细胞表现为成熟mDA神经元的形态特征。(2)Map-2/TH免疫荧光检测显示,新生期大鼠腹侧中脑TH阳性神经元定位分布与成年期的mDA神经元分布趋向一致。(3)E16.5 d时腹侧中脑TH阳性细胞的数量和密度最大,此后逐渐下降。结论:大鼠mDA神经元的发育在出生前后,呈现先大量形成后又逐渐减少的过程,与此同时其形态趋向成熟;至P0 d时mDA神经元分布定位基本完成,至出生后28 d形态学发育成熟。     

胚鼠腹侧中脑和胚肾联合移植治疗Parkinson病的实验研究

为了提高移植多巴胺(DA)能神经元的存活率和促进神经元生长,将胚鼠腹侧中脑和胚肾联合移植入Parkinson病(PD)模型大鼠脑内,检测胚肾对移植DA能神经元的影响。先用神经毒剂6 OHDA损毁大鼠左侧中脑被盖腹侧区和黑质致密部建立PD动物模型,再将胚脑的腹侧中脑(A组)、胚脑的腹侧中脑和胚肾(B组)分别移植入左侧纹状体尾壳核,C组为空白对照。于移植后3d、1月、3月将动物处死,采用酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)免疫组化法观察3组动物移植部位DA能神经元的存活和生长状况。在移植部位可见B组较A组的TH阳性神经元和纤维的数量明显增多,C组的移植部位未见TH阳性神经元和纤维;A、B两组的移植针道及其周围也有TH阳性神经元和纤维;B组的TH阳性神经元数量、体积和神经纤维的密度均大于A组。移植1个月和3个月后,A、B两组大鼠的旋转行为均较C组减少(P<0. 05)。以上结果提示胚肾具有良好的神经营养作用,能促进移植DA能神经元的存活和生长。     

黑质多巴胺触液神经元

将30％ HRP 8—10μl或3％碘化丙啶(PI)3μl分别注入两组动物单侧侧脑室内,48小时后将鼠处死,检查中脑切片。发现双侧黑质均司见HRP标记细胞群,但以同侧为主。标记范围以中脑中上部为多。标记细胞主要分布在黑质致密带内侧部,网状带中仅少数散在。注射PI例所见类同,但标记细胞远较HRP标记细胞为多。TH免疫组化法发现黑质DA神经元投射纤维分散布于尾壳核,并见TH阳性投射纤维在室管膜上皮细胞的深面形成密集的膨大,个别地区还见阳性终末突入侧脑室。另外,在接受胚中脑黑质移植存活良好的受体鼠纹状体中,发现少数移植存活的TH阳性黑质DA神经元胞体或其突起伸入侧脑室室管膜上皮细胞间甚或突入室腔。实验表明部分黑质多巴胺神经元系触液神经元,提示可能直接释放DA入脑脊液。当胚黑质细胞被移植入受体脑纹状体后,部分黑质DA神经元重演其发育的规律,将其突起或胞体伸入室管膜上皮细胞间或突入侧脑室,以代偿其原有的功能。     

尼古丁抑制脂多糖诱导的原代多巴胺能神经元变性及相关机制

目的: 观察尼古丁对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的胎鼠中脑小胶质细胞激活的影响及对其白介素6(IL-6)分泌的影响,以探讨尼古丁对中脑多巴胺(DA)能神经元的保护机制.方法: 取孕14d SD大鼠,胎鼠中脑腹侧区组织,混合培养中脑神经元-胶质细胞,Elisa检测细胞不同时间点分泌IL-6的水平;免疫细胞化学术检测小胶质细胞特异的钙结合蛋白(Iba1)和标记DA能细胞的酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)的阳性细胞数.结果: 经LPS激活的小胶质细胞胞体增大,活化标记物Ibal表达上调;DA能细胞的数目减少,突起受损.Elisa方法测定显示10ng/ml LPS致小胶质细胞在8、24和72h分泌IL-6的量均增高;在尼古丁(100μmol/L)预处理组,小胶质细胞的激活被抑制,TH免疫阳性的多巴胺能神经元的数量增加,LPS+尼古丁组分泌IL-6的量减少,在不同时间点(8、24和72h)与LPS组比较差异均有统计学意义.结论: 尼古丁可抑制小胶质细胞的激活,保护多巴胺能神经元,抑制小胶质细胞炎性因子的释放可能是其主要保护机制.     

