异丙酚对猕猴再灌注肺损伤的保护作用机制

目的 通过观察异丙酚在猕猴失血性休克并复苏过程中对病理生理学变化的作用,探讨休克复苏引起肺损伤的原因和异丙酚的保护作用机制.方法 12只猕猴按随机数字表法分为对照组和异丙酚组,每组6只.建立失血性休克复苏导致再灌注肺损伤的动物模型.异丙酚组猕猴除在放血前用计算机靶控技术输注异丙酚使猴血浆异丙酚浓度达到8 mg/L并维持此水平到实验结束外,其余操作与对照组相同.分别于放血前、休克2 h和复苏2 h测定血流动力学参数,并抽动脉血行血气分析、血常规检验.结果 异丙酚组在休克2 h和复苏2 h时平均肺动脉压(MPA)、肺血管阻力指数(PVRI)均明显低于对照组(P＜0.05),血小板(PLT)计数明显高于对照组(P＜0.01);复苏2 h时异丙酚组白细胞(WBC)计数明显低于对照组(P＜0.01).结论 休克复苏时肺动脉高压和全身炎性反应可能是导致肺损伤的原因,异丙酚可通过降低肺动脉压和减轻全身炎性反应显著减轻肺损伤.     

异丙酚对猕猴失血性休克复苏血浆前列环素和血栓素变化的影响

目的:观察异丙酚对猕猴失血性休克并复苏血浆前列环素(PGI2)和血栓素(TXA2)变化的影响。方法:12只失血性休克并复苏模型的猕猴被随机分为两组。对照组除用同等容量生理盐水代替异丙酚外,其余与异丙酚组相同;异丙酚组则在放血前用计算机靶控输注技术使猴血浆异丙酚浓度达到8mg/L并维持此水平。分别于放血前、失血性休克2h时和全部自体血及液体复苏2h时抽取血标本,用放免法测定血浆PGI2和TXA2含量。结果:在复苏2h时,对照组TXA2水平显著升高(P<0.05),而异丙酚组TXA2水平恢复至放血前水平,异丙酚组TXA2水平明显低于对照组(P=0.0001),PGI2/TXA2明显高于对照组(P=0.0001)。结论:在失血性休克并复苏猕猴,异丙酚能降低休克复苏所致的血浆TXA2水平升高的幅度,改善休克复苏所致的PGI2与TXA2平衡失调,改善休克的预后。     

利多卡因对失血性休克兔肺损伤的保护作用

目的 探讨利多卡因对失血性休克兔肺损伤的保护作用.方法 18只兔随机分为3组,每组6只:利多卡因组(L组)、失血性休克组(H组)和对照组(C组).L组于放血前静脉注射2.5 mg/kg利多卡因,此后每隔1 h静脉注射1 mg/kg利多卡因维持;L组与H组建立失血性休克模型后,分别于放血前(T0)、休克2 h(T1)、复苏2 h(T2)各从股静脉取血测定血浆丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD);C组在上述对应时间点测定血浆MDA和SOD.3组动物复苏2 h后处死,取左上肺测肺组织的湿/于重比值(W/D).结果 H组与L组在T1、T2时点,与T0时点及C组相比,MDA含量均显著升高(P＜0.05),L组MDA低于H组(P＜0.05);SOD含量则显著下降(P＜0.05),L组SOD高于H组(P＜0.05);L组肺组织W/D比值低于H组而高于C组(P＜0.05).结论 早期静脉注射利多卡因可抑制MDA产生,增加SOD含量,降低肺含水量,从而减轻失血性休克兔肺组织的损伤.     

