Section 6. Digestive organs: Minimally invasive endocrine surgery: laparoscopic resection of insulinomas

Pancreatic insulinomas are mostly benign and solitary tumors. Successful management of patients with insulinoma relies on accurate localization of the tumors and the use of appropriate surgical techniques. However, preoperative radiological imaging studies often fail to localize the insulinomas because of the small tumor sizes. Conventional intraoperative ultrasonography combined with palpation has been widely used as the best localization tool. Since contact ultrasonography, a new technique for localizing pancreatic lesions, became available as a laparoscopic study, several surgeons have utilized laparoscopy for not only localization but also resection of insulinomas. Previous reports of laparoscopic ultrasonography for intraoperative identification of insulinomas showed a 100% success rate in cases with insulinoma localized by preoperative imaging studies, but a less satisfactory rate in cases with occult insulinoma. Laparoscopic resection of insulinomas located in the head of the pancreas is often difficult because of its anatomical relationship with important adjacent structures such as pancreatic duct and mesenteric vessels. In contrast, insulinomas located in the body or tail of the pancreas are laparoscopically resectable even when they are in close proximity to the major pancreatic duct. Laparoscopic procedure is a feasible technique with low morbidity for surgical management of insulinomas. Accurate preoperative localization is essential for safe performance of this minimally invasive procedure.     

Arteriography after embolization before distal pancreatectomy with en bloc celiac axis resection

Objective: To evaluate hemodynamics by arteriographic examinations with and without CT in the stomach wall and liver after preoperative embolization to redistribute blood flow to the stomach and liver, which is unified to be supplied from the superior mesenteric artery, before distal pancreatectomy with en bloc celiac axis resection (DP-CAR). Material and methods: In six patients with locally advanced cancer of the pancreatic body in whom DP-CAR was planned, the left gastric artery and common hepatic artery were embolized with coils. Celiac arteriography and superior mesenteric arteriography with and without CT were performed after embolization. Results: In all six patients, intrahepatic arteries and the left gastric artery were not visualized on celiac arteriography. On both superior mesenteric arteriography and CT obtained while contrast medium was infused via the superior mesenteric artery and which was performed immediately after embolization procedures, the right gastric artery, gastroepiploic artery, gastroduodenal artery, and all hepatic arterial branches were clearly detected. Also the distal part of the left gastric artery close to the embolized point was detected with at least one of the imaging modalities. Conclusion: It was clarified radiologically that preoperative embolization results in increased blood supply to the stomach wall and liver through the pancreatic arcade.     

Preoperative localization of pancreatic insulinoma by super selective arterial stimulation with venous sampling

Although most insulinomas are small, they have been successfully detected by computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging recently. However, preoperative localization of the insulinomas by arterial stimulation with venous sampling is crucial when they show atypical findings on these imaging modalities. We report a case of a large benign insulinoma located at the pancreatic tail; this tumor was diagnosed correctly by super selective arterial stimulation with venous sampling.     

动脉激发静脉采血样与CT能谱成像对胰岛素瘤定位诊断的比较研究

目的 :比较动脉激发静脉采血样(arterial stimulation venous sampling,ASVS)与CT能谱成像对胰岛素瘤术前定位诊断的准确率。方法:22例经手术、病理证实的胰岛素瘤病例同时行ASVS和CT能谱成像检查,记录临床资料、肿瘤数量、部位和大小,比较这2种方法定位诊断的准确率。结果:病理证实一共24个病灶,ASVS和CT能谱成像均正确诊断22例中的21例,定位诊断准确率均为95.5%。ASVS误诊1例由于解剖变异,CT能谱成像误诊1例由于肿瘤外生性生长。结论:CT能谱成像具有与ASVS同样的定位诊断准确率,ASVS可用于其他检查方法均为阴性的可疑病例或需明确肿瘤病灶的分泌功能之时。     