影响大鼠胚胎多巴胺能神经元原代培养因素的研究

目的　试图通过方法改进获得高纯度原代多巴胺能神经元 ,并研究 Matrigel及多聚左旋赖氨酸(poly- l- lysine,PL L )等不同基质对于大鼠胚胎 13d中脑黑质神经元突起生长的不同作用。　方法　无菌技术取得孕 13d SD大鼠胚胎 ,采用改进的取材方法 ,得到胎鼠腹侧中脑细胞 ,以较高密度 (1× 10 5 / cm2 )分别种入由 Matrigel及 PL L作为基质的塑料培养皿中。体外培养 5 d后 ,对培养物进行 TH免疫细胞化学染色 ,测量 TH免疫反应突起的长度并计算 TH免疫反应神经元占细胞总数的比例。　结果和结论　 1.采用改进的方法 ,能够得到高纯度的多巴胺能神经元 (多巴胺神经元占培养细胞总数的比例为 15 % ) ;2 .与 PL L相比 ,Matrigel能有效地促进多巴胺能神经元突起的生长 ,但不能特异地促进中脑培养细胞的存活     

BDNF、SDNF、GM_1对体外培养的多巴胺神经元的影响

本研究在体外培养的条件下研究了BDNF、SDNF、GM1对大鼠胚腹侧中脑多巴胺神经元生长发育的影响。取孕15d鼠胚腹侧中脑细胞悬液将之接种于24孔培养板中进行培养。实验分4组；对照组及分别向培养液中加入BDNF、SDNF、GM1等的三个实验组。培养7d后取出。用酪氨酸羟化酶免疫组织化学ABC法观察和比较了多巴胺神经元的生长状态。发现加入BDNF、SDNF、GM1的培养孔内的酪氨酸羟化酶阳性神经元明显增多，细胞突起的长度增加且数量增多，与单纯培养组相比均有显著性差异，但三个实验组之间无显著性差异。研究结果表明，BDNF、SDNF、GM1可促进体外培养的鼠胚腹侧中脑多巴胺神经元的存活及突起的延伸。     

体外长期培养大鼠中脑多巴胺神经元的形态学观察

本文研究了中脑多巴胺神经元在体外长期培养过程中的形态发育。动物选用胚胎14天SD大鼠,取中脑腹侧部制成细胞密度为2×10~5/ml的悬液,接种于24孔培养板中,培养1天至6周,以酪胺酸羟化酶免疫组化方法、单纯荧光组化方法和外源性儿茶酚胺荧光组化方法,观察中脑多巴胺神经元的体外长期培养发育状况。培养3天后多巴胺神经元已有单极或双极的突起发出,培养1周突起进一步伸长,并在沿途开始发出分支,有些末端见有生长锥。除散在分布的多巴胶神经元外,还能见到多巴胺神经元细胞群。培养2至3周,突起的分支增多,并明显出现念珠状膨大。在培养4-6周的标本中,仍可见到部分发育成熟的多巴胺神经元。多巴胺神经元在体外培养中的形态可分为二类,即梭形细胞和多极细胞。棱形细胞一般有两个突起,分别从胞体两极发出;多极细胞胞体呈圆形、多角形或三角形,可发出3-6个突起。实验结果表明多巴胺神经元的体外发育过程与在体相似。     

单唾液酸神经节苷脂对MPTP损害中脑多巴胺神经元的保护作用

本文研究单唾液酸神经节苷脂（ＧＭ１）对大鼠中脑多巴胺（ＤＡ）神经元体外生存及其损伤后的保护作用。取胚胎腹侧中脑制成细胞悬液，常规体外培养。实验分为四组：第一组在培养液中加入ＧＭ１（ＧＭ１组）；第二组在培养过程中使用１－甲基－４－苯基－１，２，３，６－四氢吡啶（ＭＰＴＰ）破坏ＤＡ神经元（ＭＰＴＰ组）；第三组在使用ＭＰＴＰ破坏ＤＡ神经元的同时给予ＧＭ１（ＧＭ１－ＭＰＴＰ组）；第四组为正常对照组。四组培养细胞定期抽出作免疫组化和荧光组化染色。ＧＭ１组培养各阶段，酪氨酸羟化酶（ＴＨ）免疫反应阳性细胞数量均明显多于对照组，至体外培养２周时，每孔阳性细胞数平均可达７２．８个，与对照组相比有显著性差异。ＭＰＴＰ组在加入ＭＰＴＰ１周左右，荧光组化阳性细胞已基本消失，此后ＴＨ免疫反应阳性细胞逐渐减少，至体外培养２周，每孔ＴＨ阳性细胞数平均仅剩１４．５个，与对照组相比有显著性差异。在残存的ＤＡ神经元中，突起变短或消失。ＧＭ１－ＭＰＴＰ组，体外培养期间均可看到荧光组化阳性细胞，ＴＨ免疫反应阳性细胞数量在体外培养２周时平均每孔为３１．７个，明显高于ＭＰＴＰ组。研究结果表明ＧＭ１能提高体外生长的ＤＡ神经元的生存率，并能减轻ＭＰＴＰ对?     