乌司他丁对失血性休克大鼠肺细胞间黏附分子-1的影响及其肺保护作用

目的探讨乌司他丁（UTI）对失血性休克大鼠肺组织细胞间黏附分子-1（ICAM-1）的影响及其肺保护作用。方法24只成年雄性SD大鼠随机分为3组（n=8）：对照组（C组）、失血性休克组（H组）、乌司他丁组（U组）。经股动脉放血使平均动脉压（MAP）维持在（5．3&#177;0．7）kPa建立失血性休克模型,H组60min后开始复苏并回输全部血液和等量的乳酸林格液。U组复苏开始前注入UTI50000U／kg,C组只作股动、静脉穿刺不放血。复苏后4h处死动物取肺组织,测定其ICAM—1表达、髓过氧化物酶（MPO）活性、肺湿干重比（W／D）并观察肺组织病理学变化。结果H组和U组ICAM-1表达、MPO活性以及W／D比与C组相比均明显升高（P〈0．05）;U组上述指标较H组明显降低（P〈0．05）。光镜下见U组肺泡结构的破坏和炎症细胞聚集程度明显轻于H组。结论在失血性休克状态下,UTI可减少大鼠肺组织ICAM-1的表达,抑制MPO活性,降低肺含水量,减轻肺组织病理学改变,从而减轻失血性休克大鼠肺组织损伤。     

利多卡因对失血性休克兔血浆内皮素和降钙素基因相关肽的影响

目的探讨利多卡因对失血性休克白兔器官组织的保护作用。方法18只白兔随机分为三组,每组6只：利多卡因组（L组）、失血性休克组（H组）和对照组（C组）。L组于放血前静脉注射2．5mg／kg利多卡因,此后静注1mg／kg·h利多卡因维持;L组与H组建立失血性休克模型后,分别于放血前（T0）、休克2h（T1）、复苏2h（T2）各从股静脉取血测定血浆内皮素（ET）、降钙素基因相关肽（CGRP）;C组在上述对应时间点测定血浆ET和CCRP。结果H组与L组在T1、T2时点,与们时点及C组相比,ET含量均显著升高（P〈0．05）,L组ET低于H组（P〈0．05）;CGRP含量则显著下降（P〈0．05）,L组CGRP高于H组（P〈0．05）;结论持续小剂量运用利多卡因能增加机体血浆CGRP含量,降低血浆ET含量,改善各重要脏器微循环．从而减轻失血性休克兔重要器官损伤。     

抑酶肽对失血性休克兔再灌注肺损伤的保护作用

目的探讨抑酶肽对失血性休克兔再灌注肺损伤的保护作用。方法36只白兔随机分为对照组、休克组和抑酶肽组,每组12只,分别于休克2h、复苏后2h取静脉血测定丙二醛（MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、磷脂酶A2（PLA2）的含量及肺组织的湿/干重比值。结果抑酶肽组的MDA含量明显低于休克组（P〈0.05）;SOD含量明显高于休克组（P〈0.05）;磷脂酶A2和肿瘤坏死因子α的含量明显低于休克组（P〈0.05）;肺组织的湿/干重比值也明显小于休克组（P〈0.05）。结论早期持续小剂量运用抑酶肽可通过抑制氧自由基的产生,参与炎症反应的多个环节,从而减轻创伤失血性休克兔再灌注肺组织损伤。     

雷米芬太尼与苏芬太尼对失血性休克鼠肺内中性粒细胞聚集激活的对比研究

目的 :观察失血性休克大鼠血中丙二醛 (MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)含量及肺内髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性的变化 ,探讨雷米芬太尼和苏芬太尼对失血性休克大鼠炎性 /应激反应的影响。方法 :健康SD大鼠 72只 ,雌雄不拘 ,体重 2 5 0～ 30 0 g ,建立改良Wigger失血性休克模型 ,股动脉放血使平均动脉压降至 (5 .33± 0 .6 6 )kPa,维持 180min ;随机分为三组 :对照组、雷米芬太尼组、苏芬太尼组 ,后两组分别在复苏开始时静脉持续输注雷米芬太尼 0 .5 μg/ (kg·min)或苏芬太尼 0 .0 5 μg/ (kg·min)。在休克前、休克、复苏 2h、复苏 4h ,观察上述指标的变化。每组每个时间点的动物数为 6只。结果 :动物休克时血中MDA含量升高 ,在对照组和苏芬太尼组 ,MDA含量持续升高 ;复苏 2h和 4h的含量约为休克前、休克时的 1.8～ 2倍 (P <0 .0 5 )。静脉输注雷米芬太尼 ,血中MDA含量升高不明显 ,复苏各时间点与休克前相比均无显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。复苏 2h、4h ,雷米芬太尼组与对照组和苏芬太尼组相比 ,差异显著 (P <0 .0 5 )。血中总SOD、肺内MPO的变化与MDA相似 ,复苏 2h、4h雷米芬太尼组与对照组和苏芬太尼组相比 ,有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :MDA、总SOD和MPO是反映肺内中性粒细胞聚集、激活的敏感指标。等效剂     

