急性心肌梗塞早期血钾的变化分析

目的了解血清钾在急性心肌梗塞中的变化趋势及其意义。方法本文总结了我院1999年1月～2001年6月来54例急性心肌梗塞患者,分别检测其急性心肌梗塞发生12h内、13～24h、25～48h以及48h以后的血清钾浓度,并进行统计学研究,了解其动态变化趋势,以及可能的临床意义。结果①急性心肌梗塞12h内常出现一过性的血钾降低。②低血钾与急性心肌梗塞部位有相关性,累及右室合并下壁梗塞者低血钾发生率最高,其次为前壁,组间血钾差异有显著性(P<0.05),单纯下壁及下壁合并后壁梗塞者较少低血钾发生。③血钾下降程度与发生室性心律失常呈正性相关。结论急性心肌梗塞早期常伴有低血钾情况,而且合并有室性心律失常,低血钾与急性心肌梗塞部位有相关性,急性心肌梗塞在发病初期(12h内),伴随低血钾常发生室性心律失常,室性心律失常又是急性心肌梗塞死亡的主要原因之一,因此,重视和治疗急性心肌梗塞发病初期的低血钾十分重要。     

彩色多普勒超声在急性心肌梗死及其并发症诊断中的应用

[目的]评价彩色多普勒超声心动图在急性心肌梗死及其并发症诊断中的应用价值.[方法]分析本院120例住院急性心肌梗死患者的临床及超声心动图资料.[结果]超声心动图检出心肌梗死112例,并发症27例(室壁瘤10例,左室附壁血栓2例,室间隔穿孔2例,中、重度二尖瓣返流13例);超声心动图与心电图对广泛前壁和前壁心肌梗死部位及范围的估测高度一致;超声心动图估测心肌梗死部位与冠状动脉造影所示病变血管供血区域基本相符;非单一部位心肌梗死时,超声心动图较易漏诊下壁或右室梗死.[结论]超声心动图是检测急性心肌梗死敏感而准确的方法,可与心电图相互印证、相互补充;超声心动图是检出室壁瘤、左室附壁血栓、室间隔穿孔及二尖瓣返流等并发症的首选方法;对于疑诊急性心肌梗死患者,检查中应特别注意并存下壁或右室梗死的可能性.     

下壁导联变化程度在诊断下壁合并右室心肌梗死的诊断价值

目的：证实用标准12导联心电图中III导联ST段抬高变化幅度与Ⅱ导联ST段抬高变化幅度的比值≥1诊断下壁合并右室心肌梗死的临床诊断价值。方法：对21例根据临床表现,并经冠脉造影证实的急性下壁合并右心室心肌梗死的Ⅲ导联ST段抬高变化幅度与Ⅱ导联ST段抬高变化幅度的比值,评价该比值≥1在急性下壁合并右心室心肌梗死的诊断价值。结果：21例患者的临床症状除有典型的下壁心肌梗死表现外,还有低血压甚至心源性休克等右心室衰竭的症状,经冠状动脉造影证实符合下壁合并右室心肌梗死的诊断。19例心电图中Ⅲ导联ST段抬高变化幅度与Ⅱ导联ST段抬高变化幅度的比值〉1;其中16例右胸导联V3R～V6R导联ST段抬高变化幅度〉0.1mV,3例ST段抬高但幅度〈0.1mV。2例心电图中Ⅲ导联ST段抬高变化幅度与Ⅱ导联ST段抬高变化幅度的比值=1;右胸导联V3R～V6R导联中QRS呈qr型,ST段抬高但幅度〈0.1mV。结论：用常规12导联心电图中III导联ST段抬高变化幅度与Ⅱ导联ST段抬高变化幅度的比值≥1,结合临床表现、心肌酶谱的变化以及右胸导联心电图的变化对诊断下壁合并右室心肌梗死具有较好的临床应用价值。     