Arterial supply to the pancreas; variations and cross-sectional anatomy

The pancreas has complex arterial supplies. Therefore, special attention should be paid in pancreatic arterial intervention for patients with acute pancreatitis and pancreatic carcinomas. Knowledge of pancreatic arterial anatomy and arterial territory is important not only to perform pancreatic arterial intervention, but to read the pancreatic angiography and cross-sectional image. We reviewed 226 selective abdominal angiography and CT scans during selective arteriography (CTA) of common hepatic artery, superior mesenteric artery, splenic artery, or peripancreatic arteries including posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery, anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery, inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery, and dorsal pancreatic artery. CTA images were evaluated to clarify the cross-sectional anatomy of the pancreatic arterial territory. Variations of the peripancreatic arteries were also investigated. In this exhibit, schemes and illustrative cases demonstrate pancreatic arterial territory and variations.     

Localisation and surgical treatment of insulinomas

Most insulinomas are solitary, benign and functional neuroendocrine pancreatic tumours which give rise to manifold symptoms. Their preoperative localisation is often unclear, but the cure rate after their excision is very high. It was the aim of this study to analyse and evaluate our group of patients with regard to preoperative tumour localisation and overall surgical results. Twelve patients with a biochemical diagnosis of organic hyperinsulinism were surgically treated. Diagnosis was made with the combination of magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, selective angiography and intraoperative portal vein sampling. In five patients, the tumour was enucleated, in three patients Whipple procedure was performed; while three patients underwent left pancreatectomy with spleen preserving in two cases. The twelfth patient underwent total pancreatectomy following Whipple procedure performed elsewhere. There was no postoperative death. The complications were two pancreatic fistulas and two wound infections. The fasting pre- and postoperative plasma glucose mean value was 2.8 mm/l and 4.9 mm/l, respectively; while the pre- and postoperative plasma insulin mean value was 282 pm/l and 72 pm/l, respectively. Accurate diagnosis, preoperative localisation and diligent surgical exploration by experienced surgeons are the key to a successful outcome in patients with insulinomas.     

The importance of preoperative localisation procedures in organic hyperinsulinism — Experience in 67 patients

BACKGROUND: Preoperative localisation of insulinomas has been regarded unnecessary, given the significantly higher detection rates of intraoperative ultrasonography and bidigital palpation. These are mandatory before endoscopic surgery. METHODS: 67 patients operated on for organic hyperinsulinism were retrospectively analysed regarding tumour localisation within the pancreas, tumour size, histological findings, sensitivities of preoperative imaging methods, and surgical techniques. RESULTS: 59 patients (88%) had solitary insulinomas, four patients (6%) multiple insulinomas and four adult patients (6%) nesidioblastosis. Well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumours with benign behaviour (including four patients with nesidioblastosis) were diagnosed in 53 patients (79%), tumours with uncertain behaviour in nine patients (13%) and well-differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas in five (8%). Tumours were evenly distributed throughout the pancreas. Endoscopic ultrasound localised tumours in 15 out of 21 patients (71%), conventional computed tomography (CT) in 7 out of 21 (33%), single-slice helical CT in 7 out of 12 (58%), multidetector CT in 5 out of 5 (100%), magnetic resonance imaging in 11 out of 13 (85%) and angiography in 15 out of 23 (65%). Various combinations of available methods achieved a sensitivity of 88% (49 patients true positive, 4 true negative, 7 false negative). Of 59 patients, solitary insulinomas were enucleated in 47 (80%), 11 patients underwent conventional open resection and one patient endoscopic distal pancreatic resection. Patients with nesidioblastosis or multiple tumours underwent pancreatic resections alone or in combination with enucleations. CONCLUSION: After biochemical diagnosis of organic hyperinsulinism, preoperative localisation is necessary for planning endoscopic pancreatic surgery, because of the possibility of multiple insulinomas, malignancy or nesidioblastosis in adults.     