创伤失血后微循环多形核白细胞行为的性别差异

目的 在体实时观察创伤失血性休克复苏后微循环多形核白细胞在毛细血管后微静脉内皮的附壁是否存在性别差异。并测定多形核白细胞黏附因子CD11b的表达。方法 实验动物为发情前期的雌性和成年雄性SD大鼠30只，分为雄性、雌性和对照3组，每组10只，其中对照组雌雄各5只。麻醉后通过放血的方法将平均动脉压降至（35±5）mmHg。并维持60min，然后在60min内用4倍于最大失血量的乳酸林格氏液进行复苏。对照组不进行休克及液体复苏。复苏后2h和6h在腹部正中作4cm切口，取出回盲部附近的肠系膜。显微镜下观察多形核白细胞在肠系膜毛细血管后小静脉内的附壁情况并录像。通过股动脉抽取外周血分离多形核白细胞，用流式细胞仪测定黏附分子CD11b的表达。复苏后6h将动物处死，测定肺组织髓过氧化物酶活性。结果 ①活体微循环观测：复苏后2h，雄性组大鼠毛细血管后小静脉内多形核白细胞数量明显增多，形成附壁。复苏后6h，雄性组毛细血管后小静脉内血流出现时快时慢甚至逆流的现象，说明雄性大鼠创伤失血性休克后微循环出现紊乱。②多形核白细胞附壁的分析：复苏后2h，雌性组（1．8±0．3）和对照组（0．4±0．2）的多形核白细胞附壁数明显低于雄性组（4．2±0．9，P〈0．05）。但6h后各组之间无明显变化。③多形核白细胞黏附分子CD11b表达的测定：复苏后2h和6h．多形核白细胞黏附分子CD11b的表达雄性组明显高于雌性组和对照组（P〈0．01），而雌性组和对照组间无明显差异。④肺组织髓过氧化物酶活性测定：休克复苏后6h，雄性及雌性肺组织髓过氧化物酶活性都与各自的对照组相比有显著的升高（P〈0．05），但雌性组升高明显低于雄性组（P〈0．05）。结论 创伤失血性休克后雌性大鼠多形核白细胞黏附分子CD11b的表达和多形核白细胞在毛细血管后微静脉内皮的附壁数量与雄性相比明显降低，多形核白细胞在肺组织中的浸润明显减少。     

亚甲蓝在重度失血性休克中的治疗效果

目的研究亚甲蓝在重度失血性休克中的治疗效果。方法采用兔失血性休克-复苏模型,分为休克组、亚甲蓝组（复苏时应用亚甲蓝）,观察休克前后肿瘤坏死因子α（TNFα）、白细胞介素（IL）-6、IL-8、一氧化氮（NO）、乳酸（LA）、平均动脉压（MAP）的变化,及动物12h存活率。结果动物失血性休克后,血浆TNFα、IL-6、IL-8、NO、LA水平较休克前显著升高（P〈0．01）;复苏后,亚甲蓝组动物MAP明显高于休克组（P〈0．01）,而血浆中TNFα、IL-6、IL-8、NO、LA水平显著低于休克组（P〈0．01）;两组动物的存活率差异无显著性。结论尽管亚甲蓝未改善重度失血性休克动物的预后,但能帮助升高并维持休克动物的血压,对休克的治疗有一定价值。     

