全反式维甲酸增加胃癌细胞对放射的敏感性

目的:研究全反式维甲酸(all-trans retinoic acid,ATRA)对胃癌细胞SGC-7901存活率与放射敏感性的影响,并讨论其可能的机制。方法:MTT法检测细胞存活率;平板克隆形成实验和流式细胞术分别检测细胞的放射敏感性和细胞周期;实时荧光定量PCR(RT-q PCR)检测细胞中Bax、Bcl-2、survivin与NF-κB的m RNA表达。结果:ATRA可降低SGC-7901细胞存活率,当浓度到达8μmol/L时,抑制作用达到最大;ATRA联合X射线处理后,与单纯放射处理相比,平均致死剂量(D0)和准阈剂量(Dq)显著变小(P0.05),且拟合的生存曲线明显下移;ATRA能显著降低放射诱导的细胞G_2/M期阻滞,下调SGC-7901细胞Bcl-2与survivin的m RNA表达(P0.05),上调Bax与NF-κB的m RNA表达(P0.05)。结论:ATRA能够增加胃癌细胞SGC-7901的凋亡及放射敏感性,可能与抑制细胞周期G_2/M期的阻滞作用、下调Bcl-2与survivin m RNA表达和上调NF-κB与Bax mRNA表达有关。     

NF-κB抑制剂PDTC对人骨髓瘤U266细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

目的:探讨NF-κB特异性抑制剂PDTC对多发性骨髓瘤U266细胞增殖和凋亡的影响及可能的作用机制。方法:采用不同浓度PDTC(25、50、100和200μmol/L)处理U266细胞,CCK-8法和活细胞计数检测U266细胞的增殖活性;流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率及细胞周期;RT-qPCR及Western blot检测PDTC处理前后DNA甲基转移酶1(DNMT1)mRNA和蛋白的表达;Western blot检测NF-κB(P65)、DNMT1、Bcl-2、cyclin D1、cleaved caspase-3和cleaved caspase-8的蛋白水平。结果:PDTC处理U266细胞48 h后,NF-κB(P65)的蛋白水平被抑制;PDTC抑制U266细胞增殖,作用呈浓度及时间依赖性;PDTC作用48 h后,与对照组比较,细胞凋亡率呈浓度依赖性增高(P0.05),细胞被阻滞在G2期;DNMT1的mRNA及蛋白水平均降低;Western blot结果显示PDTC可通过抑制NF-κB下调Bcl-2的表达,使cyclin D1、cleaved caspase-3和cleaved caspase-8蛋白水平增加。结论:PDTC抑制NF-κB信号通路,通过诱导U266细胞凋亡从而抑制细胞增殖,其机制可能与抑制DNMT1的表达、阻滞细胞周期和启动凋亡途径有关。     

虫草素增强顺铂诱导的食管癌细胞系Eca109凋亡

目的研究虫草素与顺铂联合用药对食管癌细胞Eca109凋亡的影响及其作用机制。方法将食管癌细胞Eca109分为对照组、不同浓度虫草素处理组、不同浓度顺铂处理组和虫草素(70μg/m L)与顺铂(0.8μg/m L)联合处理组。MTS法检测Eca109细胞增殖;Hoechst 33258染色法及流式细胞术检测Eca109细胞凋亡;Western blot法检测细胞核内NF-κB P65及凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2和Bax表达水平;ELISA法检测细胞核内NF-κB P65与DNA的结合活性。结果虫草素与顺铂联合应用使顺铂对Eca109细胞的抑制率由29.30%增加至70.41%(P0.05),增强了顺铂对Eca109的敏感性;与顺铂单独用药相比,联合用药能够显著增加顺铂诱导的细胞凋亡(P0.05);与对照组相比顺铂能够增加细胞核内NF-κB P65的活性,而虫草素却能抑制NF-κB P65的活性,联合用药后NF-κB P65的活性下调;与虫草素和顺铂单独用药相比,联合用药组能够使抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2的表达显著降低(P0.05),而促凋亡蛋白Bax表达则显著增高(P0.05)。结论虫草素可能通过抑制NF-κB途径,调节下游信号分子Bcl-2和Bax的表达,增强顺铂对Eca109的凋亡诱导效应。     

