男性不育患者Y染色体微缺失和生殖激素的相关性研究

目的探讨男性不育患者Y染色体微缺失的分布和生殖激素水平的变化,分析其相关性。方法选取2015年8月-2016年7月就诊于我院生殖医学中心的男性不育患者717例,抽取外周血清,采用荧光定量PCR方法检测Y染色体微缺失,化学发光仪检测生殖激素水平。同时选取80例正常生育男性为对照组。结果 717例男性不育患者中,共有27例出现Y染色体微缺失,缺失率为3.8%(27/717),其中AZFa区缺失1例,缺失率为0.14%(1/717),AZFb区缺失1例,缺失率为0.14%(1/717),AZFc区缺失23例,缺失率为3.2%(23/717),AZFb+c区缺失2例,缺失率为0.28%(2/717)。与无AZF缺失不育组和对照组比较,AZF缺失不育组FSH水平显著升高(P0.05),E2、LH、PRL和T无明显差异(P0.05)。结论 AZFc区缺失是男性不育患者Y染色体微缺失最常见的缺失类型,缺失位点为s Y254和s Y255;FSH水平增高与AZF缺失不育密切相关。     

甘肃部分地区373例男性不育患者Y染色体AZF微缺失基因诊断的研究

目的研究甘肃地区男性不育患者Y染色体AZF区域微缺失的频率、分布情况方法采用多重PCR技术,对甘肃地区373例男性不育症患者进行Y染色体AZFa,AZFb,AZFc三个区域6个STS位点的微缺失检测。结果 373例男性不育患者中,42例发生了STS位点缺失,缺失率11.3%。其中无精子症因子AZFa(SY86,SY84)区未见缺失;AZFb(SY127,SY134)区缺失4例(9.52%);AZFc(SY254,SY255)区缺失32例(76.2%);AZFb+c区缺失5例(11.9%);AZFa+b+c缺失1例(2.38%)。结论甘肃部分地区AZF区域微缺失的频率、分布与国内其他报道一致,但是在本研究中未检测到AZFa区缺失患者。     

Y染色体AZF微缺失和染色体异常与无、少精子症不育患者的临床研究

目的探讨Y染色体AZF微缺失和染色体核型异常在无精子症、少精子症不育患者中的临床意义。方法回顾性分析2012年7月到2016年12月来本院诊治的175例无精子症和少精子症患者,采用多重聚合酶链反应进行Y染色体无精子因子(AZF)微缺失检测;制备外周血染色体并进行核型分析。结果在175例不育男性患者中检出20例不同程度AZF基因微缺失,缺失率为11.4%(20/175),AZF区缺失高频发生于AZFc+d区和AZFc区,占总缺失的55%(11/20)和25%(5/20)。检出7例47,XXY,6例染色体异常,5例常染色体多态,6例Y染色体多态。结论染色体异常与Y染色体微缺失是无精子症、少精子症患者的重要病因,对男性不育患者进行Y染色体AZF微缺失筛查很有必要,为男性不育临床诊断和治疗提供科学依据。     

105例无精子、少精子症患者Y染色体AZF区微镍失检测的研究

目的 探讨中国人群无精子、少精子症患者常规6个STS位点检测Y染色体AZF基因微缺失的情况。方法 选取EAA和EMQN推荐的常规6个Y染色体特异性序列标签位点，经2组多重PCR对76例无精子症和29例少精子症男性患者进行Y染色体AZFa、AZFb和AZFc区微缺失检测。其中，8例无精子症患者还同时进行了G带染色体核型分析、荧光Q-显带等细胞遗传学检测。结果 105例患者经6个STS位点检测发现AZF区微缺失9例。其中AZFc（SY254，SY255）缺失7例，AZFb（SY127，SY134）＋AZFc（SY254，SY255）缺失2例，未发现AZFa缺失。复合微缺失及其它6例未检出微缺失的患者同时经细胞遗传学分析，发现4例染色体结构异常。2例复合微缺失患者分别为Y等臂染色体：46，X，idic（Y）（q11．2）、X和Y等臂染色体的嵌合体：45，X[19]／46，X，idic（Y）（q11．2）；1例为Y染色体长臂部分失：46，X．del（Y）（q11．2）；另1例为Y染色体部分片段复制至15号染色体：46，XY，der（15）t（Y；15）（q11．2；p11．1）。根据细胞遗传学结果，重新设计STS检测位点，发现Y染色体长臂部分缺失患者存在AZFc（SY243，SY158）的缺失。结论 Y染色体AZF微缺失的检测是临床判断无精子、少精子症患者是否遗传因素的重要手段。但传统的6个STS位点检测在中国人群中应用尚需进一步验证。同时做细胞遗传学分析对疾病的准确诊断会有很大帮助。     

358例不育患者Y染色体微缺失分析

目的研究男性不育患者中无精子症和少弱精子症Y染色体微缺失的发生率。方法采用多重PCR技术对358例无精和少弱精患者进行Y染色体AZF微缺失检测。结果 358例无精和少弱精患者中发现AZF微缺失31例,总缺失率为8.7%。无精子症64例,10例Y染色体微缺失,缺失率15.6%;少弱精子症191例,8例缺失,缺失率4.2%;严重少弱精子症103例,13例缺失,缺失率12.6%;31例AZF微缺失中有17例都是AZFc座位序列标签全部缺失+AZFd座位SY152缺失,占缺失总数的55%。结论 Y染色体AZF区域微缺失是引起男性无精子症、少精子症的重要原因之一。AZFc座位序列标签全部缺失+AZFd座位SY152缺失为严重少弱精及无精子症患者Y染色体缺失热区。     