瑞芬太尼预处理对急性失血性休克家兔肺组织MDA、SOD、NO的影响

目的观察瑞芬太尼预处理对急性失血性休克家兔肺组织MDA、SOD、NO的影响。方法 40只家兔随机均分为三组：低剂量瑞芬太尼组（R1组,n=16）放血前15min持续泵入瑞芬太尼0.66μg/kg/min,分为两个亚组：休克1h组（RO1组,n=8）,休克2h组（RT1组,n=8）;高剂量瑞芬太尼组（R2组,n=16）放血前15min持续泵入瑞芬太尼1.32μg/（kg·min）：分为两个亚组,休克1h组（RO2组,n=8）,休克两小时组（RT2组,n=8）。生理盐水对照组（C组,n=8）给予等容量生理盐水,按照W igger＇s改良法制作家兔急性失血性休克模型。实验结束时取家兔右肺上叶测量湿干重比（W/D）,并检测家兔肺组织中丙二醛（MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、一氧化氮（NO）的浓度。结果与C组比较,R1组和R2组的肺干湿重比降低;R1组和R2组的MDA含量降低、SOD活性升高、NO活性升高（P〈0.05）。与RO2组比较,RO1组、RT1组、RT2组MDA含量升高、SOD活性降低（P〈0.05）结论瑞芬太尼预处理,可使失血性休克家兔肺组织中MDA含量降低,SOD和NO的浓度升高。     

Distribution of endotoxins in tissues and circulation and its effects following hemorrhagic shock

OBJECTIVE: To systemically investigate 1) distribution of endogenous endotoxin (ET) in tissues and circulation; 2) its relationship with shock duration and organ damage; and 3) its possible mechanism after hemorrhagic shock. METHODS: To further elucidate the intrinsic relationship between endogenous endotoxin translocation and hemorrhagic shock, the present study systematically investigated the distribution of endogenous ET into the liver, lungs, kidneys and circulation, and the relationship between ET levels and the corresponding organ dysfunction with limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) chromogenic assay following hemorrhagic shock in rats. RESULTS: It was found that ET levels in hepatic homogenate markedly increased (P = 0.09) 1.5 hours following shock compared with that in the sham group. After resuscitation, ET levels in hepatic, pulmonary and renal tissues were all significantly elevated. The levels kept increasing with the prolonged experimental time, and reached as high as 3.88 +/- 0.95 EU (endotoxin unit)/g in the livers, 2.53 +/- 1.46 EU/g in the lungs and 2.51 +/- 0.89 EU/g in the kidneys 12 hours after shock. ET levels in plasma reached a peak of 1.13 +/- 0.42 EU/ml at 1 hour following resuscitation, then rapidly decreased to the sham levels 3 hours following resuscitation. There was a close relationship between endotoxin translocation and shock duration. Correlation analysis further indicated that the changes in glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in plasma and angiotensin I-converting exzyme (ACE) in pulmonary homogenate were significantly and positively correlated with the ET levels in the liver, kidneys and lungs after hemorrhagic shock. CONCLUSIONS: Hemorrhagic shock can induce obvious endogenous ET translocation, which is closely related to the shock duration. Although only transient endotoxemia occurs after hemorrhagic shock, ET can massively accumulate in tissues (liver, lungs and kidneys), and may play an important role in the development of shock.     

失血性休克合并内毒素血症兔肺cAMP反应元件结合蛋白表达和活性的变化

目的探讨失血性休克合并内毒素血症诱发急性肺损伤（ALI）兔肺cAMP反应元件结合蛋白（CREB）表达和活性的变化。方法采用家兔失血性休克合并内毒素血症诱发肺损伤模型,36只家兔随机分为：造模后2h组,造模后12h组和对照组。分析动脉血氧分压（PaO2）、肺湿重／干重（W／D）和肺组织病理学改变,用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测肺组织匀浆肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）-α含量,Western印迹检测肺组织CREB蛋白的表达,凝胶电泳迁移率（EMSA）法检测CREB／DNA结合活性：结果病理学显示造模后12h组肺泡结构破坏,肺泡壁和肺间质内有大量中性粒细胞浸润和较多红细胞渗出,造模后2h组病变轻微。造模后12h组PaO2显著低于对照组（55．0±11．0 mmHg vs 92．9±14．6mmHg;P〈0．01）,W／D高于对照组（5．5±1．1 vs 3．5±0．8;P〈0．01）,而造模后2h组与对照组比较变化不明显;造模后12h组肺组织匀浆中TNF-α含量显著高于对照组（491．6±59．2pg／m vs 159．3±44．9pg／ml;P〈0．01）,而造模后2h组与对照组比较变化不明显。造模后2h组和12h组肺组织CREB蛋白的表达量均显著高于对照组（0．874±0．182,0．775±0．258 vs 0．483±0．199;P〈0．01）,造模后2h组和12h组CREB／DNA结合活性也显著高于对照组（355±79,330±108vs185±68;P〈0．01）。结论失血性休克合并内毒素血症促进了肺组织CREB的表达和活化,CREB可能通过促进炎症因子的表达而参与了急性肺损伤的炎症反应过程。     