经胸超声心动图结合右心声学造影在判断卵圆孔未闭右向左分流中的临床价值

目的 探讨经胸超声心动图(transthoracic echocardiography,TTE)结合右心声学造影在判断卵圆孔未闭(patent foramen ovale,PFO)右向左分流中的临床应用价值.方法 收集2013年1月至2016年12月在我院心血管内科和神经内科接诊的不明原因脑卒中和偏头痛患者373例(其中脑卒中患者121例,偏头痛252例),为进一步诊断有无PFO,均接受TTE和右心声学造影检查,其中103例进行了经食道超声心动图(transesophageal echocardiography,TEE)检查.结果 ①在静息状态下,373例患者TTE结果显示22例合并有PFO;在TTE未检出PFO的351例患者中,103例患者同时接受了TEE检查,结果显示49例患者合并PFO.②右心声学造影检查结果显示:186例患者在Valsalva状态和剧烈咳嗽时存在不同程度的右向右向左分流检出率为49.87％.其中轻度右向左分流(Ⅰ级)69例;中度分流(Ⅱ级)70例;重度分流(Ⅲ级)47例.③TTE检测出22例PFO和TEE检测出49例PFO患者,右心声学造影均显示中度以上右向左分流.④59例TTE结合右心声学造影证实为中度以上右向左分流且MRI证实有脑梗塞灶的患者,均在TTE引导下成功进行了PFO介入封堵术,术后1个月复查经右心声学造影显示,55例在Valsalva和剧烈咳嗽状态下右向左分流消失,4例仍有少量右向左分流.结论 TTE结合右心声学造影不仅能清晰显示PFO右向左分流的存在,并可判断右向左分流程度,为PFO的临床治疗提供直接依据;同时还能作为PFO封堵术后临床随访的重要工具.     

Clinics in diagnostic imaging (152). Right lower lobe segmental pulmonary embolus.

A 56-year-old man presented to the Accident and Emergency Department with pleuritic chest pain of sudden onset. He gave a history of short-distance air travel ten days earlier. Chest radiograph showed a peripheral-based opacity in the right lower zone, which was not seen in a previous study done three months ago, suggestive of Hampton’s hump. The D-dimer level was raised. Computed tomography pulmonary angiography confirmed the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism in a right lower lobe segmental branch, with adjacent collapsed lung, consistent with lung infarction. The patient was started on heparin injection with significant relief of his symptoms. The clinical and imaging features of pulmonary embolism are described, with emphasis on the historical radiographic signs and the current dual-energy computed tomography innovations.     

急性右心室心肌梗死并左心室不同范围梗死经皮冠状动脉介入治疗对脑利钠肽水平及预后的影响

目的探讨急性右心室心肌梗死并左心室下壁、前壁梗死经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)对血浆脑利钠肽(BNP)水平及预后的影响。方法急性右心室心肌梗死并左心室下壁、前壁梗死患者175例,分为急性右心室梗死并左心室下壁梗死组和急性右心室梗死并左心室前壁梗死组。分别比较两组患者PCI治疗前血浆BNP水平、心肌酶、血流动力学及冠状动脉病变特点;比较直接和延迟PCI治疗前后血浆BNP水平变化的意义及对预后的影响。结果急性右心室心肌梗死并左心室前壁梗死组PCI治疗前血浆BNP水平、肌酸激酶(CK)峰值及肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)峰值、肺动脉收缩压、梗死相关冠状动脉狭窄程度及2支病变发生率均高于急性右心室心肌梗死并左心室下壁梗死组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。直接和延迟PCI治疗后均能使血浆BNP水平较术前下降(P<0.05),但直接PCI治疗术后血浆BNP水平明显低于延迟PCI治疗术后的血浆BNP水平(P<0.05)。未行PCI治疗的死亡发生率明显高于行直接PCI及延迟PCI治疗的患者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论急性右心室心肌梗死并左心室前壁梗死血浆BNP水平高,梗死相关冠状动脉病变严重;直接PCI治疗后血浆BNP浓度下降显著,未行PCI治疗的患者死亡率高。     

急性下壁心肌梗塞的临床特征分析

对１２０例急性下壁心肌梗塞进行了临床分析。结果表明急性下壁心肌梗塞时以右冠状动脉病变为主（３０／３５，８８．６％），合并右室梗塞时多为右冠状动脉近端病变。急性下壁心肌梗塞合并胸前常规导联ＳＴ段抬高组以累及右室者为多（４２．９％，１２／２８），而合并胸前导联ＳＴ段压低者则以累及后侧壁为多（５４．９％，２８／５１）。结果提示右室梗塞合并邻近部位梗塞者预后不良。     