LRRFIP1基因干扰对脂多糖诱导的支气管上皮细胞炎症、氧化应激和细胞凋亡的影响

目的探讨富亮氨酸重复序列相互作用蛋白1(LRRFIP1)基因对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的支气管上皮细胞炎症、氧化应激和细胞凋亡的影响及其作用机制。方法使用LPS处理人支气管上皮细胞株16HBE,并利用Lipofectamine 2000试剂将siLRRFIP1转染到16HBE细胞,实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测LRRFIP1 mRNA表达;免疫印迹试验(Western blot)检测LRRFIP1、细胞周期蛋白D1(CyclinD1)、活化的含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶3(Cleaved caspase-3)、Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bax)、B细胞淋巴瘤/白血病-2(Bcl-2)、p65、磷酸化p65(p-p65)、IκBα和IκBα和磷酸化IκBα(p-IκBα)蛋白表达;噻唑蓝(MTT)检测细胞活力;试剂盒检测细胞丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)水平和炎症因子白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)分泌;流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡。结果LPS诱导的16HBE细胞中LRRFIP1 m RNA、LRRFIP1蛋白表达量、Cleaved caspase-3、Bax、p-p65、p-IκBα蛋白表达量、MDA、LDH、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平和细胞凋亡率显著提高(P0.05),CyclinD1、Bcl-2蛋白水平、细胞活力、SOD活性和IL-10水平明显降低(P0.05),而p65和IκBα蛋白表达量无显著变化。抑制LRRFIP1明显减少LPS诱导的16HBE细胞中LRRFIP1、Cleaved caspase-3、Bax、p-p65、p-IκBα蛋白表达量、MDA、LDH、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平和细胞凋亡率(P0.05),并显著增加CyclinD1、Bcl-2蛋白水平、细胞活力、SOD活性和IL-10水平(P0.05),对p65和IκBα蛋白水平无明显影响。结论抑制LRRFIP1可能通过下调NF-κB信号通路活性及促进脂多糖损伤的支气管上皮细胞的增殖,减轻细胞炎症和氧化应激,并抑制细胞凋亡。     

黄连素通过调节miRNA-146a促进乳腺癌细胞凋亡

目的:探讨黄连素对乳腺癌MCF-7细胞凋亡的影响及其作用机制。方法:乳腺癌细胞MCF-7采用含10%小牛血清的1640培养基培养,实验分为对照组、黄连素低剂量组、黄连素中剂量组和黄连素高剂量组。给药处理24 h后,采用MTT法检测各组中MCF-7细胞的存活率;Hoechst 33258染色及流式细胞技术观察细胞的凋亡情况;采用Western blot法检测各组MCF-7细胞中NF-κB P65磷酸化水平及促凋亡蛋白Bax和抑凋亡蛋白Bcl-2的表达水平;RT-q PCR法检测细胞中microRNA-146a(miRNA-146a)的水平。为进一步探讨黄连素影响乳腺癌MCF-7细胞凋亡的作用机制,本实验还检测了转染miRNA-146a siRNA后黄连素对促凋亡蛋白Bax和抑凋亡蛋白Bcl-2的mRNA水平的影响。结果:MTT实验结果显示,与对照组相比,黄连素中、高剂量给药组MCF-7细胞的存活率明显降低,且呈一定的剂量依赖性(P0.01);Hoechst 33258染色观察到给药组细胞核呈致密浓染,或呈碎块状致密浓染;流式细胞技术实验结果亦显示,黄连素给药组MCF-7细胞凋亡率显著增加(P0.05);Western blot实验结果显示,与对照组比较,黄连素给药组的p-P65和Bcl-2表达水平明显降低,Bax表达水平明显升高,且呈一定的剂量依赖性(P0.05);RT-q PCR实验结果显示,与对照组比较,黄连素给药组的miRNA-146a表达水平明显升高,且呈一定的剂量依赖性(P0.05)。黄连素给药联合转染miRNA-146a siRNA后,与黄连素单独给药组相比,MCF-7细胞中Bax mRNA水平显著下降(P0.05),Bcl-2 mRNA水平显著上调(P0.05)。结论:黄连素能够促进乳腺癌MCF-7细胞凋亡,其机制可能有部分是通过miRNA-146a抑制NF-κB P65磷酸化,最终影响凋亡相关蛋白Bax/Bcl-2的表达。     