胰岛细胞瘤的双期MSCT表现(附9例报告)

目的:探讨双期MSCT扫描对胰岛细胞瘤的诊断价值。方法:对9例手术证实为胰岛细胞瘤的双期MSCT表现进行分析,其中功能性胰岛细胞瘤5例,无功能性胰岛细胞瘤4例。结果:功能性胰岛细胞瘤多较小,而无功能性胰岛细胞瘤体积均较大。大部分功能性胰岛细胞瘤及无功能性胰岛细胞瘤增强扫描均明显强化,动脉期较门脉期更清晰显示肿瘤及血管受侵,动门脉期对淋巴结转移的显示无明显差异。结论:双期MSCT对胰岛细胞瘤的检出、分期及判断预后有很大意义,可在术前提供重要信息。     

超声造影与DSA定位诊断胰岛素瘤

目的 比较超声造影(CEUS)和数字减影血管造影(DSA) 在胰岛素瘤定位诊断中的价值.方法 回顾性分析42例有明确术后病理诊断的胰岛素瘤患者的影像学资料,所有患者均行CEUS检查,29例行DSA检查,比较两种方法对胰岛素瘤的定位诊断准确率.结果 CEUS检查对胰岛素瘤检查准确率为90.48%,DSA检查的准确率为86.21%,两种检查方法对胰岛素瘤的定位诊断准确率差异无统计学意义.结论 CEUS可作为胰岛素瘤术前定位诊断的首选方法.     

术中超声在胰岛素瘤定位诊断中的价值

目的 探讨术中超声在胰岛素瘤定位诊断中的价值。方法 对２８例胰岛素瘤患者的术前Ｂ超,ＣＴ,ＭＲＩ和选择性动脉造影检查的定位资料进行分析,统计了术中超声与术中门诊,术中脾门静脉穿刺置管分段取血快速胰岛素测定（ＰＶＳ）３种方法对胰岛素瘤的定位准确率,并进行了比较研究。     

Effects of N-methyl-L-arginine on cardiac and regional blood flow in a dog endotoxin shock model

Purpose: Indirect evidence suggests a decrease in organ perfusion as a result of nitric oxide (NO) inhibition in endotoxic shock. Cardiac and regional hemodynamic responses to N-methyl-L-arginine (L-NMA), a nonspecific inhibitor of constitutive and inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS), were assessed in nine conscious dogs subjected to endotoxin. Materials and Methods: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was titrated to a maximum of 200 μg/kg, IV, over 45 minutes. L-NMA was given in a dose of 20 mg/kg, IV. Hemodynamic parameters were recorded for 6 hours following L-NMA administration. Results: LPS induced significant decreases in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), cardiac output (CO), first derivative of left ventricular pressure (dP/dt), coronary blood flow, carotid blood flow, mesenteric blood flow, renal blood flow, and a significant hepatic vasodilation. L-NMA fully reversed the effects of LPS on MAP, heart rate, dP/dt, coronary and carotid blood flow, and reversed mesenteric blood flow and hepatic blood flow at 1 and 3 hours, respectively. L-NMA partially overcame the LPS-induced decrease in renal blood flow at 30 minutes and 1 hour. Except for mesenteric and carotid circulation, L-NMA did not change regional vascular resistance. Conclusions: It is likely that constitutive NOS is implicated in immediate cardiac, carotid, mesenteric, and renal vascular changes, whereas inducible NOS accounted for delayed responses in hepatic and coronary circulation. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company     

Laparoscopic ultrasound enhances diagnosis and localization of insulinoma in pancreatic head and neck for laparoscopic surgery with satisfactory postsurgical outcomes