限制性液体复苏对孕兔肺缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的 应用孕兔非控制性失血性休克模型研究不同液体复苏方案对孕兔失血性休克时肺脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、髓过氧化物酶(MPO)水平的影响,探讨不同液体复苏方法对孕兔肺缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用.方法 30只孕中晚期新西兰大白兔被随机分为5组,建立重度控制性失血性休克模型,假休克组(SS组),休克未处理组(SH组),传统复苏组(NS组)、限制性复苏组(NH组)及高渗高胶限制性复苏组(HHH组)分别于休克30min后接受不同的液体复苏方案.各组均于休克后90 min接受手术止血和输血输液治疗.于实验结束后处死动物取肺脏检测SOD、MDA和MPO水平.结果 失血性休克时缺血再灌注损伤导致肺组织SOD活性降低及MDA、MPO水平增高,其中MDA、MPO水平HHH组、NH组显著低于NS组(P<0.05),HHH组显著低于NH组(P<0.05);SOD活性呈与MDA相反的变化趋势.结论 限制性输液复苏较传统快速输液复苏缓解了组织缺血再灌注后肺损伤,羟乙基淀粉高渗盐可显著抑制肺组织再灌注损伤.     

乌司他丁对失血性休克大鼠肺细胞间粘附分子-1的影响及其肺保护作用

目的 探讨乌司他丁(UTI)对失血性休克大鼠肺组织细胞间粘附分子－1（ICAM-1）的影响及其肺保护作用。方法 24只成年雄性SD大鼠随机分为3组(n=8)：对照组（C组）、失血性休克组（H组）、乌司他丁组（U组）。经股动脉放血使平均动脉压（MAP）维持在（5.3±0.7)kPa建立失血性休克模型,H组60 min后开始复苏并回输全部血液和等量的乳酸林格液。U组复苏开始前注入UTI 50 000 U/kg,C组只做股动﹑静脉穿刺不放血。复苏后4h处死动物取肺组织,测定其ICAM-1表达、 髓过氧化物酶（MPO）活性、肺湿干重比(W/D)并观察肺组织病理学变化。结果 H组和U组ICAM-1表达、MPO活性以及W/D比与C组相比均明显升高（P<0.05）;U组上述指标较H组明显降低（P<0.05）。光镜下见U组肺泡结构的破坏和炎症细胞聚集程度明显轻于H组。结论 在失血性休克状态下,UTI可减少大鼠肺组织ICAM-1的表达,抑制MPO活性,降低肺含水量,减轻肺组织病理学改变,从而减轻失血性休克大鼠肺组织损伤。     

EXPRESSION OF TNFα, IL-lβ, IL-6 mRNA, RELEASE OF TNFα IN VITAL ORGANS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH ENDOTOXIN TRANSLOCATION FOLLOWING HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK

This study was designed to systematically investigate expression of TNF α,IL-1β,II-6 mRNA in the liver,lungs and kidneys,release of TNF α in the above tissues,their relationship with hepatic,pulmonary and renal dysfunction,and distribution of endogenous endotoxin in tissues after hemorrhagic shock in mice and rats,with reverse-transeription-polymerase chain reaction,ELISA, eta,to elucidate the kinetics of expression and release of major cytokines in vital organs,their role and mechanism of production in shock. The resulis were :①expression of TNF α,IL-1β,IL-6 nIRNA in vital organs successively increased after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation,and TNF α expression was the first to appear followed by IL-1βThough expression of IL-6 mRNA appeared late,it persisted longer ;②TNF a levels in the liver,lungs and kidneys were all elevated but to different degrees after shock and resuscitation. At 3 hours after resuscitation,TNF α levels in the three above tissues were still significantly high,while plasma TNF α levels were already decreased to control levels；③hepatic,pulmonary and renal functions were damaged to different degrees after hemorrhagic shock,with hepatic dysfunction being the most severe;④endotoxin levels in the liver,lungs and kidneys were markedly increased after shock and resuscitation ,and paralleled the expression of cytokine genes. In additlon, there was significant correlation between changes in endotoxin level in tissues and TNF α release in tissues during early shock. It is suggested that expression and release of eytokines in vital organs might play an important role in local organ damage after hemorrhagic shock,and production of cytokines is related to endotoxin translocation.     

失血性休克后小鼠肺组织TLR4受体表达及其意义

目的探讨单纯性失血性休克(无复苏)后肺组织TLR4表达变化及意义。方法C57BL/6小鼠随机分为失血性休克组、脂多糖(LPS)刺激组、假手术组。复制各组动物模型,在不同时间点取出肺组织,通过免疫组化方法,观察TLR4在肺组织的表达变化。结果在失血性休克和LPS刺激后肺部出现明显的中性粒细胞浸润、红细胞渗出。在失血性休克1、2及4 h后,肺巨噬细胞、肺泡上皮细胞及肺间质TLR4表达逐渐增加,6 h开始下降;而LPS刺激后1、2、4及6 h肺TLR4表达逐渐增加。假手术组未见TLR4表达。结论失血性休克后肺TLR4变化可能与急性肺损伤(ALI)的发生有关。失血性休克及LPS刺激后肺组织TLR4变化增强了机体的非特异性免疫能力,同时增加了宿主对随后各种刺激的易感性,过度表达的TLR4可能造成组织、器官结构和功能的损害。     

Effects of glycine and methylprednisolone on hemorrhagic shock in rats

Background Methylprednisolone (MP), a synthetic glucocorticosteroid, has been broadly studied in experiments on endotoxin-induced shock and septic shock. This study was designed to ascertain whether glycine and MP can protect against organ injury and death caused by hemorrhagic shock, and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of these protective effects in rats.Method To establish a shock model, Wistar rats were bled to maintain mean arterial pressure at 30-50 mmHg for 1 hour and subsequently resuscitated with the shed blood and normal saline. Just prior to resuscitation, the rats were randomly assigned to four groups: sham group (operation performed without inducing shock), shock group, shock+glycine group (glycine injected at the beginning of resuscitation) and shock+MP group (MP injected at the beginning of resuscitation).Results ① Seventy-two hours after resuscitation, the survival rate of rats from the shock group had decreased to 20%, while the survival rates of rats from the shock+glycine and shock+MP groups were 77.8% and 80%, respectively. The difference was significant (P&lt;0.05). ② Eighteen hours after resuscitation, pathological alterations in the organs of the rats were apparent. In rats from the shock group, edema, interstitial leukocyte infiltration, and cellular degeneration occurred in the liver, lungs, kidneys, and heart. Glycine and MP reduced these pathological changes significantly. ③ Eighteen hours after resuscitation, the levels of creatine phosphokinase, transaminases, and creatine were elevated significantly in rats from the shock group, indicating injury to the heart, liver, and kidneys, while these levels were elevated only slightly in the shock+glycine and shock+MP groups. The differences were significant (P&lt;0.01). ④ There were significant increases in intracellular calcium and production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) by isolated Kupffer cells stimulated by endotoxin after hemorrhagic shock. These changes were completely prevented by glycine and MP (P&lt;0.01). Conclusion Glycine and MP reduce organ injury and mortality caused by hemorrhagic shock by preventing increase of intracellular calcium levels in Kupffer cell, suppressing Kupffer cell activation, decreasing the production of TNF-α by Kupffer cells, and blocking systemic inflammatory responses.