匹诺塞林缓解大鼠肝细胞系BRL-3A低氧/复氧损伤

目的探讨匹诺塞林(PIN)对低氧/复氧(H/R)诱导的大鼠肝细胞损伤的保护作用及其可能机制。方法将大鼠肝细胞(BRL-3A细胞系)分为正常对照组、PIN实验组、低氧复氧损伤模型组和PIN预处理组。CCK-8检测细胞存活率;Annexin V-FITC/PI双染法流式细胞计量术检测细胞凋亡;检测细胞培养液中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性;ELISA检测TNF-α和IL-1β含量;Western blot检测细胞中TLR4、IκB-α和NF-κB P65蛋白水平;RT-q PCR检测细胞中TLR4、IκB-α和NF-κB P65mRNA表达。结果在H/R条件下细胞存活率明显降低(P0.01),细胞凋亡率增高(P0.001),ALT活性升高(P0.01),IL-1β和TNF-α含量增多(P0.01),TLR4和NF-κB P65蛋白与mRNA表达水平显著提高(P0.01)而IκB-α降低(P0.05);经PIN预处理后,细胞存活率显著提高(P0.01),细胞凋亡率显著减小(P0.001),ALT活性降低(P0.01),IL-1β和TNF-α含量降低(P0.01),TLR4和NF-κB P65蛋白与mRNA表达水平明显降低(P0.01)而IκB-α升高(P0.05)。结论 PIN对H/R诱导的BRL-3A肝细胞的损伤具有保护作用,且该作用可能是通过TLR4/NF-κB信号通路实现的。     

依托度酸诱导SMMC7721细胞凋亡的分子机理研究

目的：探讨选择性环氧合酶抑制剂依托度酸（etodolac）诱导肝癌SMMC7721细胞凋亡的分子机理。 方法： 采用流式细胞术、DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳法测定细胞凋亡情况；Western blotting法检测不同浓度etodolac处理后凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2、Bax表达的变化；流式细胞术检测半胱氨酸酶-3 (caspase-3)活性的变化；TransAMTM NF-κB p65/p50核转录因子活性检测试剂盒检测核因子-κB (NF-κB)活性变化。 结果： 流式细胞术显示etodolac（0.25、0.50、1.0、2.0 mmol/L）作用SMMC7721细胞48 h后，与对照组（0 mmol/L）相比，出现明显凋亡峰（P<0.01 vs control）；高浓度etodolac处理后DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳出现明显的DNA Ladder, 凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2表达下降，Bax表达增加；与对照组相比，低浓度组（0.25 mmol/L）caspase-3活性未明显活化（P>0.05），NF-κB活性也未受明显抑制（P>0.05），随着etodolac浓度的增大（0.50、1.0、2.0 mmol/L），caspase-3活性明显活化（P<0.05 vs control）； NF-κB活性明显受到抑制（P<0.05 vs control）。经Pearson 相关分析，caspase-3活性和NF-κB活性呈显著负相关（r=0.919, P<0.01）。 结论： 选择性COX-2抑制剂etodolac可能通过抑制NF-κB结合活性，调节Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表达，活化caspase-3，从而诱导肝癌SMMC7721细胞凋亡。     

SU11248诱导K562白血病细胞凋亡的分子机制研究

目的:研究SU11248(舒尼替尼)诱导慢性骨髓性白血病K562细胞凋亡的分子机制。方法:采用CCK-8比色检测SU11248对K562细胞增殖的影响;流式细胞术(FCM)检测K562细胞周期变化;间接免疫荧光检测凋亡相关蛋白的表达及定位;免疫印迹检测凋亡相关蛋白的表达变化。结果:CCK-8比色显示SU11248可明显抑制K562细胞增殖(P<0.05),呈现剂量和时间依赖性。FCM显示该药可阻滞K562细胞于G0/G1期。间接免疫荧光染色可见SU11248组细胞色素C(Cyto C)在胞质中呈弥散或粗块状分布,而p53、p73及NF-κB p65均主要定位于胞质,较对照组表达差异不明显。免疫印迹显示,随时间延长,SU11248组较对照组Bcl-2表达呈下降趋势,Bax和Cyto C表达呈增加趋势,同时有Caspase-9和Caspase-3的激活,而p53、p73及NF-κB p65表达变化不明显。结论:SU11248可通过阻滞细胞周期进程及激活内源性线粒体凋亡通路诱导K562细胞调亡。     