This study explored the value of laparoscopic ultrasonography (LUS) for tumor localization in laparoscopic pancreatic surgery of insulinomas, especially for tumors located at anatomically unfavorable positions. Twenty-eight patients with insulinomas were enrolled in this study between July 2007 and March 2009. Various image examinations were performed preoperatively. An iU22 ultrasound system equipped with a 5.0-9.0 MHz transducer was used for LUS. The tumor localization and postsurgical outcomes were evaluated. Intraoperative LUS precisely localized 33 insulinomas in 26 of 28 patients, whereas the preoperative imaging studies detected 27 of 33 (82%) tumors. No definite tumor in the pancreas and extra-pancreatic organs was identified in two patients by both preoperative and intraoperative imaging examinations. Of 33 tumors, 32 (97%) were localized in the pancreas (14 in the head and neck, 18 in the body and tail), whereas one (3%) was found in the duodenal ligament. Successful laparoscopic resection of insulinoma was performed in 21 of 26 patients, including resection of 11 tumors located in the head and neck of the pancreas. Five patients required conversion to open surgery. All insulinomas were benign with a mean size 13.8 mm. Four patients had pancreatic-related complications that spontaneously healed within 3 weeks after surgery. The median hospital stay was 8.5 days. Our study demonstrates that laparoscopic pancreatic resection under the guidance of advanced LUS is not only feasible and safe for tumors located at the body and tail but also for tumors located at the head and neck of the pancreas.     

晚期胰腺癌患者的肿瘤血供来源:218例患者的DSA评价

目的:探讨晚期胰腺癌患者的肿瘤血供来源。方法:对接受经导管动脉内灌注化疗(transcatheter arterial infusion chemotherapy,TAI)的218例晚期胰腺癌患者行数字减影血管造影(digital subtract angiography,DSA),以显示肿瘤血供来源。结果:晚期胰腺癌患者DSA造影可见血供来源146例(67.0%):其中,胰头颈部癌患者61例,其前3位供血动脉来源依次为:胰十二指肠动脉前上、后上弓(50例,82.0%),胰十二指肠动脉前下、后下弓(31例,50.8%),胰背动脉(14例,23.0%);胰体癌患者48例,主要供血动脉为:胰背动脉(35例,72.3%),肠系膜上动脉(9例,18.9%),胰大动脉(7例,14.6%);胰尾部癌患者37例,主要供血动脉为:胰尾动脉(29例,78.4%),胰大动脉(14例,38.8%),胰背动脉(3例,8.1%)。其中61例胰头颈部癌患者中有34例(55.7%)行DSA可见两支动脉血供。结论:胰腺癌患者的肿瘤血供与肿瘤位置相关:胰头颈部癌肿瘤血供大多来源于胰十二指肠动脉,胰体癌肿瘤血供多来源于胰背动脉,胰尾癌肿瘤血供多来源于胰尾动脉。     

多层螺旋CT胰腺双期血管成像研究

目的　探讨多层螺旋CT胰腺双期血管成像的可行性及其临床应用。方法　 46例疑胰腺癌患者行多层螺旋CT多期扫描 ,分别于动脉期和门静脉期进行血管成像。统计SSD、MIP及VR成像对正常腹腔动脉及其分支的显示率 ,统计门脉期VR成像对正常门静脉主干及其属支的显示情况。结果　VR成像对正常腹腔动脉、肠系膜上动脉、胃十二指肠动脉的显示率分别为 10 0 %、10 0 %、90 .9%。对正常门静脉主干、脾静脉、肠系膜上静脉的显示率均为 10 0 %。根据肿瘤浸润血管的情况作出可切除性判断。结论　多层螺旋CT胰腺双期血管成像是了解胰周血管情况的无创性检查方法 ,具有可行性及临床应用价值。     

Arterial variants in pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Surgery remains the only curative option for the treatment of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Local tumor resectability depends on a number of factors, but most importantly, the relationship of the tumor to adjacent arterial structures. For example, surgery is rarely performed when the tumor involves the celiac axis or the superior mesenteric artery. Unexpected variant arterial anatomy or tumor involvement of aberrant arteries may complicate pancreatic surgery. The classic visceral arterial anatomy occurs in only 55%–60% of the population, with one or more variant vessels occurring in the remaining population. Knowledge of both variant and normal anatomy is essential for accurate preoperative planning. We describe here the arterial variant anatomy of the pancreas and its identification by multidetector CT imaging, with and without the aid of post-processed volume-rendered images.     