1011例男性不育患者Y染色体无精子症因子微缺失的筛查与临床表型分析

目的 探讨四川地区近6年不育男性Y染色体无精子症因子(azoospermia factor,AZF)微缺失的发生率、缺失类型及其与临床表型的关系.方法 应用多重PCR方法对713例非梗阻性无精症和298例重度少精症的男性进行Y染色体AZF微缺失分析.结果 AZF总体缺失率为10.48％ (106/1011),其中非梗阻性无精症患者缺失率为11.08％ (79/713),重度少精症患者缺失率为9.06％ (27/298).AZFa与AZFb完全缺失者均表现为无精症.AZFc缺失为最常见缺失类型且具有多种表型,占60.38％,其中37.50％的缺失者精液中有成熟精子.2例AZFb和1例AZFb-c部分缺失者精子密度呈轻度下降.结论 AZFc区是Y染色体AZF微缺失的缺失热点,AZFa或AZFb缺失者以及部分AZFc缺失者均表现为无精症.本研究进一步明确了AZF缺失基因型与表型的关系,证实Y染色体AZF微缺失检测对诊断男性不育具有重要的价值.     

无精子症及严重少精子症患者Y染色体AZF微缺失及点突变的研究

目的通过对无精子症和严重少精子症患者Y染色体AZF微缺失的检测,确定AZF微缺失的发生率及高发位点;同时,对正常生育男性、无精子症及严重少精子症患者进行sY254、sY255点突变检测,从分子水平探讨精子发生的机制,建立基因型与表型的关系。方法多重PCR技术对Y染色体上AZF 4个区域内的15个序列标签位点进行微缺失检测,采用SSCP方法进行sY254、sY255点突变检测;结果无精子症和严重少精子症患者Y染色体AZF微缺失率分别为9.80%和9.68%,显著高于少精子症组的3.34%(P<0.05);其中sY152、sY239、sY243、sY254、sY255在Y染色体上的位置相互毗邻,其联合缺失39例,占总缺失率的65.0%,AZFb+AZFd+AZFc联合缺失的有8人,占总缺失的13.3%;本研究中,正常生育男性、无精子症及严重少精子症患者均未发现sY254、sY255的点突变。结论Y染色体AZF微缺失是导致无精子症和严重少精子症的重要因素,sY152、sY239、sY243、sY254、sY255联合缺失是AZF的缺失热点;未发现sY254、sY255点突变。     

高促卵泡成熟激素无精子症患者Y染色体微缺失检测

目的　探讨高促卵泡成熟激素 (follicle- stimulating hormone,FSH)无精子症与 Y染色体基因微缺失的关系。方法　采用 PCR技术对 16例高 FSH无精子症患者 Y染色体长臂上 11个序列标记位点进行微缺失的检测。结果　 16例高 FSH无精子症不育男性中 6例存在 Y染色体序列标记位点的微缺失 ,缺失率为 37.5 % (6 / 16 ) ,缺失形式有 5种 ,分别为 AZFc(SY15 2 )、AZFc(SY15 2 SY2 5 4 ) AZFd(SY15 3)、AZFc(SY15 2 SY2 5 4 SY2 5 5 ) AZFd(SY15 3)、AZFc(SY15 2 SY15 8 SY2 5 5 ) AZFd(SY15 3)、AZFb(SY130 ) AZFc(SY15 8 SY2 5 4 SY2 5 5 ) AZFd(SY15 3)。结论　 Y染色体微缺失是高FSH无精子症患者的重要原因之一 ,对高 FSH无精子症患者实施辅助生育技术时非常有必要先进行 Y染色体基因微缺失的检测 ,特别是检测 AZFc、AZFd等区域。     

河南地区不育症患者Y染色体微缺失和染色体异常的临床研究

目的探讨河南地区Y染色体AZF微缺失和染色体核型异常在无精子症、弱少精子症不育患者中的临床意义。方法采用PCR技术、染色体核型分析技术对2015年8月至2017年7月来本院诊治的906例男性不育患者,进行外周血染色体分析及Y染色体(AZF基因)微缺失检测。结果 906例样本Y染色体AZF微缺失检测和染色体异常异常率分别为10.5%(96/906)和6.3%(57/906)。AZF区缺失高频发生于AZFc+d(152)区,占总缺失的70.8%(68/96)。染色体核型分析检出性染色体异常31例、染色体结构(平衡易位)异常2例、染色体多态24例。结论染色体核型异常与Y染色体微缺失是男性无精子症、少精子症患者的重要病因,对于生殖异常的男性行外周血染色体检查和AZF微缺失检测有助于明确其遗传学病因,为男性不育临床诊断和治疗提供科学依据。     

男性不育患者Y染色体的AZF基因微缺失分析

目的探索男性不育患者Y染色体AZF基因微缺失的发生情况，为男性不育的临床诊断和治疗提供科学依据。方法应用PCR方法对36例无精或严重少精患者AZF基因的SY84、SY127和SY254进行检测分析。结果在36例患者中发现16例发生AZF基因的微缺失，均为三个基因区段不同组合的缺失。其中涉及AZFa或AZFb缺失的各8例，涉及AZFc缺失的有14例。结论AZF基因的微缺失与某些男性不育密切相关。AZFc缺失可能是男性不育中无精子、严重少精子的主要病因之一。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.