过表达PGRN抑制LPS诱导的肺泡上皮细胞损伤

目的:探讨颗粒体蛋白前体(progranulin,PGRN)对脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)诱导的人肺泡上皮A549细胞和HPAEpi C细胞增殖、凋亡及炎症的影响。方法:实验分为4组:对照(control)组为正常培养的细胞;LPS组用LPS(10 mg/L)处理;PGRN+LPS组在转染pc DNA3.1-PGRN质粒后加入LPS处理;pc DNA3.1+LPS组在转染pc DNA3.1-EGFP质粒后加入LPS处理。MTT试剂盒检测细胞活力;Brd U掺入实验检测细胞增殖;流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率;RT-q PCR和Western blot分别检测PGRN的mRNA和蛋白表达;Western blot检测caspase-3、Bcl-2、Bax、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、p65和p-IκB-α的蛋白水平。结果:与对照组相比,LPS组的细胞增殖率下降(P0.05),凋亡率上升(P0.05),caspase-3和Bax的蛋白表达上调(P0.05),Bcl-2的蛋白表达下调(P0.05),IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α的蛋白表达上调(P0.05),p65和p-IκB-α的蛋白水平增加(P0.05),与LPS组相比,PGRN+LPS组的细胞增殖率上升(P0.05),凋亡率下降(P0.05),caspase-3和Bax的蛋白表达下调(P0.05),Bcl-2的蛋白表达上调(P0.05),IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α的蛋白表达下调(P0.05),p65和p-IκB-α的蛋白水平降低(P0.05)。结论:PGRN过表达可以减轻LPS诱导的A549细胞和HPAEpi C细胞增殖、凋亡异常及炎症因子产生等损伤,这可能与PGRN参与调控NF-κB信号通路有关。     

内毒素诱导退变人椎间盘髓核细胞凋亡

目的观察内毒素(LPS)刺激退变人椎间盘髓核细胞前后,核因子kapp B(NF-κB)的活化与细胞凋亡的相互关系。方法体外培养退变的人椎间盘髓核细胞,采用CCK-8法测定LPS在不同浓度下(100、200、500和1 000μg/m L)对髓核细胞增殖影响,并筛选合适的刺激浓度;设立空白对照组,单纯LPS(500μg/m L)刺激组,NF-κB抑制剂(BAY11-7082)+LPS(500μg/m L)刺激组,以Hochest33258染色以及Annexin V-PI双标法检测细胞凋亡;Western blot检测凋亡相关蛋白caspase-3、PARP、NF-κB结合蛋白P65以及磷酸化P-P65的表达。结果 CCK-8实验结果显示当LPS浓度为500μg/m L能明显降低细胞的活力。与空白对照组相比,单纯LPS刺激组细胞凋亡率上升(P0.05),P-P65表达明显增加,其凋亡蛋白活化型caspase-3和PARP降解产物表达也增高(P0.05)。而与单纯LPS刺激组相比,NF-κB抑制剂+LPS刺激组细胞凋亡率下降(P0.05),P-P65表达明显降低,其凋亡蛋白活化型caspase-3和PARP降解产物表达也降低(P0.05)。结论 NF-κB信号通路可能与椎间盘退变时髓核细胞凋亡的发生密切相关,值得进一步研究。     

树突状细胞对调节性T细胞的调控作用

树突状细胞(DCs)是目前已知的体内功能最强大的专职性抗原提呈细胞,具有启动免疫应答和诱导免疫耐受的双重特性.近年来树突状细胞对调节性T细胞的调控作用是免疫学领域的一个研究热点.Foxp3+ Tregs是一群同时具有免疫低反应性和免疫抑制性功能两大特征的T淋巴细胞,它在维持机体内环境稳定、预防自身免疫性疾病、抑制移植排斥反应等病理生理过程中发挥着重要作用.越来越多的研究结果证实DCs和Tregs二者在维持外周免疫耐受中存在着紧密联系,DCs可以诱导抗原特异性Tregs的生成并增加后者的抑制活性,其中参与该调节机制的分子主要包括相关细胞因子、Toll样受体、共刺激分子及维甲酸等.对DCs在接触共生和致病微生物时诱导和调控Tregs细胞有了一些新发现.     