Electrocardiographic changes in acute perimyocarditis

Pericarditis and myocarditis are characterised by electrocardiographic changes and elevated cardiac enzymes, respectively, and patients with perimyocarditis often complain of chest discomfort. These findings are nonspecific and often lead to diagnostic difficulties, as ST-elevation myocardial infarction commonly presents in a similar fashion. Clinical differentiation between perimyocarditis and myocardial infarction are especially important because adverse side effects can occur if reperfusion therapy is administered for a patient with acute pericarditis or if a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction is missed. We herein describe a case of perimyocarditis with ST elevation and raised cardiac markers, which led to two emergency coronary angiographies that were subsequently found to be normal. We include the three serial electrocardiographies (ECGs) performed to show the characteristic features of perimyocarditis and further discuss the importance of identifying typical and atypical ECG features of pericarditis.     

Recurrent myocardial infarction secondary to Prinzmetal’s variant angina

Prinzmetal’s variant angina describes chest pain secondary to reversible coronary artery vasospasm in the context of both diseased and non-diseased coronary arteries. Symptoms typically occur when the patient is at rest and are associated with transient ST-segment elevation. Acute episodes respond to glyceryl trinitrate, but myocardial infarction and other potentially fatal complications can occur, and long-term management can be challenging. Although it is not well understood, the underlying mechanism appears to involve a combination of endothelial damage and vasoactive mediators. In this case, a 35-year-old woman with myocardial infarction secondary to coronary artery vasospasm experienced recurrent chest pain. Coronary angiography revealed severe focal stenosis in the mid left anterior descending artery, which completely resolved after administration of intracoronary glyceryl trinitrate. The patient was discharged on nitrates and calcium channel blockers. The patient re-presented with another myocardial infarction, requiring up-titration of medical therapy.     

急性下壁心肌梗死伴胸前导联ST段压低对老年患者近期预后的影响

目的探讨急性下壁心梗伴胸导ST低电压对老年患者预后影响。方法选择ST低电压25例,设对照组22例,描记常规12导联ECG,后壁导联V7~9,为胸导联V3R~V5R,测量各导联ST所指高和低压幅度,下壁导联ST段至少有2个指抬高>1.0mm,V1~V4导联至少有2个导联ST压低>1.0mm。结果A组心梗后心绞痛11例,多形性室早8例,心功不全Ⅱ级10例,死亡4例。B组(对照组)心绞痛4例,室早2例,心功不全Ⅱ级3例,死亡0例。结论胸前导联ST段压低的急性下壁心梗病人预后不良。     

探讨急性下壁心肌梗死的心电图对判断心肌梗死相关动脉和闭塞位置的作用

目的：探讨急性下壁心肌梗死的心电图情况对判断心肌梗死相关动脉及闭塞位置的作用。方法选取该院收治的急性下壁心肌梗死患者80例,观察该组患者心电图情况,并研究心电图情况对心肌梗死相关动脉和闭塞位置判断影响。结果血管闭塞在右冠状动脉发生率为86.25%,回旋支发生率为13.75%,合并右心室心肌梗死发生率41.25%%。急性下壁心肌梗死右冠状动脉是心肌梗死相关动脉的时候,血管闭塞的位置发生于右心室支开口以远占73.75%,合并RVI的时候,其闭塞多数发生在第1右心室只开口前占65.00%。结论下壁急性心肌梗死的心电图情况与心肌梗死相关动脉及闭塞位置相关,具有一定的预测价值。     