Long-term development of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons of mouse embryos in dissociated primary cultures: morphological and histochemical characteristics

In 13 and 15 day-old mouse embryos mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons could already be visualized at the level of the mesencephalic flexure by tyrosine hydroxylase immunocytochemistry at day 13. At this time, noradrenergic cells in the locus coeruleus area were not detectable. In most in vitro experiments, dissociated mesencephalic cells of 13 day-old embryos were grown in presence of serum. Four approaches were used to identify the dopaminergic neurons in vitro: fluorescence histochemistry of newly taken up exogenous norepinephrine, radioautography after labelling with (3H) dopamine, tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity and fluorescence histochemistry of endogenous stores of catecholamines. Control experiments performed at various times in vitro with selective inhibitors of amine transport into dopaminergic, noradrenergic and serotoninergic neurons indicated that only dopaminergic neurons were detected by these various approaches, noradrenergic neurons being virtually absent from the cultures. The uptake of exogenous norepinephrine was detected already 24 h after plating and preceded the appearance of tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity (48 h). The number of neurons revealed by these two techniques increased up to 4 and 10 days, respectively. Endogenous stores of dopamine were only seen after three weeks in vitro by fluorescence histochemistry. At this time, the same number of neurons was revealed whatever the method used. The presence of striatal target cells (co-cultures) affected neither the sequential appearance of the markers nor the number of dopaminergic cells. The two main types of dopaminergic neurons (fusiform and multipolar) described in vivo both in the substantia nigra (A9) and the ventral tegmental area (A10) of adult animals were identified in vitro and their development into well-differentiated neurons can be followed for up to six weeks. This in vitro system seems, therefore, to be particularly suitable for biochemical and electrophysiological studies of these dopaminergic neurons.     

新生大鼠下丘脑多巴胺能神经元的体外发育

为了探讨下丘脑多巴胺能神经元 发育特性，取新一大鼠下丘脑神经元进行分散培养。用酷氨酸羟化酶抗血清和免疫细胞化学ＡＢＣ法显示ＤＡ能神经元，并进行图像分析。     

Rat ventral mesencephalon grown as organotypic slice cultures and co-cultured with striatum,hippocampus, and cerebellum

Summary Tissue slices of rat ventral mesencephalon (VM), striatum, hippocampus and cerebellum were prepared from late fetal (E21) to 7 day old (P7) rats and cultured for 3 to 60 days by the roller tube technique before they were stained immunocytochemically for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), a marker of dopaminergic (DA) neurons and fibres. The TH immunoreactive (TH-i), DA neurons retained their morphological in vivo characteristics in the VM slice cultures consisting of the substantia nigra (SN) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA). The general morphology of the described neuronal cell types did not appear to change when the VM slices were cocultured with striatal tissue, a major normal target of the DA neurons, but an extensive innervation of the striatum by TH-i nerve fibres was observed. In co-cultures of VM and hippocampus, a minor target organ of DA fibres, growth of TH-i nerve fibres was observed mainly into the opposing edge of the hippocampal slice. In co-cultures of VM and cerebellum, which is normally devoid of DA fibres, no significant growth of TH-i nerve fibres into the cerebellar slices was observed. Besides suggesting a target orientated growth of ventral mesencephalic DA fibres, the results point to the further use of VM slice cultures in the study of the developmental, plastic and regenerative properties of DA neurons.     

Specific effects of platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) on fetal rat and human dopaminergic neurons in vitro

The neurotrophic effects of the BB isoform of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) on rat and human fetal mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons have been characterized in vitro. A dose-response analysis demonstrated maximal responses at 30 ng/ml of PDGF-BB. This concentration resulted in a marked increase in the survival and neurite outgrowth from rat and human tyrosine hydroxylase-(TH) positive, presumed dopaminergic neurons after 7 days in vitro. The effects of PDGF-BB on survival of TH-positive neurons were comparable to those of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), whereas neurite outgrowth was more pronounced after addition of BDNF. The combination of BDNF and PDGF-BB yielded no additive effects. Double immunohistochemical staining of rat cultures demonstrated PDGF -receptors on about 90% of the TH-positive neurons. PDGF-BB treatment of rat mesencephalic cultures induced an upregulation of c-fos and TH mRNA with maximal levels after 0.5–2 h as assessed by quantitative PCR analysis. An increased number of Fos protein-positive cells was detected immunohistochemically after 4 h of PDGF-BB treatment. The present results provide further evidence for specific and direct effects of PDGF-BB on gene expression, survival and neurite outgrowth of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons of rat and human origin.     

纹状体源性神经营养因子的分离纯化和生物鉴定

纹状体是中脑黑质多巴胺神经元的主要靶组织，我们先前的研究曾指出，纹状体提取液能增一外培养的中脑黑质神经元的存活和发育，本研究是在此基础一步应用ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－７５凝胶层析、高效液相色谱（ＨＰＬＣ）、反相高效液相色谱（Ｒ－ＨＰＬＣ），ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ等的分析，结合生物鉴定，从纹状体提取液中分离出化的活性因子－－纹关腐朽源性神经营养因子。该因子的分子量为１１．５ｋＤ，等电点为９．３９，它能促进体外