Harnessing innate and adaptive immunity for adoptive cell therapy of renal cell carcinoma

The development of immunotherapies for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has been the subject of research for several decades. In addition to cytokine therapy, the benefit of various adoptive cell therapies has again come into focus in the past several years. Nevertheless, success in fighting this immunogenic tumor is still disappointing. RCC can attract a multitude of different effector cells of both the innate and adaptive immune system, including natural killer (NK) cells, γδ T cells, NK-like T cells, peptide-specific T cells, dendritic cells (DC), and regulatory T cells (Tregs). Based on intensive research on the biology and function of different immune cells, we now understand that individual cell types do not act in isolation but function within a complex network of intercellular interactions. These interactions play a pivotal role in the efficient activation and function of effector cells, which is a prerequisite for successful tumor elimination. This review provides a current overview of the diversity of effector cells having the capacity to recognize RCC. Aspects of the functions and anti-tumor properties that make them attractive candidates for adoptive cell therapies, as well as experience in clinical application are discussed. Improved knowledge of the biology of this immune network may help us to effectively harness various effector cells, placing us in a better position to develop new therapeutic strategies to successfully fight RCC.     

Clear cell basal cell carcinoma

We describe a case of clear cell basal cell carcinoma of the superficial type, presenting as a crusted eruption on the abdomen. Histological examination showed a solid proliferation of clear cells attached to the under-surface of an atrophied epidermis. In addition, distinct pagetoid infiltration was seen within the overlying epidermis. A focal connection between the clear cell portion and a deeper lying nodular basal cell carcinoma was demonstrated, elucidating the true nature of the lesion. Immunohistochemical studies and electronmicroscopy confirmed the epithelial derivation of the tumour. The clear cell appearance was due to multiple cytoplasmic electronlucent vacuoles which were not surrounded by membranes.     

The behaviour of human oral squamous cell carcinoma in cell culture.

This study examined the initial behaviour of 48 human oral squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) in cell culture. The early outcome of these cultures (contamination, absence of cell growth, epithelial cell senescence/fibroblast overgrowth, extended keratinocyte growth) did not reflect the clinical characteristics of the tumours of origin. Four new human oral SCC cell lines were characterized more extensively. Each cell line was immortal, 3T3-independent, and expressed low degrees of anchorage independence (CFE less than 4 per cent). Two of the four cell lines were tumorigenic in athymic mice. All of the cell lines expressed keratin intermediate filaments and two showed weak co-expression of vimentin. A wide range of keratins were expressed by the tumour xenografts; cornified keratins (K1, K10) were only expressed in the absence of K19 and vimentin, and vice versa. The nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio and the degree of serum independence correlated with each other and with the STNMP clinical grading of the tumours of origin.     

Sarcomatoid conversion of clear cell renal cell carcinoma in relation to epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition

Approximately 8% of clear cell renal cell carcinoma cases contain regions of radically different morphology, demonstrating a mesenchymal appearance histologically resembling sarcomas. These biphasic neoplasms are called sarcomatoid clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Patients diagnosed with sarcomatoid clear cell renal cell carcinoma face a considerably worse prognosis due to an increased propensity for metastasis. In the present study we investigate whether the sarcomatoid conversion of clear cell renal cell carcinoma could be interpreted as linked to the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Using 6 biphasic clear cell renal cell carcinoma cases we show that sarcomatoid clear cell renal cell carcinoma shares characteristic markers associated with loss of von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor with conventional clear cell renal cell carcinoma and also exhibits a markedly higher proliferative index. Furthermore the sarcomatoid elements demonstrate an enhanced expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition related mesenchymal markers as compared with the clear cell renal cell carcinoma counterparts. We further selected a representative case, clinically demonstrating direct overgrowth of the sarcomatoid component into the liver and colon, for extended immunohistochemical characterization, resulting in a further set of positive and negative epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers as well as pronounced transforming growth factor β positivity, indicating that sarcomatoid clear cell renal cell carcinoma may be associated to epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Transforming growth factor β1 exposure of in vitro cultured primary clear cell renal cell carcinoma cells resulted in cells adopting a mesenchymal morphology similar to sarcomatoid clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Corresponding changes in RNA levels for key epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers were also seen. We therefore suggest that sarcomatoid clear cell renal cell carcinoma morphologically and immunohistochemically may represent a completed epithelial-mesenchymal transition and that transforming growth factor β1 could be an important driving force during the sarcomatoid transdifferentiation of clear cell renal cell carcinoma.     