急性下壁心肌梗死ST段改变与梗死相关冠脉的关系探讨

目的探讨心电图对ST段抬高型急性下壁心肌梗死（IWAMI）的临床应用价值。方法选取2006年2月～2013年3月萍乡市第二人民医院收治的急性下壁心肌梗死（AIMI）患者88例。通过心电图、心肌酶学标志物及冠脉造影检查确诊,均在入院后1～2周内行冠脉造影检查。结果 88例急性下壁心肌梗死,Ⅱ、Ⅲ导联ST段抬高≥1mm,且STⅢ/STⅡ〉1,右冠脉病变占62.5%,左回旋支病变占37.5%;而下壁AMI ST段抬高Ⅰ〉aVL、Ⅱ〉Ⅲ提示左回旋支闭塞,其中右冠脉病变占71.6%,左回旋支病变占28.4%。88例急性下壁心肌梗死冠脉造影结果：36例单纯单支下壁心肌梗死（40.9%）,其中右冠脉病变26例（RCA 72.2%）,左旋支（LCX）病变10例（27.8%）;下壁＋正后壁梗死24例（（RCA 70.8%）;下壁＋右心室梗死20例（（RCA75%）;下壁＋前壁梗死8例（LCX 75%）。结论 ST段抬高型急性下壁心肌梗死时体表心电图与冠状动脉闭塞部位明显相关,且梗死部位不同,临床表现也不相同。     

超声斑点追踪技术评价下壁心肌梗死合并右室心肌梗死患者右心室收缩功能

目的应用超声斑点跟踪技术评价下后壁心肌梗死合并右室心肌梗死患者右室收缩功能。方法选择右冠轻微病变（右冠狭窄〈70％）患者（A组）20例,下后壁心肌梗死合并右室心肌梗死患者（B组）20例,对照组（NC组）为体检健康者30例。应用STI测得右心室游离壁三尖瓣环、室间隔瓣环收缩期峰值位移及三尖瓣环连线中点收缩期峰值位移、右心室纵向缩短率。右室射血分数由实时三维超声心动图测得。结果与NC组比较,A、B组T1、T2、Tm、Tm％、RVEF均明显减低（P〈0．05）;B组较A组T1、T2、Tm、Tm％、RVEF亦明显减低（P〈0．05）;各三尖瓣环位移参数与RVEF均显著相关（P均〈0．05）。结论STI可以评价右室心肌梗死患者的右心室收缩功能。     

Severe hypoxaemia can predict unfavourable clinical outcomes in individuals with pulmonary embolism aged over 40 years

INTRODUCTION

Acute pulmonary embolism (APE) is an urgent clinical condition that can progress in a wide variety of ways. Therefore, we sought to develop an easy-to-apply algorithm, to be based on readily available clinical indicators, effective in predicting unfavourable outcomes.

METHODS

This was a retrospective cohort study based on systematically collected data in a database. The study included 102 patients with APE who were admitted to a tertiary care hospital. The following outcomes were defined as unfavourable shock, the need for mechanical ventilation, the use of thrombolytics, and death. Logistic regression analysis was used to explore variables significantly associated with outcome and to calculate post-test probabilities.

RESULTS

The prevalence of unfavourable outcomes was 25.5% (26 of the 102 patients with APE). The risk of an unfavourable outcome was reduced to 7.0% for patients with APE who were aged ≤ 40 years. In patients with APE who were aged > 40 years, the presence of hypoxaemia (i.e. peripheral oxygen saturation < 90%) alone increased the risk of an unfavourable outcome to 57.0%. A recent history of trauma and the presence of pre-existing lung or heart disease were significantly associated with unfavourable outcomes. The inclusion of those variables in the logistic regression model increased the post-test risk of an unfavourable outcome to 65.0%–86.0%.

CONCLUSION

Advanced age (i.e. > 40 years), the presence of hypoxaemia, a recent history of trauma and the presence of pre-existing lung or heart disease are risk factors for unfavourable outcome in patients with APE.     

Coronary anatomy,anatomic variations and anomalies: a retrospective coronary angiography study

INTRODUCTION

The incidence of coronary artery anomalies (CAAs) varies from 0.2% to 8.4%. Knowledge of such anatomical variations is important as coronary procedures are regularly performed these days. We aimed to find the coronary dominance pattern, intermediate artery (IMA) frequency and CAA incidence in our clinic, and compare them to those in the literature.

METHODS

The medical reports of 5,548 patients who had undergone coronary angiography (CAG) between 2005 and 2009 were retrospectively investigated. Dominance pattern and presence of IMA and CAA were recorded. CAAs were described using two different classifications: Angelini and Khatami’s classification, and a new modified classification that was derived from Angelini and Khatami’s classification. Some procedural details and clinical features of the patients with CAA were also investigated.