Value of diagnostic localization of insulinoma

The value of diagnostic localization of insulinoma The value of diagnostic localization statements are contradictory. Basing on our own patient material (n = 41) the preoperative localization of an insulinoma was correct with sonography in 57.7%, with computed tomography in 21.4%, with computed tomography with bolus injection of contrast medium in 73.3%, with angiography 63.9% and with percutaneous transhepatic portal vein catheterisation with selective test of hormones (PTP) in 76.9%. Intraoperative 38 of 41 insulinomas were palpable and twelve of 16 insulinomas were seen during intraoperative sonography. Although we palpate more than 90% of all insulinomas we support a preoperative diagnostic localization for easier intraoperative palpation.     

胰岛素瘤定位方法的比较研究

目的　探讨胰岛素瘤术前术中定位方法的诊断价值。方法　对 3 0例胰岛素瘤患者的术前B超、CT、MRI和选择性动脉造影 (DSA)检查的定位资料进行分析 ,统计了术中超声 (IOUS)、术中触诊、术中脾门静脉穿刺置管分段取血快速胰岛素测定 (PVS)三种方法对胰岛素瘤的定位准确率 ,并进行了比较研究。结果　超声、CT、MRI和DSA对胰岛素瘤的术前定位准确率分别为 3 0 .0 %、3 3 .3 %、41.7%、60 .0 % ,而IOUS ,术中触诊和术中PVS的定位准确率分别为 93 .3 %、80 .0 %和 92 .9%。结论　术中三种定位方法明显提高了胰岛素瘤的定位准确率 ,IOUS不但对胰岛素瘤的定位准确率高 ,而且可以清楚显示肿瘤与周围重要结构如主胰管、胆总管及血管的关系 ,帮助外科医生选择手术方法、降低术后并发症     

肿瘤与血管接触三级评价法在胰腺癌术前评价中的价值

目的 探讨多排螺旋CT(multidetector CT, MDCT)肿瘤与血管接触（tumor vessel contact, TVC）三级评价法在胰腺癌术前评价中的应用价值。方法 选取2017年1月至2019年3月在河南省南阳市中心医院行手术治疗的胰腺癌患者80例,术前给予MDCT检查,比较TVC三级评价法与手术探查结果的一致性。结果 80例患者,手术中共探查408支胰周血管,其中腹腔干81支,肝总动脉87支,肠系膜上动脉82支,肠系膜上静脉76支,门静脉81支;与TVC三级评价法分析一致性κ检验结果分别为0.770、0.731、0.697、0.509和0.688,P<0.05;TVC三级评价法显示侵犯的周围器官主要为十二指肠,诊断胰周血管侵犯可切除的灵敏性、特异性、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为100.00%、62.50%、96.07%和100.00%。肿物侵犯周围器官主要为十二指肠;CT诊断肿物可切除的灵敏性、特异性、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为78.00%、79.50%、80.00%和77.50%。结论 进行TVC三级评价法在可手术胰腺癌患者术前评价中有较好的应用价值,值...     

胰十二指肠切除术后大出血的处理

目的：探讨胰十二指肠切除术(PDT)后急性大出血的处理原则与方法。方法：总结我院1991—2001年期间PDT术后急性大出血6例的诊治经验井复习文献，就临床表现、出血原因、处理方法与结果进行分析。结果：上腹部胀痛与腹腔引流管内或周围出血是所有病例的主要临床表现，2例合并上消化道出血症状，均有术后胰瘘。所有病例均进行血管造影检查，来自胃十二指肠动脉出血3例，胰十二指肠下动脉2例，胰腺残端后缘1例。前3例施行肝动脉血管造影与栓塞，未再出血。后3例再次行手术止血，1例术后5d死于反复再出血致多器官衰竭。加用健脾行气中药可促进肠功能恢复。结论：出血后应给予必要的准备，及时进行血管造影检查明确出血来源，根据出血的部位选择肝动脉栓塞或手术止血。