上皮细胞及间质细胞表面分子在兔子宫内膜中的表达

目的探讨兔子宫内膜中上皮细胞及间质细胞表面分子的表达。方法应用流式细胞术检测上皮细胞表面标记分子EpCAM、EMA，及间质细胞表面标记分子CD90（Thy-1）和Collagen type I，lit—PCR分析上述表面分子的mRNA表达，同时对Sox2及Oct4的mRNA进行检测。结果在兔子宫内膜中，可以检测到EpCAM、EMA、CD90及CollagentypeI的mRNA及蛋白表达，同时可检测到Oct4及Sox2在兔子宫内膜中的表达。结论兔子宫内膜可能存在上皮细胞及间质细胞两种细胞成分，同时可能存在兔子宫内膜干细胞。     

Association of Merkel cell polyomavirus infection with morphologic differences in Merkel cell carcinoma

Recently, it has been shown that approximately 80% of Merkel cell carcinomas harbor a novel polyomavirus named Merkel cell polyomavirus, thought to be a carcinogenic agent. However, it is not fully elucidated whether Merkel cell carcinomas differ with regard to the presence or absence of Merkel cell polyomavirus. To address this, we investigated morphologic differences between Merkel cell polyomavirus-positive and -negative Merkel cell carcinomas by morphometry. Using polymerase chain reaction and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Merkel cell polyomavirus was detected in 20 (77%) of 26 Merkel cell carcinoma cases, including 4 Merkel cell carcinomas combined with squamous cell carcinomas. Interestingly, Merkel cell polyomavirus was detected only in ordinary (pure) Merkel cell carcinomas; none of the 4 combined Merkel cell carcinomas + squamous cell carcinomas was positive for Merkel cell polyomavirus (P = .001). Morphometric analyses revealed that Merkel cell polyomavirus-negative Merkel cell carcinomas had more irregular nuclei (P < .001) and more abundant cytoplasm (P = .001) than Merkel cell polyomavirus-positive Merkel cell carcinomas, which had uniform round nuclei and scant cytoplasm. Reliability of the morphometry was confirmed using intraobserver and interobserver reliability tests. These results demonstrated statistically significant differences in tumor cell morphology between Merkel cell polyomavirus-positive and -negative Merkel cell carcinomas and reconfirmed the absence of Merkel cell polyomavirus in combined tumors. Furthermore, the results strongly suggest fundamental biological differences between Merkel cell polyomavirus-positive and -negative Merkel cell carcinomas, supporting that Merkel cell polyomavirus plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Merkel cell polyomavirus-positive Merkel cell carcinoma.     

Cell heterogeneity in clear cell renal cell carcinoma

The aim of this study was to define the histological spectrum, frequency and significance of nonconventional tumour cells in clear cell renal cell carcinomas (CCRCC). Fifty‐one totally sampled CCRCC were studied histologically to evaluate the spectrum of cell morphology variability, its frequency and significance, and their correlation with tumour grade and stage, and other histological parameters of aggressive behaviour like necrosis. Aside from conventional clear/eosinophilic granular cells, three additional cellular types were identified and considered in this study: small clear cells, syncytial cells and rhabdoid cells. Small clear cells were detected in 11 cases (21.5%), syncytial cells in 8 (15.6%) and rhabdoid cells in 5 (9.8%). The presence of syncytial and rhabdoid cells statistically correlated with grade (p = 0.003 and p = 0.006) and stage (p = 0.049 and p = 0.05) in CCRCC. Necrosis correlated with stage (p = 0.018) and grade (p = 0.004), but not with syncytial, rhabdoid or small clear cells. The presence of syncytial and rhabdoid cells in CCRCC is a relatively frequent event that significantly correlates with high‐grade tumours and high stage status.     

肿瘤干细胞的研究现状

传统理论认为肿瘤生长是所有肿瘤细胞一起增殖的结果,因而治疗方法主要是针对肿瘤组织内的大多数细胞,常有复发和转移,使治疗失败。肿瘤干细胞的提出,可靶向性杀伤肿瘤干细胞从而使根治肿瘤和防止肿瘤复发和转移成为可能,且先前诸多关于肿瘤发生发展机制、细胞信号途径等研究成果可能需要重新评价,对传统的肿瘤治疗方式提出了巨大挑战。就肿瘤干细胞的起源、存在证据、肿瘤干细胞与正常干细胞之间关系、临床意义及展望综述如下。     

间质干细胞、肿瘤干细胞和肿瘤

近来研究认为肿瘤来源于干细胞,提出了肿瘤中存在极少量肿瘤干细胞(CSC)的新学说.问质干细胞(MSC)作为间质细胞的来源,与肿瘤的关系尤为密切.本文就间质干细胞,肿瘤干细胞和肿瘤的发生,发展作一综述.