RESULTS

Coronary dominance pattern was: 81.6% right coronary artery, 12.2% circumflex artery and 6.2% co-dominant. IMA was present in 613 (11.0%) patients. The incidences of overall anomaly were 2.7% and 1.4%, according to the different classifications. Absent left main coronary artery, which was the most common anomaly in the present study, was found in 51 (0.9%) patients. Incidences of myocardial bridge, coronary arteriovenous fistulae and aneurysms were 1.1%, 0.2% and 0.3%, respectively.

CONCLUSION

CAAs are generally asymptomatic, isolated lesions. Some may lead to anginal symptoms, myocardial infarction or sudden death. We found that CAA was associated with increased radiation and contrast exposure in patients who underwent CAG. This risk could be reduced if appropriate catheters were designed and training programmes on ostial cannulation were developed.     

Aggressive management of acute myocardial infarction: successful outcome in an older patient with cardiogenic shock

A 71-year-old man was referred to our emergency department presenting with acute inferior and right ventricular myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock. He developed ventricular fibrillation 80 minutes after arrival. Immediate defibrillation, mechanical ventilatory support with oxygenation, and inotropic agents were instituted. Despite restoration of sinus rhythm, his hypotension persisted. He promptly received intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) counterpulsation and cardiac catheterisation. Coronary angiography revealed a subtotal occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery and complete occlusion of the right coronary artery. Since the right coronary artery was considered to be the infarct-related coronary artery, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was carried out to the right coronary artery only. The patient was extubated and IABP was removed on the second and third admission day, respectively. He was discharged from the hospital eight days later. A second PCI to the left anterior descending coronary artery was performed successfully three weeks later. This case illustrates that in patients with acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock, prompt application of IABP and PCI of the infarct-related coronary artery may be beneficial in reducing the catastrophic morbidity and mortality, especially in older patients.     

冠心病合并多次陈旧性心肌梗死患者原位肝移植的围术期管理1例

患者,男,60岁,体重85 kg,身高1.78 m.2007年10月主因"发现乙型肝炎表面抗原阳性34年,反复黑便4年,发现肝占位2月"入院,拟行原位肝移植术.     

Right and left bundle branch block in acute inferior myocardial infarction

An 88-year-old man presented with acute Q wave inferior, posterior and right ventricular myocardial infarction which was associated with intermittent complete right and left bundle branch block.     

急性下壁心肌梗死累及右心室的临床特点及预后

目的总结急性下壁心肌梗死合并右室心梗的临床特征和院内死亡率。方法对76例急性下壁心肌梗死未累及右室患者（Ⅰ组）和56例急性下壁心肌梗死累及右室患者（Ⅱ组）的临床资料进行回顾性对比分析。结果年龄、性别、冠心病危险因素及家族史等,两组间比较差异无统计学意义;但反映心肌梗死面积的CK及CK-MB峰值Ⅱ组较Ⅰ组高;低血压、心源性休克、快速心律失常（阵发性心房颤动,非持续性室性心动过速）、缓慢心律失常（包括窦性心动过缓,Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞）发生率,Ⅱ组高于Ⅰ组,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。接受再灌流治疗的患者病死率在两组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,而接受常规治疗患者病死率Ⅱ组显著高于Ⅰ组（P〈0.05）。结论下壁心肌梗死累及右室有并发症发生率高、近期预后差的特点,早期溶栓或急诊介入治疗可明显改善患者预后。     

Imaging in noncardiovascular thoracic emergencies: a pictorial review

Cardiovascular and noncardiovascular conditions are commonly encountered in the emergency department. While the majority of patients have underlying cardiovascular aetiologies, such as acute myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, aortic dissection and pulmonary embolism, a small subset of patients have underlying noncardiovascular conditions, although they present with similar symptoms of chest pain, dyspnoea, cough, haemoptysis and haematemesis. This article aims to describe the imaging findings in common noncardiovascular conditions of the chest that are frequently encountered in the emergency department, with a review of the existing literature.